Pub Date : 2021-05-31DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1934688
Mahshad Akhoundogli, R. Buckley
ABSTRACT We analyse motivations and perspectives of outdoor tourists and tourism stakeholders in the Islamic Republic of Iran. We use semi-structured qualitative interviews, and interpretivist grounded theory, with basic and axial coding and fine-scaled differential narrative analysis. We distinguish three principal tourist segments, seeking: exhilaration through adventure; enjoyment of nature; and escape from cultural restrictions and associated social surveillance. The nature and adventure segments behave as ecotourists, and gain improved eudaimonic wellbeing. Nature tourists gain psychological restoration through calm and tranquil nature contemplation. Adventure tourists gain psychological recharge through challenge and achievement. The escape segment, in contrast, aims for hedonic wellbeing, is heedless of its social and ecological impacts, and does not behave as ecotourists. It adopts an ecotourism disguise, to avoid being observed as it flouts expected cultural norms. It uses unauthorised and clandestine logistics providers, creating substantial management obstacles for authorised commercial outdoor tour providers. Temporary escape from social surveillance generates mental health gains as a psychological safety valve for the tourists concerned, but their behaviour imposes unsustainable costs on local communities, natural environment, nature and adventure tourists, and outdoor tourism operators. These costs reduce the net social economic gains achieved from the mental health benefits of outdoor tourism.
{"title":"Outdoor tourism to escape social surveillance: health gains but sustainability costs","authors":"Mahshad Akhoundogli, R. Buckley","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1934688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1934688","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We analyse motivations and perspectives of outdoor tourists and tourism stakeholders in the Islamic Republic of Iran. We use semi-structured qualitative interviews, and interpretivist grounded theory, with basic and axial coding and fine-scaled differential narrative analysis. We distinguish three principal tourist segments, seeking: exhilaration through adventure; enjoyment of nature; and escape from cultural restrictions and associated social surveillance. The nature and adventure segments behave as ecotourists, and gain improved eudaimonic wellbeing. Nature tourists gain psychological restoration through calm and tranquil nature contemplation. Adventure tourists gain psychological recharge through challenge and achievement. The escape segment, in contrast, aims for hedonic wellbeing, is heedless of its social and ecological impacts, and does not behave as ecotourists. It adopts an ecotourism disguise, to avoid being observed as it flouts expected cultural norms. It uses unauthorised and clandestine logistics providers, creating substantial management obstacles for authorised commercial outdoor tour providers. Temporary escape from social surveillance generates mental health gains as a psychological safety valve for the tourists concerned, but their behaviour imposes unsustainable costs on local communities, natural environment, nature and adventure tourists, and outdoor tourism operators. These costs reduce the net social economic gains achieved from the mental health benefits of outdoor tourism.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":"22 1","pages":"4 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1934688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45380777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-31DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1932925
A. Mandić, Marija Vuković
ABSTRACT Individuals can play a critical role in reducing pressure on ecosystems. However, they are often not aware of their ecological footprints as they behave in ways that support their own interests. At the same time, society would benefit if we all act pro-environmentally. Using Millennials as an illustrative example and ecotourism as a study setting, this study introduces Goal Framing Theory for tourism scholars to discuss integratively how motives coexist and how they influence individuals’ choices, acts, and pro-environmental behaviour in tourism destinations. The analysis demonstrated the normative frame's prevalence by demonstrating the interrelation between the ecocentric system of beliefs, individuals’ predisposition for ecotourism, and specific behaviour intention. The findings suggest that ecocentrism within the study group reflects increasing concerns about the human-induced changes within the ecosystem and tourism growth. Results emphasise the benefits and the importance of the integrative analysis of individuals’ behaviour and suggest several new research avenues.
{"title":"Millennials attitudes, choices and behaviour - integrative analysis","authors":"A. Mandić, Marija Vuković","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1932925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1932925","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Individuals can play a critical role in reducing pressure on ecosystems. However, they are often not aware of their ecological footprints as they behave in ways that support their own interests. At the same time, society would benefit if we all act pro-environmentally. Using Millennials as an illustrative example and ecotourism as a study setting, this study introduces Goal Framing Theory for tourism scholars to discuss integratively how motives coexist and how they influence individuals’ choices, acts, and pro-environmental behaviour in tourism destinations. The analysis demonstrated the normative frame's prevalence by demonstrating the interrelation between the ecocentric system of beliefs, individuals’ predisposition for ecotourism, and specific behaviour intention. The findings suggest that ecocentrism within the study group reflects increasing concerns about the human-induced changes within the ecosystem and tourism growth. Results emphasise the benefits and the importance of the integrative analysis of individuals’ behaviour and suggest several new research avenues.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":"21 1","pages":"87 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1932925","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44967328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-26DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1929260
R. C. de Souza, M. A. Ramos, U. P. de Albuquerque, A. Souto, N. Schiel
ABSTRACT The present study aimed at assessing the environmental perception of tourists about the impacts of an onboard excursion into nature, referred as an ecotourism activity. We interviewed 347 tourists after they attended a dolphin-watching activity at the Pipa Beach located within a protected area in Northeastern Brazil. We gathered socioeconomic information, such as gender, age, income, and schooling as well as tourists’ perceptions about positive or negative impacts of the excursion, and the knowledge obtained. Of the total of interviewees, 47% identified the activity could bring negative impacts on the environment. This pattern reflects tourists’ inability to detect the environmental impacts their practices can cause. Presumably, the lack of environmental education during the excursion in our study site helped maintaining a misleading perception. We strongly recommend an educational project that firstly aims at the boat owners and employees to inform them about the impacts of the excursion. Secondly, it seems of foremost importance the implementation of an educational program for tourists that attend the excursion in order to raise their environmental awareness and perception.
{"title":"Visitors’ perception when participating in a poorly planned ecotourism activity: the case of dolphin watching in Northeastern Brazil","authors":"R. C. de Souza, M. A. Ramos, U. P. de Albuquerque, A. Souto, N. Schiel","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1929260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1929260","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The present study aimed at assessing the environmental perception of tourists about the impacts of an onboard excursion into nature, referred as an ecotourism activity. We interviewed 347 tourists after they attended a dolphin-watching activity at the Pipa Beach located within a protected area in Northeastern Brazil. We gathered socioeconomic information, such as gender, age, income, and schooling as well as tourists’ perceptions about positive or negative impacts of the excursion, and the knowledge obtained. Of the total of interviewees, 47% identified the activity could bring negative impacts on the environment. This pattern reflects tourists’ inability to detect the environmental impacts their practices can cause. Presumably, the lack of environmental education during the excursion in our study site helped maintaining a misleading perception. We strongly recommend an educational project that firstly aims at the boat owners and employees to inform them about the impacts of the excursion. Secondly, it seems of foremost importance the implementation of an educational program for tourists that attend the excursion in order to raise their environmental awareness and perception.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":"21 1","pages":"197 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1929260","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41871563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-19DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1925288
W. Chan, W. H. Wan Ibrahim, M. Lo, Abang Azlan Mohamad, Thurasamy Ramayah, Chee-Hua Chin
ABSTRACT Ecotourism is a foremost promoted tourism product by the Malaysian government and significantly contributed to rural communities’ income. The objective of this study was to explore the empirical evidence of the relationships among service quality, satisfaction, and revisit intention to an ecotourism site in Sarawak, namely, Semenggoh Nature Reserve by considering the moderating effect of the destination image. A total of 157 international and domestic tourists who visited the Semenggoh Nature Reserve took part voluntarily in this study. WarpPLS 6.0 software was used to perform the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling and hypotheses testing. The results revealed that service quality was found to significantly and positively impacting satisfaction, whereas satisfaction was found to drive revisit intentions. Additionally, the destination image was found to have a significant positive impact on tourist’s satisfaction. The study further revealed that the destination image does not enhance the relationship between satisfaction and revisit intention.
{"title":"Controllable drivers that influence tourists’ satisfaction and revisit intention to Semenggoh Nature Reserve: the moderating impact of destination image","authors":"W. Chan, W. H. Wan Ibrahim, M. Lo, Abang Azlan Mohamad, Thurasamy Ramayah, Chee-Hua Chin","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1925288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1925288","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ecotourism is a foremost promoted tourism product by the Malaysian government and significantly contributed to rural communities’ income. The objective of this study was to explore the empirical evidence of the relationships among service quality, satisfaction, and revisit intention to an ecotourism site in Sarawak, namely, Semenggoh Nature Reserve by considering the moderating effect of the destination image. A total of 157 international and domestic tourists who visited the Semenggoh Nature Reserve took part voluntarily in this study. WarpPLS 6.0 software was used to perform the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling and hypotheses testing. The results revealed that service quality was found to significantly and positively impacting satisfaction, whereas satisfaction was found to drive revisit intentions. Additionally, the destination image was found to have a significant positive impact on tourist’s satisfaction. The study further revealed that the destination image does not enhance the relationship between satisfaction and revisit intention.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":"21 1","pages":"147 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1925288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49193532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-19DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1928145
Jefferson Lorencini Gazoni, I. L. G. Brasileiro
ABSTRACT The creation of protected areas is one of the main strategies used for the conservation of natural resources. In the Amazon, they have suffered from illegal deforestation, causing damage, most of which is irreversible. In this sense, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between public visitation and the suppression of forest cover in the biome. Multiple linear regression by Weighted Least Squares (WLS) was used, with cutting data from the conservation units of the Amazon, to develop a Linear Probability Model for the occurrence of deforestation due to the existence of visitation and other explanatory aspects. The results highlighted that the existence of managed public visitation in a conservation unit represents a reduction in the probability of deforestation, suggesting that this may be an important strategy for the protection of forest cover and, consequently, regional biodiversity.
{"title":"Public visitation and deforestation in protected areas of the Brazilian Amazon: an application of the Linear Probability Model","authors":"Jefferson Lorencini Gazoni, I. L. G. Brasileiro","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1928145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1928145","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The creation of protected areas is one of the main strategies used for the conservation of natural resources. In the Amazon, they have suffered from illegal deforestation, causing damage, most of which is irreversible. In this sense, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between public visitation and the suppression of forest cover in the biome. Multiple linear regression by Weighted Least Squares (WLS) was used, with cutting data from the conservation units of the Amazon, to develop a Linear Probability Model for the occurrence of deforestation due to the existence of visitation and other explanatory aspects. The results highlighted that the existence of managed public visitation in a conservation unit represents a reduction in the probability of deforestation, suggesting that this may be an important strategy for the protection of forest cover and, consequently, regional biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":"21 1","pages":"166 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1928145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41665483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-05DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1922422
F. Cerutti-Pereyra, Inés López-Ercilla, Gabriel Sánchez-Rivera, V. Francisco, X. Arvizu-Torres, Tamara Adame-Sánchez
ABSTRACT Coral reefs provide numerous ecosystem services and host more than 20% of marine biodiversity. However, the impact of recreational SCUBA diving on coral reefs is not often quantified in marine protected areas. We quantified the impact of divers on coral reefs in five sites within the National Park Reefs of Puerto Morelos, Mexico during high and low tourist seasons. We recorded the number and types of impacts on coral reefs done by divers during 30 minutes and the occurrence of endangered Acropora spp. The impacts most frequently recorded were "touching coral" and "creating sediment clouds" in the shallowest site, during the low season. A warning system was adopted by the Park based on the results. Making this information available for decision-making is crucial for ensuring the sustainable management of tourism, contributes to the conservation of fragile coral reef ecosystems, and ensures the sustianbility of livelihoods that rely on them.
{"title":"Impact of SCUBA divers on the coral reefs of a national park in the Mexican Caribbean","authors":"F. Cerutti-Pereyra, Inés López-Ercilla, Gabriel Sánchez-Rivera, V. Francisco, X. Arvizu-Torres, Tamara Adame-Sánchez","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1922422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1922422","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Coral reefs provide numerous ecosystem services and host more than 20% of marine biodiversity. However, the impact of recreational SCUBA diving on coral reefs is not often quantified in marine protected areas. We quantified the impact of divers on coral reefs in five sites within the National Park Reefs of Puerto Morelos, Mexico during high and low tourist seasons. We recorded the number and types of impacts on coral reefs done by divers during 30 minutes and the occurrence of endangered Acropora spp. The impacts most frequently recorded were \"touching coral\" and \"creating sediment clouds\" in the shallowest site, during the low season. A warning system was adopted by the Park based on the results. Making this information available for decision-making is crucial for ensuring the sustainable management of tourism, contributes to the conservation of fragile coral reef ecosystems, and ensures the sustianbility of livelihoods that rely on them.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":"21 1","pages":"71 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1922422","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48252729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-05DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1922423
S. Z. Bonye, Gordon Yenglier Yiridomoh, F. Dayour
ABSTRACT Globally, ecotourism has become an important component of the tourism sector, partly because it serves as an essential source of livelihood for local communities. The Wechaiu Community Hippo Sanctuary Project (WCHSP) is one of the community-based ecotourism facilities in Ghana with the potential to accelerate development of the area. Studies have investigated the sustainability of the project and the levels of participation in the management of the project. However, these studies have seldom investigated the benefits and costs of the WCHSP to the surrounding communities. Using a concurrent mixed-method involving 206 survey respondents and 13 in-depth interviews, the study found that the development of the resource has led to improved social, economic, health and infrastructural needs of the people but also noted that the resource has indirectly introduced some levels of hardships to the communities due to loss of livelihoods. The policy and practical implication of the study are discussed.
{"title":"Do ecotourism sites enhance rural development in Ghana? Evidence from the Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary Project in the Upper West Region, Wa, Ghana","authors":"S. Z. Bonye, Gordon Yenglier Yiridomoh, F. Dayour","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1922423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1922423","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Globally, ecotourism has become an important component of the tourism sector, partly because it serves as an essential source of livelihood for local communities. The Wechaiu Community Hippo Sanctuary Project (WCHSP) is one of the community-based ecotourism facilities in Ghana with the potential to accelerate development of the area. Studies have investigated the sustainability of the project and the levels of participation in the management of the project. However, these studies have seldom investigated the benefits and costs of the WCHSP to the surrounding communities. Using a concurrent mixed-method involving 206 survey respondents and 13 in-depth interviews, the study found that the development of the resource has led to improved social, economic, health and infrastructural needs of the people but also noted that the resource has indirectly introduced some levels of hardships to the communities due to loss of livelihoods. The policy and practical implication of the study are discussed.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":"21 1","pages":"121 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1922423","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48081823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-05DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1914065
Dabitora Koumantiga, K. Wala, B. Diwediga, Madjouma Kanda, Marra Dourma, K. Batawila, K. Akpagana
ABSTRACT In Togo, the Oti-Kéran-Mandouri (OKM) complex had important biological-oriented tourism activities in 1980s. However, degradation of ecosystems has negatively affected the biological resources of these protected areas. This study aims at analysing the current biological-based ecotourism potential of the OKM complex facing conservation challenges. To this end, a mixed approach combining fauna and flora inventories with ethnobotanical surveys was adopted.. Results showed that the floristic potential is characterized by 287 species distributed into 63 botanical families and 170 genera. A total of 26 and 19 woody species were identified as species with ‘high cultural value’ and ‘high attractive potential’, respectively. In terms of animal diversity, 11 species of the large wildlife, including emblematic species, have been recorded. Six of these animal and plant species are reported in the IUCN Red List. These findings provide insights on the great potential of OKM complex for ecotourism promotion in Togo.
{"title":"Biological based ecotourism potential in the complex of protected areas Oti-Keran-Mandouri (Togo, West Africa)","authors":"Dabitora Koumantiga, K. Wala, B. Diwediga, Madjouma Kanda, Marra Dourma, K. Batawila, K. Akpagana","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1914065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1914065","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In Togo, the Oti-Kéran-Mandouri (OKM) complex had important biological-oriented tourism activities in 1980s. However, degradation of ecosystems has negatively affected the biological resources of these protected areas. This study aims at analysing the current biological-based ecotourism potential of the OKM complex facing conservation challenges. To this end, a mixed approach combining fauna and flora inventories with ethnobotanical surveys was adopted.. Results showed that the floristic potential is characterized by 287 species distributed into 63 botanical families and 170 genera. A total of 26 and 19 woody species were identified as species with ‘high cultural value’ and ‘high attractive potential’, respectively. In terms of animal diversity, 11 species of the large wildlife, including emblematic species, have been recorded. Six of these animal and plant species are reported in the IUCN Red List. These findings provide insights on the great potential of OKM complex for ecotourism promotion in Togo.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":"21 1","pages":"18 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1914065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47625112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-27DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1918131
Joo-Ee Gan
ABSTRACT This qualitative study conducted in Malaysia’s Belum-Temengor Forest Reserve applies the concept of indigeneity as a social construct to examine status ascription by two competing groups: the Orang Asli and the Malays. Through indigeneity, the Orang Asli assert themselves as the rightful inhabitants of Belum-Temengor and brand the Malays as outsiders. By contrast, the Malays downplay indigeneity and describe themselves as ‘the locals’ whose entrepreneurism should be lauded. Tourism in Belum-Temengor influences the discourse of indigeneity in two paradoxical ways – it reinforces the Orang Asli’s indigeneity by accentuating the indigenous culture in tourism products; but it also exerts the pressure of assimilation as a pre-condition of participation. The theoretical implication lies in demonstrating that the interplay of indigeneity influences the socio-psychological boundary of a community, such that a group that sees itself as part of a community is considered by the competing group to be the outsider.
{"title":"Ecotourism and Malaysia’s Orang Asli: the social construction of indigeneity in community boundary-drawing","authors":"Joo-Ee Gan","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1918131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1918131","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This qualitative study conducted in Malaysia’s Belum-Temengor Forest Reserve applies the concept of indigeneity as a social construct to examine status ascription by two competing groups: the Orang Asli and the Malays. Through indigeneity, the Orang Asli assert themselves as the rightful inhabitants of Belum-Temengor and brand the Malays as outsiders. By contrast, the Malays downplay indigeneity and describe themselves as ‘the locals’ whose entrepreneurism should be lauded. Tourism in Belum-Temengor influences the discourse of indigeneity in two paradoxical ways – it reinforces the Orang Asli’s indigeneity by accentuating the indigenous culture in tourism products; but it also exerts the pressure of assimilation as a pre-condition of participation. The theoretical implication lies in demonstrating that the interplay of indigeneity influences the socio-psychological boundary of a community, such that a group that sees itself as part of a community is considered by the competing group to be the outsider.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":"21 1","pages":"54 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1918131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43958289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-27DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2021.1919126
J. Beall, B. B. Boley
ABSTRACT Despite numerous attempts at operationalising ecotourism, none have explicitly incorporated the three tenets of ecotourism (i.e. nature, education, and sustainability) into scale development with the purpose of identifying ecotourists from non-ecotourists. Therefore, we used a combination of Churchill and Rossiter’s scale development frameworks to create the Ecotourist Identification Scale (EIS) as a tool for identifying ecotourists based on these three criteria. We split a sample of 786 U.S. travellers in half to perform a Principal Components Analysis for scale purification on one half followed by a Confirmatory Factor Analysis on the other. Results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated strong construct reliability for each component of the EIS based on factor loadings above 0.50, reliability coefficients exceeding 0.70, and Average Variance Explained above 50%. Furthermore, we employed Structural Equation Modeling to explore which aspects of ecotourism’s three tenets influence intention to engage in ecotourism by testing the relationship between EIS scale components and ecotourism intention. Results indicate interest in nature and environmental sustainability are significantly related to ecotourism intention while interest in education, socio-cultural sustainability, and economic sustainability are not, indicating discrepancies between the academic definition of ecotourism and the factors driving tourists to engage in ecotourism.
{"title":"An ecotourist by whose standards? Developing and testing the Ecotourist Identification Scale (EIS)","authors":"J. Beall, B. B. Boley","doi":"10.1080/14724049.2021.1919126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1919126","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite numerous attempts at operationalising ecotourism, none have explicitly incorporated the three tenets of ecotourism (i.e. nature, education, and sustainability) into scale development with the purpose of identifying ecotourists from non-ecotourists. Therefore, we used a combination of Churchill and Rossiter’s scale development frameworks to create the Ecotourist Identification Scale (EIS) as a tool for identifying ecotourists based on these three criteria. We split a sample of 786 U.S. travellers in half to perform a Principal Components Analysis for scale purification on one half followed by a Confirmatory Factor Analysis on the other. Results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated strong construct reliability for each component of the EIS based on factor loadings above 0.50, reliability coefficients exceeding 0.70, and Average Variance Explained above 50%. Furthermore, we employed Structural Equation Modeling to explore which aspects of ecotourism’s three tenets influence intention to engage in ecotourism by testing the relationship between EIS scale components and ecotourism intention. Results indicate interest in nature and environmental sustainability are significantly related to ecotourism intention while interest in education, socio-cultural sustainability, and economic sustainability are not, indicating discrepancies between the academic definition of ecotourism and the factors driving tourists to engage in ecotourism.","PeriodicalId":39714,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecotourism","volume":"21 1","pages":"99 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14724049.2021.1919126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45913792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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