Pub Date : 2021-07-29DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1955894
Linlin Xu, L. Cong, G. Wall, Hu Yu
ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic is having a huge impact on global tourism, including wildlife tourism. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), risk perceptions of wildlife tourism are explored and a structural equation model is created of the influence of COVID-19 on tourists’ behavioral intentions in China. A total of 677 quantitative surveys were obtained in April and May 2020. The results indicate that attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control all have predominantly significant positive effects on behavioral intentions regarding tourism and protective behavior. In addition, approximately 70% of respondents considered the COVID-19 pandemic had increased their perceptions of risk and weakened their behavioral intentions regarding wildlife tourism and animal protection. This study contributes to the literature on wildlife tourism in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and provides timely practical insights into guidelines for the wildlife tourism industry, as well as safety precautions.
{"title":"Risk perceptions and behavioral intentions of wildlife tourists during the COVID-19 pandemic in China","authors":"Linlin Xu, L. Cong, G. Wall, Hu Yu","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1955894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1955894","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic is having a huge impact on global tourism, including wildlife tourism. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), risk perceptions of wildlife tourism are explored and a structural equation model is created of the influence of COVID-19 on tourists’ behavioral intentions in China. A total of 677 quantitative surveys were obtained in April and May 2020. The results indicate that attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control all have predominantly significant positive effects on behavioral intentions regarding tourism and protective behavior. In addition, approximately 70% of respondents considered the COVID-19 pandemic had increased their perceptions of risk and weakened their behavioral intentions regarding wildlife tourism and animal protection. This study contributes to the literature on wildlife tourism in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and provides timely practical insights into guidelines for the wildlife tourism industry, as well as safety precautions.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1955894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42899315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1956502
J. C. Salas, M. D. Barquero
ABSTRACT The participation of citizens in science projects has been increasing over the past two decades and has proven to be of great importance for biological research, specially for obtaining essential biodiversity data. Citizen science participation can be greatly improved through information and communication technologies (ICT). Therefore, our aim is to gather information about the biodiversity present in the Limón campus of the UCR through a combination of literature review and the participation of local citizens. We identified species of flora and fauna present in the campus through photographs and videos of organisms received from students and personnel of the Limón campus of the University of Costa Rica. Such visual material was collected by using ICT. We analyzed a total of 889 contributions from which we identified 144 species of fungi, plants and animals. The most used ICT to share photographs and videos was the multimedia messaging service WhatsApp, and organisms that usually generate negative perceptions like insects and reptiles were the most recorded. We conclude that citizen participation using ICT is an effective way to collect information for biological inventories. Such information can then be used to carried out environmental education and promote a location as a tourist destination.
{"title":"Biological inventory at a university campus using ICT and citizen science participation","authors":"J. C. Salas, M. D. Barquero","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1956502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1956502","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The participation of citizens in science projects has been increasing over the past two decades and has proven to be of great importance for biological research, specially for obtaining essential biodiversity data. Citizen science participation can be greatly improved through information and communication technologies (ICT). Therefore, our aim is to gather information about the biodiversity present in the Limón campus of the UCR through a combination of literature review and the participation of local citizens. We identified species of flora and fauna present in the campus through photographs and videos of organisms received from students and personnel of the Limón campus of the University of Costa Rica. Such visual material was collected by using ICT. We analyzed a total of 889 contributions from which we identified 144 species of fungi, plants and animals. The most used ICT to share photographs and videos was the multimedia messaging service WhatsApp, and organisms that usually generate negative perceptions like insects and reptiles were the most recorded. We conclude that citizen participation using ICT is an effective way to collect information for biological inventories. Such information can then be used to carried out environmental education and promote a location as a tourist destination.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1956502","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43559397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1942019
Christoph Neger
ABSTRACT Ecotourism has been introduced in many areas with a high natural value to create a synergy between environmental conservation and local development. However, ecotourism initiatives that are socially and environmentally sustainable frequently struggle to achieve economic viability. The present paper takes a closer look at the factors that limit sustainable ecotourism development. It studies 19 ecotourism firms in Los Tuxtlas (Mexico). In this area, the ecotourism sector has been developing for three decades but recently has entered a state of crisis. The situation is analyzed by applying a multi-scale analysis framework, which classifies the obstacles in different thematic areas. Two main aspects are considered: the stakeholders involved and the spatial levels where the obstacles originate. The main aspects identified were the region's climate, a lack of promotion, poor road conditions, an economic crisis in the region's primary visitor market, and the Mexican public safety crisis.
{"title":"Ecotourism in crisis: an analysis of the main obstacles for the sector's economic sustainability","authors":"Christoph Neger","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1942019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1942019","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ecotourism has been introduced in many areas with a high natural value to create a synergy between environmental conservation and local development. However, ecotourism initiatives that are socially and environmentally sustainable frequently struggle to achieve economic viability. The present paper takes a closer look at the factors that limit sustainable ecotourism development. It studies 19 ecotourism firms in Los Tuxtlas (Mexico). In this area, the ecotourism sector has been developing for three decades but recently has entered a state of crisis. The situation is analyzed by applying a multi-scale analysis framework, which classifies the obstacles in different thematic areas. Two main aspects are considered: the stakeholders involved and the spatial levels where the obstacles originate. The main aspects identified were the region's climate, a lack of promotion, poor road conditions, an economic crisis in the region's primary visitor market, and the Mexican public safety crisis.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1942019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42245473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-21DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1942018
Syuhada Farhana Adnan, Shida Irwana Omar
ABSTRACT This paper aims to measure the satisfaction level of tourists on the attributes associated with adventure lodges. The Holiday Satisfaction Model (HOLSAT) was used to determine the gaps between the expectations of tourists and the experience on 21 adventure lodges attributes. Results were drawn from a questionnaire survey of 280 Malaysian and international tourists who visited the Tadom Hill Resorts located in Selangor, Malaysia in 2018. Data derived from the analysis was plotted into a two-dimensional graph showing the mean score for expectations (Y-axis) plotted against the mean score of experiences (X-axis). Findings reveal that only three attributes gave the most satisfaction to tourists with a significant level at 0.001, with one attribute showing a significant level of dissatisfaction by the tourists. Therefore, the attributes that failed to satisfy tourists should be further investigated to develop strategies to attract tourists and the development of the adventure tourism industry in Malaysia.
{"title":"Assessing the tourists satisfaction of adventure lodges: a case study of Tadom Hill Resorts, Malaysia","authors":"Syuhada Farhana Adnan, Shida Irwana Omar","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1942018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1942018","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper aims to measure the satisfaction level of tourists on the attributes associated with adventure lodges. The Holiday Satisfaction Model (HOLSAT) was used to determine the gaps between the expectations of tourists and the experience on 21 adventure lodges attributes. Results were drawn from a questionnaire survey of 280 Malaysian and international tourists who visited the Tadom Hill Resorts located in Selangor, Malaysia in 2018. Data derived from the analysis was plotted into a two-dimensional graph showing the mean score for expectations (Y-axis) plotted against the mean score of experiences (X-axis). Findings reveal that only three attributes gave the most satisfaction to tourists with a significant level at 0.001, with one attribute showing a significant level of dissatisfaction by the tourists. Therefore, the attributes that failed to satisfy tourists should be further investigated to develop strategies to attract tourists and the development of the adventure tourism industry in Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1942018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47804146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-16DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1931253
L. Meyer, Christine Barry, G. Araujo, A. Barnett, J. Brunnschweiler, A. Chin, A. Gallagher, Teleah Healy, Alison A. Kock, D. Newsome, A. Ponzo, C. Huveneers
ABSTRACT Wildlife tourism uses various stimuli to attract species and facilitate close encounters. Such activities are often referred to as provisioning, however the term is used interchangeably, and sometimes erroneously, with attracting, feeding, luring, and chumming, all of which lack consistent definitions. Here, we review the current use of provisioning-associated terminology in marine bird, teleost (bony fish), marine mammal, marine reptile, ray and shark tourism, within the scientific literature and on tourism operator webpages. We then propose to reclassify provisioning into Feeding, Attracting, and Modifying habitat, providing eight specific terms that reflect: (1) if the stimulus exploits wildlife appetite or search for preferred habitat; (2) the nature of the attractant (consumable or not); (3) the intention of the activity if using consumable attractants (direct, indirect, or incidental feeding) or modified habitat (intentional or repurposed modification); and (4) which species are affected by the activity (target or non-target species). We applied these terms to wildlife tourism around the world to gain better insight into tourism practices across taxa. Clarifying the terminology describing these wildlife interactions ensures they can be accurately described in the scientific literature, which will in turn help resource managers and industry groups to systematically assess these diverse activities.
{"title":"Redefining provisioning in marine wildlife tourism","authors":"L. Meyer, Christine Barry, G. Araujo, A. Barnett, J. Brunnschweiler, A. Chin, A. Gallagher, Teleah Healy, Alison A. Kock, D. Newsome, A. Ponzo, C. Huveneers","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1931253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1931253","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Wildlife tourism uses various stimuli to attract species and facilitate close encounters. Such activities are often referred to as provisioning, however the term is used interchangeably, and sometimes erroneously, with attracting, feeding, luring, and chumming, all of which lack consistent definitions. Here, we review the current use of provisioning-associated terminology in marine bird, teleost (bony fish), marine mammal, marine reptile, ray and shark tourism, within the scientific literature and on tourism operator webpages. We then propose to reclassify provisioning into Feeding, Attracting, and Modifying habitat, providing eight specific terms that reflect: (1) if the stimulus exploits wildlife appetite or search for preferred habitat; (2) the nature of the attractant (consumable or not); (3) the intention of the activity if using consumable attractants (direct, indirect, or incidental feeding) or modified habitat (intentional or repurposed modification); and (4) which species are affected by the activity (target or non-target species). We applied these terms to wildlife tourism around the world to gain better insight into tourism practices across taxa. Clarifying the terminology describing these wildlife interactions ensures they can be accurately described in the scientific literature, which will in turn help resource managers and industry groups to systematically assess these diverse activities.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1931253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42405137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-13DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1938089
Zaiton Samdin, Siti Intan Nurdiana Wong Abdullah, Alfred Khaw, Thanam Subramaniam
ABSTRACT The COVID-19 outbreak has caused a global turmoil which restricted movement and consequently, diminishing domestic and international travel. One that is severely affected is ecotourism in National Parks, that involves visiting fragile, pristine and undisturbed natural areas. One of the major concerns for ecotourists in destination decision-making is travel risk that could affect their safety. This study aims to examine their risk perception and how it affects the behaviour of ecotourists in Taman Negara National Park, Malaysia. The data was collected from 406 respondents and analysed using structural equation modelling. It is concluded that risk perception affects tourists’ decision-making, whereby health and safety information preference is the strongest predictor, and media’s influence has a very significant connection. This study has the potential of contributing to the management of ecotourism destinations in times of crisis. It also fills the literature gap on risk perceptions of ecotourists’ during the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"Travel risk in the ecotourism industry amid COVID-19 pandemic: ecotourists’ perceptions","authors":"Zaiton Samdin, Siti Intan Nurdiana Wong Abdullah, Alfred Khaw, Thanam Subramaniam","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1938089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1938089","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 The COVID-19 outbreak has caused a global turmoil which restricted movement and consequently, diminishing domestic and international travel. One that is severely affected is ecotourism in National Parks, that involves visiting fragile, pristine and undisturbed natural areas. One of the major concerns for ecotourists in destination decision-making is travel risk that could affect their safety. This study aims to examine their risk perception and how it affects the behaviour of ecotourists in Taman Negara National Park, Malaysia. The data was collected from 406 respondents and analysed using structural equation modelling. It is concluded that risk perception affects tourists’ decision-making, whereby health and safety information preference is the strongest predictor, and media’s influence has a very significant connection. This study has the potential of contributing to the management of ecotourism destinations in times of crisis. It also fills the literature gap on risk perceptions of ecotourists’ during the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1938089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45724581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-13DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1937189
A. Gstaettner, K. Rodger, Diane Lee
ABSTRACT An important focus of risk management in national parks is the interplay between how risk is perceived and how visitors would like risks to be managed. This paper presents the results of a study that investigated visitors’ expectations on how the risk of injury should be controlled by park management agencies, linking it with perceptions on park dangerousness and confidence to deal with unexpected adverse events. Results of our survey among visitors in two Western Australian national parks, Karijini and Stirling Range, suggest that visitors tend to approve risk management intervention. However, higher levels of risk control were linked to a lower likelihood that visitors thought that the park was dangerous. Visitors establish a sense of safety from the park management context when the park appears to be managed well. Given that national parks are never free of risk, the management challenge is to balance legal and moral obligations along with societal expectations, without reducing visitors’ appreciation of risk.
{"title":"Managing the safety of nature? Park visitor perceptions on risk and risk management","authors":"A. Gstaettner, K. Rodger, Diane Lee","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1937189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1937189","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT An important focus of risk management in national parks is the interplay between how risk is perceived and how visitors would like risks to be managed. This paper presents the results of a study that investigated visitors’ expectations on how the risk of injury should be controlled by park management agencies, linking it with perceptions on park dangerousness and confidence to deal with unexpected adverse events. Results of our survey among visitors in two Western Australian national parks, Karijini and Stirling Range, suggest that visitors tend to approve risk management intervention. However, higher levels of risk control were linked to a lower likelihood that visitors thought that the park was dangerous. Visitors establish a sense of safety from the park management context when the park appears to be managed well. Given that national parks are never free of risk, the management challenge is to balance legal and moral obligations along with societal expectations, without reducing visitors’ appreciation of risk.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1937189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47903055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-13DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1933503
A. Amici, N. Nadkarni, N. Q. Lackey, K. Bricker
ABSTRACT Adventure tourism and nature-based tourism are increasing at the same time that negative effects from land development, forest fragmentation, and climate change continue to worsen. In Costa Rica, over half of the international visitors cite nature and adventure as the main reason for their visit. However, adventure-oriented facilities are underused for disseminating information about environmental conservation. With visitor surveys and manager interviews, we assessed demographics, visitor knowledge, interest and behaviors towards conservation and education of tropical forests in Monteverde, Costa Rica. Results suggested that visitors surveyed both before and after their visit to Selvatura Adventure Park agreed that they were interested in tropical forest conservation, and owners and managers of adventure parks in the region sought to improve their conservation and visitor education efforts. Adventure parks appear to be potential facilities that could supplement conservation education in the Monteverde region and may be increasingly important with continued land development pressures.
{"title":"Conservation, education, and adventure tourism: a case study of adventure parks as potential venues for communication in Monteverde, Costa Rica","authors":"A. Amici, N. Nadkarni, N. Q. Lackey, K. Bricker","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1933503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1933503","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Adventure tourism and nature-based tourism are increasing at the same time that negative effects from land development, forest fragmentation, and climate change continue to worsen. In Costa Rica, over half of the international visitors cite nature and adventure as the main reason for their visit. However, adventure-oriented facilities are underused for disseminating information about environmental conservation. With visitor surveys and manager interviews, we assessed demographics, visitor knowledge, interest and behaviors towards conservation and education of tropical forests in Monteverde, Costa Rica. Results suggested that visitors surveyed both before and after their visit to Selvatura Adventure Park agreed that they were interested in tropical forest conservation, and owners and managers of adventure parks in the region sought to improve their conservation and visitor education efforts. Adventure parks appear to be potential facilities that could supplement conservation education in the Monteverde region and may be increasingly important with continued land development pressures.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1933503","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43503377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-31DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1934688
Mahshad Akhoundogli, R. Buckley
ABSTRACT We analyse motivations and perspectives of outdoor tourists and tourism stakeholders in the Islamic Republic of Iran. We use semi-structured qualitative interviews, and interpretivist grounded theory, with basic and axial coding and fine-scaled differential narrative analysis. We distinguish three principal tourist segments, seeking: exhilaration through adventure; enjoyment of nature; and escape from cultural restrictions and associated social surveillance. The nature and adventure segments behave as ecotourists, and gain improved eudaimonic wellbeing. Nature tourists gain psychological restoration through calm and tranquil nature contemplation. Adventure tourists gain psychological recharge through challenge and achievement. The escape segment, in contrast, aims for hedonic wellbeing, is heedless of its social and ecological impacts, and does not behave as ecotourists. It adopts an ecotourism disguise, to avoid being observed as it flouts expected cultural norms. It uses unauthorised and clandestine logistics providers, creating substantial management obstacles for authorised commercial outdoor tour providers. Temporary escape from social surveillance generates mental health gains as a psychological safety valve for the tourists concerned, but their behaviour imposes unsustainable costs on local communities, natural environment, nature and adventure tourists, and outdoor tourism operators. These costs reduce the net social economic gains achieved from the mental health benefits of outdoor tourism.
{"title":"Outdoor tourism to escape social surveillance: health gains but sustainability costs","authors":"Mahshad Akhoundogli, R. Buckley","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1934688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1934688","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We analyse motivations and perspectives of outdoor tourists and tourism stakeholders in the Islamic Republic of Iran. We use semi-structured qualitative interviews, and interpretivist grounded theory, with basic and axial coding and fine-scaled differential narrative analysis. We distinguish three principal tourist segments, seeking: exhilaration through adventure; enjoyment of nature; and escape from cultural restrictions and associated social surveillance. The nature and adventure segments behave as ecotourists, and gain improved eudaimonic wellbeing. Nature tourists gain psychological restoration through calm and tranquil nature contemplation. Adventure tourists gain psychological recharge through challenge and achievement. The escape segment, in contrast, aims for hedonic wellbeing, is heedless of its social and ecological impacts, and does not behave as ecotourists. It adopts an ecotourism disguise, to avoid being observed as it flouts expected cultural norms. It uses unauthorised and clandestine logistics providers, creating substantial management obstacles for authorised commercial outdoor tour providers. Temporary escape from social surveillance generates mental health gains as a psychological safety valve for the tourists concerned, but their behaviour imposes unsustainable costs on local communities, natural environment, nature and adventure tourists, and outdoor tourism operators. These costs reduce the net social economic gains achieved from the mental health benefits of outdoor tourism.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1934688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45380777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-31DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1932925
A. Mandić, Marija Vuković
ABSTRACT Individuals can play a critical role in reducing pressure on ecosystems. However, they are often not aware of their ecological footprints as they behave in ways that support their own interests. At the same time, society would benefit if we all act pro-environmentally. Using Millennials as an illustrative example and ecotourism as a study setting, this study introduces Goal Framing Theory for tourism scholars to discuss integratively how motives coexist and how they influence individuals’ choices, acts, and pro-environmental behaviour in tourism destinations. The analysis demonstrated the normative frame's prevalence by demonstrating the interrelation between the ecocentric system of beliefs, individuals’ predisposition for ecotourism, and specific behaviour intention. The findings suggest that ecocentrism within the study group reflects increasing concerns about the human-induced changes within the ecosystem and tourism growth. Results emphasise the benefits and the importance of the integrative analysis of individuals’ behaviour and suggest several new research avenues.
{"title":"Millennials attitudes, choices and behaviour - integrative analysis","authors":"A. Mandić, Marija Vuković","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1932925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1932925","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Individuals can play a critical role in reducing pressure on ecosystems. However, they are often not aware of their ecological footprints as they behave in ways that support their own interests. At the same time, society would benefit if we all act pro-environmentally. Using Millennials as an illustrative example and ecotourism as a study setting, this study introduces Goal Framing Theory for tourism scholars to discuss integratively how motives coexist and how they influence individuals’ choices, acts, and pro-environmental behaviour in tourism destinations. The analysis demonstrated the normative frame's prevalence by demonstrating the interrelation between the ecocentric system of beliefs, individuals’ predisposition for ecotourism, and specific behaviour intention. The findings suggest that ecocentrism within the study group reflects increasing concerns about the human-induced changes within the ecosystem and tourism growth. Results emphasise the benefits and the importance of the integrative analysis of individuals’ behaviour and suggest several new research avenues.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1932925","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44967328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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