Superficial and systemic fungal infections caused by Candida have been increasingly reported in recent times. Hydrolytic enzyme production is an important process in fungal pathogenesis and proteases have been identified as important virulence attributes in Candida species. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the in vitro proteinase activity in sixty Candida spp isolated from three different anatomical sites (vagina, oral cavity and skin) of healthy women. Twenty samples per sample source were collected from apparently healthy female subjects. The recovered Candida isolates were properly identified and screened for proteolytic activity using established procedures. Overall, the recovery rate of Candida albicans was 66.7%, while the non-albicans Candida species represent 25% of the positive samples. Candida albicans recovered from the oral cavity exhibited the highest proteolytic activity (Pz range = 0.41±0.02- 0.65 ± 0.04), followed by skin isolates (Pz = 0.50 ± 0.05 – 0.79 ± 0.06). Isolates from the vagina had the least proteolytic activity (Pz = 0.57 ± 0.03 - 0.95 ± 0.08). The difference in proteolysis was significant between oral and vagina isolates (p = 0.0042), as well as skin and vaginal isolates (p = 0.0364). This study indicates that C. albicans remains the most prevalent species in all the anatomical body sites investigated. Moreover, the secretion of proteases could prove a potent virulence factor during the pathogenesis of the organism in an otherwise immunocompetent host. Keywords: Proteinase, Candida albicans , women, body sites, non-albicans Candida
{"title":"Proteinase activities of Candida spp. isolated from different anatomical sites of healthy women","authors":"P. Chidebelu, C. Ogbonna, E. Nweze","doi":"10.4314/br.v16i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v16i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Superficial and systemic fungal infections caused by Candida have been increasingly reported in recent times. Hydrolytic enzyme production is an important process in fungal pathogenesis and proteases have been identified as important virulence attributes in Candida species. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the in vitro proteinase activity in sixty Candida spp isolated from three different anatomical sites (vagina, oral cavity and skin) of healthy women. Twenty samples per sample source were collected from apparently healthy female subjects. The recovered Candida isolates were properly identified and screened for proteolytic activity using established procedures. Overall, the recovery rate of Candida albicans was 66.7%, while the non-albicans Candida species represent 25% of the positive samples. Candida albicans recovered from the oral cavity exhibited the highest proteolytic activity (Pz range = 0.41±0.02- 0.65 ± 0.04), followed by skin isolates (Pz = 0.50 ± 0.05 – 0.79 ± 0.06). Isolates from the vagina had the least proteolytic activity (Pz = 0.57 ± 0.03 - 0.95 ± 0.08). The difference in proteolysis was significant between oral and vagina isolates (p = 0.0042), as well as skin and vaginal isolates (p = 0.0364). This study indicates that C. albicans remains the most prevalent species in all the anatomical body sites investigated. Moreover, the secretion of proteases could prove a potent virulence factor during the pathogenesis of the organism in an otherwise immunocompetent host. Keywords: Proteinase, Candida albicans , women, body sites, non-albicans Candida","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"42 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/br.v16i1.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72367033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A pigment producing fungus was isolated from soil collected from cassava processing site in Ebonyi State. The effects of carbon sources on pigment production by the isolate in liquid surface cultures were studied. Pigment production in a basal medium composed of (in g/L) MgSO 4 , 0.4; NaNO 3 , 0.8; peptone, 15 mixed with 12g/L of one of the following carbon sources: glucose, Ipomea batatas , Dioscorea alata , Manihot esculenta cratz , Colocasia esculenta flour or soluble starch, was investigated. The highest red, orange and yellow pigment concentrations were obtained with sweet potato and water yam flour, followed by soluble starch while the least pigment concentrations were obtained with glucose. Unit optical densities of red (13), orange (9.5) and yellow (11) pigments were produced by the fungus using Ipomea batatas flour. These were higher than the concentrations of red (9), orange (7) and yellow (10.5) produced from Hajjaj medium composed of (in g/L) Glucose, 50; monosodium glutamate, 12; K 2 HPO 4 , 2.5; KH 2 PO 4 , 2.5; MgSO 4 , 1; KCl, 0.5; ZnSO 4 , 0.001; FeSO 4 , 0.001; and MnSO 4 , 0.001. The results indicate that Ipomea batatas flour is a better carbon source than glucose for pigment production by T. purpurogenus and thus has a very high potential for commercial production of pigments. Keywords: Microbial pigments, natural colourants, carbon sources, sweet potato, T. purpurogenus
{"title":"Effects of carbon sources on pigment production by Talaromyces purpurogenus LC128689 in liquid surface cultures","authors":"C. Ogbonna","doi":"10.4314/BR.V14I1.188317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/BR.V14I1.188317","url":null,"abstract":"A pigment producing fungus was isolated from soil collected from cassava processing site in Ebonyi State. The effects of carbon sources on pigment production by the isolate in liquid surface cultures were studied. Pigment production in a basal medium composed of (in g/L) MgSO 4 , 0.4; NaNO 3 , 0.8; peptone, 15 mixed with 12g/L of one of the following carbon sources: glucose, Ipomea batatas , Dioscorea alata , Manihot esculenta cratz , Colocasia esculenta flour or soluble starch, was investigated. The highest red, orange and yellow pigment concentrations were obtained with sweet potato and water yam flour, followed by soluble starch while the least pigment concentrations were obtained with glucose. Unit optical densities of red (13), orange (9.5) and yellow (11) pigments were produced by the fungus using Ipomea batatas flour. These were higher than the concentrations of red (9), orange (7) and yellow (10.5) produced from Hajjaj medium composed of (in g/L) Glucose, 50; monosodium glutamate, 12; K 2 HPO 4 , 2.5; KH 2 PO 4 , 2.5; MgSO 4 , 1; KCl, 0.5; ZnSO 4 , 0.001; FeSO 4 , 0.001; and MnSO 4 , 0.001. The results indicate that Ipomea batatas flour is a better carbon source than glucose for pigment production by T. purpurogenus and thus has a very high potential for commercial production of pigments. Keywords: Microbial pigments, natural colourants, carbon sources, sweet potato, T. purpurogenus","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83007248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Some effects of Bonny light crude oil on the biomass and protein production by three aquatic bacteria namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophyla and Vibrio fisheri were investigated. The species showed different responses to the toxic influences of various crude oil concentrations. The growth response was measured spectrophotometrically using optical density (OD) at 600nm. Pseudomonas aeruginosa responded positively to all crude oil levels. A general assessment indicated that 2% (v/v) crude oil concentration stimulated maximum biomass and protein production of this organism. Lower biomass and protein yields were observed at reduced crude oil levels. Biomass production decreased gradually among Aeromonas hydrophyla and Vibrio fisheri in comparison to the control. Biomass of Aeromonas hydrophyla increased from 0.1 (OD600nm) at 0 h to 0.58 after 20 h at 0.5% crude oil concentration. This level gradually declined to 0.03 after 20 h cultivation at 1.5 % crude oil concentration. Maximum decline in optical density of this organism was observed at crude oil concentration of 2.0%. Protein levels for Aeromonas hydrophyla decreased from 0.12 mg/mL after 20 h at crude oil concentration of 0.5% to 0.06 mg/mL after 20 h at maximum crude oil concentration of 2%. The biomass of Vibrio fisheri increased slightly from 0.1(OD600nm) at 0 h to 0.03 after 20 h at 0.5% crude oil level. Further decreases in OD values of this organism occurred progressively as the crude oil concentration was increased. Lowest protein yield for this organism was observed at a crude oil concentration of 2% at which the least protein production of 0.03 mg/mL was produced after 20 h cultivation.
{"title":"Effects of crude oil on biomass and protein production by aquatic bacteria","authors":"O. Nwokoro, M. Onyebueke","doi":"10.4314/br.v14i1.188314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v14i1.188314","url":null,"abstract":"Some effects of Bonny light crude oil on the biomass and protein production by three aquatic bacteria namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophyla and Vibrio fisheri were investigated. The species showed different responses to the toxic influences of various crude oil concentrations. The growth response was measured spectrophotometrically using optical density (OD) at 600nm. Pseudomonas aeruginosa responded positively to all crude oil levels. A general assessment indicated that 2% (v/v) crude oil concentration stimulated maximum biomass and protein production of this organism. Lower biomass and protein yields were observed at reduced crude oil levels. Biomass production decreased gradually among Aeromonas hydrophyla and Vibrio fisheri in comparison to the control. Biomass of Aeromonas hydrophyla increased from 0.1 (OD600nm) at 0 h to 0.58 after 20 h at 0.5% crude oil concentration. This level gradually declined to 0.03 after 20 h cultivation at 1.5 % crude oil concentration. Maximum decline in optical density of this organism was observed at crude oil concentration of 2.0%. Protein levels for Aeromonas hydrophyla decreased from 0.12 mg/mL after 20 h at crude oil concentration of 0.5% to 0.06 mg/mL after 20 h at maximum crude oil concentration of 2%. The biomass of Vibrio fisheri increased slightly from 0.1(OD600nm) at 0 h to 0.03 after 20 h at 0.5% crude oil level. Further decreases in OD values of this organism occurred progressively as the crude oil concentration was increased. Lowest protein yield for this organism was observed at a crude oil concentration of 2% at which the least protein production of 0.03 mg/mL was produced after 20 h cultivation.","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83487875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two H-type dual-chambered glucose-fed MFC reactors, each with a working volume of 250 ml designated as GPWW (enriched from garri wastewater) and the other as DWW (enriched from domestic wastewater) were constructed under same conditions and the anodes were continuously fed with synthetic medium (SM) at a flow rate of 0.7 ml min -1 . An average power density (Pd) of 1.5 ± 1.39 W/m 3 for GPWW and 0.6 ± 0.6 W/m 3 for DWW was observed in 150 days of operation. The peak biomass density for DWW was significantly (P < 0.05 T-test) higher than that of GPWW by a factor of 2 (8.99mg versus 3.4 BSA/total anode respectively) on day 120 suggesting that more biomass was formed on DWW than GPWW reactor. This indicates that exo-electrogens in DWW reactor directed more of electron flow to cell synthesis rather than to current. The archaea footprints detected on the anodes were limiting factors in current generation. One vital milestone in this study is the discovery of the potential of garri-processing wastewater as a veritable substrate in microbial fuel cell technology. Keywords: Biomass density, Dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria, Current density, Microbial fuel cell, Power density
在相同条件下，构建了两个h型双室葡萄糖投料MFC反应器，每个反应器的工作体积为250 ml，分别为GPWW (garri废水富集)和DWW(生活废水富集)，阳极连续投料合成介质(SM)，流速为0.7 ml min -1。运行150天，GPWW的平均功率密度为1.5±1.39 W/ m3, DWW的平均功率密度为0.6±0.6 W/ m3。第120天，DWW反应器的峰值生物量密度(8.99mg /总阳极)显著高于GPWW反应器(P < 0.05 t检验)2倍(分别为3.4 BSA/总阳极)，表明DWW反应器的生物量高于GPWW反应器。这表明DWW反应器中的外显子将更多的电子流导向细胞合成而不是电流。在阳极上检测到的古细菌足迹是当前代的限制因素。本研究的一个重要里程碑是发现了garri处理废水作为微生物燃料电池技术的真正底物的潜力。关键词:生物质密度，异化金属还原菌，电流密度，微生物燃料电池，功率密度
{"title":"Production of bio-electricity through bacterial catalysis in microbial fuel cell running on garri-processing wastewater","authors":"Godwin E. Oyiwona, J. Ogbonna, C. Anyanwu","doi":"10.4314/BR.V14I1.188316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/BR.V14I1.188316","url":null,"abstract":"Two H-type dual-chambered glucose-fed MFC reactors, each with a working volume of 250 ml designated as GPWW (enriched from garri wastewater) and the other as DWW (enriched from domestic wastewater) were constructed under same conditions and the anodes were continuously fed with synthetic medium (SM) at a flow rate of 0.7 ml min -1 . An average power density (Pd) of 1.5 ± 1.39 W/m 3 for GPWW and 0.6 ± 0.6 W/m 3 for DWW was observed in 150 days of operation. The peak biomass density for DWW was significantly (P < 0.05 T-test) higher than that of GPWW by a factor of 2 (8.99mg versus 3.4 BSA/total anode respectively) on day 120 suggesting that more biomass was formed on DWW than GPWW reactor. This indicates that exo-electrogens in DWW reactor directed more of electron flow to cell synthesis rather than to current. The archaea footprints detected on the anodes were limiting factors in current generation. One vital milestone in this study is the discovery of the potential of garri-processing wastewater as a veritable substrate in microbial fuel cell technology. Keywords: Biomass density, Dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria, Current density, Microbial fuel cell, Power density","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89974396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the discovery of dendrimers in 1978, it has received serious attention as a drug carrier polymer most especially in cancer chemotherapeutics where precision and targeted delivery of drug to tumor cells is most desirable. Dendrimers are mostly synthetic, hyper-branched, tree-like globular, nano-sized polymers with excellent physicochemical properties that can be utilized in the formulation, design and delivery of drugs, vaccine and genes to specific receptors in the body. This review focused on the synthesis, types and applications of dendrimers in the delivery of cytotoxic drugs. The review shows that in the last decade, dendrimers have proved to be promising nanocarriers for various drugs including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer drugs. The application of dendrimers as scaffolds of prodrugs is particularly interesting. Dendrimers are relatively more stable compared with other nano drug carriers and are suitable in formulating drugs for different routes of administration. As more and newer dendrimers are introduced into the market, they will have increasing role in therapeutic delivery of drugs, vaccines and gene.Keywords: Dendrimers, Targeted drug delivery and Cancer chemotherapy
{"title":"Fabrication and design of dendrimers for cancer chemotherapy","authors":"Y. Oyeniyi, A. Abdurahma","doi":"10.4314/BR.V14I1.188315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/BR.V14I1.188315","url":null,"abstract":"Since the discovery of dendrimers in 1978, it has received serious attention as a drug carrier polymer most especially in cancer chemotherapeutics where precision and targeted delivery of drug to tumor cells is most desirable. Dendrimers are mostly synthetic, hyper-branched, tree-like globular, nano-sized polymers with excellent physicochemical properties that can be utilized in the formulation, design and delivery of drugs, vaccine and genes to specific receptors in the body. This review focused on the synthesis, types and applications of dendrimers in the delivery of cytotoxic drugs. The review shows that in the last decade, dendrimers have proved to be promising nanocarriers for various drugs including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer drugs. The application of dendrimers as scaffolds of prodrugs is particularly interesting. Dendrimers are relatively more stable compared with other nano drug carriers and are suitable in formulating drugs for different routes of administration. As more and newer dendrimers are introduced into the market, they will have increasing role in therapeutic delivery of drugs, vaccines and gene.Keywords: Dendrimers, Targeted drug delivery and Cancer chemotherapy","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81854161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The medicinal and other claimed uses of Aloe vera, the “wonder plant”, are endless. The extract for phytochemical analysis was collected in three different solvents, diethyl ether, ethanol and distilled water. The anti-fungal activities of the leaf extract were investigated on selected fungi organisms; Trycophytum rubrum , Penicillum notatum , Trycophytum vericophytum , Trycophytum soundanense , Claudosporium and Trycophytum mentagrophytis collected from Mycology Laboratory, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. The plant extract was collected crude without solvent and agar-well diffusion method employed for the determination of antifungal activities on the test organisms using 200 mg ketoconazole drug as standard. The phytochemical constituents of aloe vera leaf include alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, phenol, glycosides and tannins. Both undiluted and half diluted crude extract showed different zones of inhibition on the test organisms. The undiluted crude extract of Aloe vera had larger zone of inhibition on Trycophytum rubrum and Trycophytum mentagrophytis than the diluted crude extract while the diluted crude extract showed larger zone of inhibition on Trycophytum vericopytum than the undiluted crude extract. Keywords: Aloe vera, Phytochemicals, Constituents, Antifungal properties
{"title":"Phytochemical analysis and antifungi activity of aloe vera leaves","authors":"V. Ikpe, C. Eze, P. Mbaoji, P. Joshua","doi":"10.4314/BR.V15I1.188320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/BR.V15I1.188320","url":null,"abstract":"The medicinal and other claimed uses of Aloe vera, the “wonder plant”, are endless. The extract for phytochemical analysis was collected in three different solvents, diethyl ether, ethanol and distilled water. The anti-fungal activities of the leaf extract were investigated on selected fungi organisms; Trycophytum rubrum , Penicillum notatum , Trycophytum vericophytum , Trycophytum soundanense , Claudosporium and Trycophytum mentagrophytis collected from Mycology Laboratory, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. The plant extract was collected crude without solvent and agar-well diffusion method employed for the determination of antifungal activities on the test organisms using 200 mg ketoconazole drug as standard. The phytochemical constituents of aloe vera leaf include alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, phenol, glycosides and tannins. Both undiluted and half diluted crude extract showed different zones of inhibition on the test organisms. The undiluted crude extract of Aloe vera had larger zone of inhibition on Trycophytum rubrum and Trycophytum mentagrophytis than the diluted crude extract while the diluted crude extract showed larger zone of inhibition on Trycophytum vericopytum than the undiluted crude extract. Keywords: Aloe vera, Phytochemicals, Constituents, Antifungal properties","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76490605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The problems of food insecurity, safety and sustainability occur mostly through the activities of pest and pathogens. The resistance of the causative agents on agricultural production coupled with potential health hazards posed on the environment by synthetic pesticides led to the search for an alternative to synthetic chemicals. Nanotechnology is currently the best candidate for ensuring food security, safety and water quality. National governments especially in developing countries are advised to mount regulating agencies that will be responsible for achieving food security and safety as already done in countries like USA, India and Indonesia among others. Considering the fact that we are now in a period when global population is steadily increasing and there is a very high demand for health food but high cost of production and need for sustainable agriculture has limited the profit margin made by farmers. The cause of naturally-occurring products with interesting antimicrobial eliciting properties and their derivatives has been getting more attention in recent years. Nanotechnology may have concrete solutions against many agriculture-related problems like insect pest management using traditional methods, adverse effects of chemical pesticides; development of improved crop varieties. As with any other technology, controversy surrounding nanotechnology is no exception in a heterogeneous society. Several concerns need to be addressed on different issues like food safety and beneficiaries of the technology. Keywords: Food-insecurity, pathogen, pest, safety, chemicals, materials, benefits, nanoparticles, biotechnology
{"title":"Nanobiotechnology: a solution to food insecurity, safety and sustainability","authors":"S. Eze, C. F. Amuji, B. C. Aruah","doi":"10.4314/BR.V14I1.188313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/BR.V14I1.188313","url":null,"abstract":"The problems of food insecurity, safety and sustainability occur mostly through the activities of pest and pathogens. The resistance of the causative agents on agricultural production coupled with potential health hazards posed on the environment by synthetic pesticides led to the search for an alternative to synthetic chemicals. Nanotechnology is currently the best candidate for ensuring food security, safety and water quality. National governments especially in developing countries are advised to mount regulating agencies that will be responsible for achieving food security and safety as already done in countries like USA, India and Indonesia among others. Considering the fact that we are now in a period when global population is steadily increasing and there is a very high demand for health food but high cost of production and need for sustainable agriculture has limited the profit margin made by farmers. The cause of naturally-occurring products with interesting antimicrobial eliciting properties and their derivatives has been getting more attention in recent years. Nanotechnology may have concrete solutions against many agriculture-related problems like insect pest management using traditional methods, adverse effects of chemical pesticides; development of improved crop varieties. As with any other technology, controversy surrounding nanotechnology is no exception in a heterogeneous society. Several concerns need to be addressed on different issues like food safety and beneficiaries of the technology. Keywords: Food-insecurity, pathogen, pest, safety, chemicals, materials, benefits, nanoparticles, biotechnology","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74301710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phenolic and flavonoid contents in plants play a great role in scavenging free radicals in the body and act as antioxidants; thus making their determination very vital. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the methanol extract of Voacanga africana root bark and its fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) were carried out in this study. The total phenolic content was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteau assay while the the total flavonoid content was determined by the aluminium chloride colorimetric assay method. The result obtained showed that n-hexane fraction of the plant exhibited the highest (116.607±95.13 mgGAE/g) total phenolic content (TPC) at all concentrations followed by ethyl acetate fraction of the plants. The highest total flavonoid content across concentrations (300, 250, 200, 100, 50 and 25 μg/ml) was exhibited by n-hexane fraction (467.143±44.22 mg QE/g). From the results, it was concluded that n-hexane fraction of V. Africana root bark exhibited the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents at all concentrations (ppm), followed by ethyl acetate. It could be deduced that V. africana root bark possesses phenolic and flavonoid contents depending on the type of extract or fraction; thus justifying its folkloric use in the treatment of diseases.Keywords: Phytochemicals, Phenols, Flavonoids, Voacanga africana, Root bark, Fraction
{"title":"Estimation of phytochemical, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of methanol extract of Voacanga africana root bark and its fractions","authors":"P. Joshua, S. Oka, C. Eze","doi":"10.4314/BR.V15I1.188322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/BR.V15I1.188322","url":null,"abstract":"Phenolic and flavonoid contents in plants play a great role in scavenging free radicals in the body and act as antioxidants; thus making their determination very vital. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the methanol extract of Voacanga africana root bark and its fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) were carried out in this study. The total phenolic content was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteau assay while the the total flavonoid content was determined by the aluminium chloride colorimetric assay method. The result obtained showed that n-hexane fraction of the plant exhibited the highest (116.607±95.13 mgGAE/g) total phenolic content (TPC) at all concentrations followed by ethyl acetate fraction of the plants. The highest total flavonoid content across concentrations (300, 250, 200, 100, 50 and 25 μg/ml) was exhibited by n-hexane fraction (467.143±44.22 mg QE/g). From the results, it was concluded that n-hexane fraction of V. Africana root bark exhibited the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents at all concentrations (ppm), followed by ethyl acetate. It could be deduced that V. africana root bark possesses phenolic and flavonoid contents depending on the type of extract or fraction; thus justifying its folkloric use in the treatment of diseases.Keywords: Phytochemicals, Phenols, Flavonoids, Voacanga africana, Root bark, Fraction","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89878152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study determined the glyceamic indices of unripe red banana and unripe plantain flour meals. Unripe plantain and red banana were processed into flour and were subjected to proximate analysis using standard procedures. Twelve apparently healthy normo-glycaemic adults of normal body weight consumed 50 g digestible carbohydrate from glucose drink and test diets. Blood glucose concentration was measured prior to the consumption of the control and test diets and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after consumption of the standard and test diets. Glycaemic indices of the test diets were calculated. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics of SPSS version 16 and were presented as means and standard deviations. Unripe plantain and unripe red banana flours contained crude fiber (0.82% and 1.11%) and carbohydrate (85.85% and 86.77%), respectively. Glycaemic indices of unripe plantain and unripe red banana flour meals were 52.80 and 54.96, respectively. Keywords: Unripe plantain flour, unripe red banana flour, glycaemic indices
本研究测定了未熟红香蕉和未熟大车前草粉粕的血糖指标。将未成熟的大蕉和红香蕉加工成面粉，并采用标准程序进行近似分析。12名体重正常、血糖正常的健康成年人从葡萄糖饮料和试验饮食中摄入了50克可消化的碳水化合物。在食用对照饮食和试验饮食之前，以及在食用标准饮食和试验饮食后30、60、90和120分钟测量血糖浓度。计算试验饲粮的血糖指数。所得数据采用SPSS version 16描述性统计分析，并以均数和标准差表示。未熟大蕉粉和未熟红香蕉粉的粗纤维含量分别为0.82%和1.11%，碳水化合物含量分别为85.85%和86.77%。未熟大蕉粉和未熟红香蕉粉的血糖指数分别为52.80和54.96。关键词:生大蕉粉，生红香蕉粉，血糖指数
{"title":"Glycaemic indices of unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) and unripe red banana (Musa sp. AAA) flour meals","authors":"N. O. Onuoha, A. Okafor, L. Okeke","doi":"10.4314/BR.V15I1.188318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/BR.V15I1.188318","url":null,"abstract":"This study determined the glyceamic indices of unripe red banana and unripe plantain flour meals. Unripe plantain and red banana were processed into flour and were subjected to proximate analysis using standard procedures. Twelve apparently healthy normo-glycaemic adults of normal body weight consumed 50 g digestible carbohydrate from glucose drink and test diets. Blood glucose concentration was measured prior to the consumption of the control and test diets and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after consumption of the standard and test diets. Glycaemic indices of the test diets were calculated. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics of SPSS version 16 and were presented as means and standard deviations. Unripe plantain and unripe red banana flours contained crude fiber (0.82% and 1.11%) and carbohydrate (85.85% and 86.77%), respectively. Glycaemic indices of unripe plantain and unripe red banana flour meals were 52.80 and 54.96, respectively. Keywords: Unripe plantain flour, unripe red banana flour, glycaemic indices","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73535353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Production of single cell protein from hydrolyzed pineapple peels by fungi was investigated. Trichoderma viride was selected based on its high cellulase activity; diameter of clear zone on CMCagar (7.4 cm) and activity on carboxymethylcellulose (4.64 mg glucose/ml), filter paper (3.76 mg glucose/ml) and cotton wool (4.12 mg glucose/ml). Samples of pineapple peel were hydrolyzed with the solutions of HCl, H 2 SO 4 and NaOH at 0.5% concentration. The NaOH hydrolysates (138 mg/ml, 298 and 9.44 mg/ml) have higher reducing sugar, soluble sugar and protein content than H 2 SO 4 (129, 206l and 6.28 mg/ml) and HCl hydrolysates (131, 279 and 7.32 mg/ml), respectively. The culture of Trichoderma viride were used in fermenting the hydrolyzed pineapple peels. The protein yield in 0.5% NaOH hydrolysates (27.35 mg/ml) was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than H 2 SO 4 hydrolysate (18.32 mg/ml) and HCl hydrolysate (16.48 mg/ml) after 7 days incubation. The un-hydrolyzed samples which served as control produced the lowest protein. Nitrogen sources were added to the media supplemented with ammonium oxalate [(NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 ], which gave the highest protein 55.44 mg/ml for NaOH hydrolysate. The maximum weight of biomass after drying biomass was 0.66 g/100ml. This study demonstrated the potential of pineapple peel as a substrate for product recovery, waste control and management. Keywords: Single cell protein, Ananas comosus , Cellulose, Pineapple, Fungi
{"title":"Production of single cell protein from hydrolyzed pineapple (Ananas comosus) peel using fungi","authors":"P. Clément, O. Nwokoro","doi":"10.4314/BR.V15I1.188319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/BR.V15I1.188319","url":null,"abstract":"Production of single cell protein from hydrolyzed pineapple peels by fungi was investigated. Trichoderma viride was selected based on its high cellulase activity; diameter of clear zone on CMCagar (7.4 cm) and activity on carboxymethylcellulose (4.64 mg glucose/ml), filter paper (3.76 mg glucose/ml) and cotton wool (4.12 mg glucose/ml). Samples of pineapple peel were hydrolyzed with the solutions of HCl, H 2 SO 4 and NaOH at 0.5% concentration. The NaOH hydrolysates (138 mg/ml, 298 and 9.44 mg/ml) have higher reducing sugar, soluble sugar and protein content than H 2 SO 4 (129, 206l and 6.28 mg/ml) and HCl hydrolysates (131, 279 and 7.32 mg/ml), respectively. The culture of Trichoderma viride were used in fermenting the hydrolyzed pineapple peels. The protein yield in 0.5% NaOH hydrolysates (27.35 mg/ml) was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than H 2 SO 4 hydrolysate (18.32 mg/ml) and HCl hydrolysate (16.48 mg/ml) after 7 days incubation. The un-hydrolyzed samples which served as control produced the lowest protein. Nitrogen sources were added to the media supplemented with ammonium oxalate [(NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 ], which gave the highest protein 55.44 mg/ml for NaOH hydrolysate. The maximum weight of biomass after drying biomass was 0.66 g/100ml. This study demonstrated the potential of pineapple peel as a substrate for product recovery, waste control and management. Keywords: Single cell protein, Ananas comosus , Cellulose, Pineapple, Fungi","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74583520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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