Aim: To evaluate RNFL (Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer) and GCC (Ganglion Cell Complex) thickness, using SD-OCT in treatment-naive patients of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) and to compare these findings with healthy controls.
Material and methods: The study included 150 eyes of 75 glaucoma patients (25 each of POAG, PACG, NTG) and 200 eyes of 100 controls. In this cross-sectional observational study, patients meeting the inclusion criteria underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, including best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP) by Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT), gonioscopy to differentiate between open and closed angle and visual field analysis (VFA). GCC-IPL and RNFL thickness were measured using SD-OCT.
Results: Significant thinning of RNFL was noted in all glaucoma subtypes, especially in inferior and superior quadrants (p.
{"title":"Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer and Ganglion Cell Complex Thickness Analysis in Treatment - Naive Glaucoma Patients.","authors":"Sushil Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Ankita Singh, Bhupesh Bhatkoti, Kumar Vijay Sharma, Vikas Ambiya, Vipin Rana","doi":"10.31348/2026/5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31348/2026/5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong> To evaluate RNFL (Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer) and GCC (Ganglion Cell Complex) thickness, using SD-OCT in treatment-naive patients of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) and to compare these findings with healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong> The study included 150 eyes of 75 glaucoma patients (25 each of POAG, PACG, NTG) and 200 eyes of 100 controls. In this cross-sectional observational study, patients meeting the inclusion criteria underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, including best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP) by Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT), gonioscopy to differentiate between open and closed angle and visual field analysis (VFA). GCC-IPL and RNFL thickness were measured using SD-OCT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> Significant thinning of RNFL was noted in all glaucoma subtypes, especially in inferior and superior quadrants (p.</p>","PeriodicalId":39839,"journal":{"name":"Ceska a Slovenska Oftalmologie","volume":"82 Ahead of Print","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcomes of refractive lens exchange (RLE) with implantation of extended depth of focus (EDOF) and trifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) in presbyopic hyperopic patients diagnosed with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), and to retrospectively assess preoperative criteria suitable for RLE indication.
Materials and methods: The study included 17 patients (34 eyes) with hyperopia and FECD who underwent RLE with implantation of EDOF or trifocal IOLs at Lexum Eye Clinics between 2022 and 2024. The mean follow-up period was 13 months, and the mean patient age was 56 ±5 years. Evaluated parameters included preoperative and postoperative refraction, visual acuity, endothelial microscopy, central pachymetry, and posterior corneal backscatter.
Results: The mean preoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity was 0.68 logMAR, improving postoperatively to 0.01 logMAR. The mean corrected distance visual acuity improved from 0.01 logMAR preoperatively to -0.01 logMAR postoperatively. Postoperative uncorrected intermediate and near visual acuities were 0.07 logMAR and 0.10 logMAR, respectively. According to Krachmer's classification of endothelial microscopy, 14 patients had grade 1, one patient grade 2, and two patients grade 3 FECD. The mean postoperative endothelial cell density was 2595 cells/mm², with a coefficient of variation of 30 % and hexagonality of 50 %. No statistically significant difference was found between preoperative and postoperative pachymetry values (p = 0.184). The mean posterior corneal backscatter was 14.7 GSU preoperatively and 16.8 GSU postoperatively.
Conclusion: Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy has long been considered a contraindication for refractive lens exchange. In our cohort of motivated patients, the outcomes were highly satisfactory. Key parameters - central pachymetry, endothelial microscopy, and posterior corneal backscatter remained stable over time. When properly indicated, carefully performed RLE may be a viable option for presbyopia correction in patients with early-stage FECD.
{"title":"Refractive Lensectomy in Patients with Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy.","authors":"Markéta Brožková, Ondřej Vlasák, Lenka Havlíčková, Zuzana Hlinomazová","doi":"10.31348/2026/4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31348/2026/4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong> The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcomes of refractive lens exchange (RLE) with implantation of extended depth of focus (EDOF) and trifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) in presbyopic hyperopic patients diagnosed with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), and to retrospectively assess preoperative criteria suitable for RLE indication.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong> The study included 17 patients (34 eyes) with hyperopia and FECD who underwent RLE with implantation of EDOF or trifocal IOLs at Lexum Eye Clinics between 2022 and 2024. The mean follow-up period was 13 months, and the mean patient age was 56 ±5 years. Evaluated parameters included preoperative and postoperative refraction, visual acuity, endothelial microscopy, central pachymetry, and posterior corneal backscatter.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> The mean preoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity was 0.68 logMAR, improving postoperatively to 0.01 logMAR. The mean corrected distance visual acuity improved from 0.01 logMAR preoperatively to -0.01 logMAR postoperatively. Postoperative uncorrected intermediate and near visual acuities were 0.07 logMAR and 0.10 logMAR, respectively. According to Krachmer's classification of endothelial microscopy, 14 patients had grade 1, one patient grade 2, and two patients grade 3 FECD. The mean postoperative endothelial cell density was 2595 cells/mm², with a coefficient of variation of 30 % and hexagonality of 50 %. No statistically significant difference was found between preoperative and postoperative pachymetry values (p = 0.184). The mean posterior corneal backscatter was 14.7 GSU preoperatively and 16.8 GSU postoperatively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong> Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy has long been considered a contraindication for refractive lens exchange. In our cohort of motivated patients, the outcomes were highly satisfactory. Key parameters - central pachymetry, endothelial microscopy, and posterior corneal backscatter remained stable over time. When properly indicated, carefully performed RLE may be a viable option for presbyopia correction in patients with early-stage FECD.</p>","PeriodicalId":39839,"journal":{"name":"Ceska a Slovenska Oftalmologie","volume":"82 Ahead of Print","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p><strong>Aims: </strong> To evaluate the effect of zofenopril on oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activity in ocular tissues of rabbits with experimentally induced glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong> An experimental model of adrenaline-induced glaucoma (AIG) was developed in 2-2.5-year-old rabbits. Zofenopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, was administered orally as an aqueous suspension (1 mg/kg body weight) daily for three months. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a marker of lipid peroxidation (LPO), hydroxyl and superoxide radical generation, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT)). Intraocular pressure (IOP) in rabbits was measured using an applanation tonometer under local anesthesia with 0.5% Alcaine. Spectrophotometric analysis was performed on the retina, optic nerve, and drainage zone tissues.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> In the AIG modeling group, a dynamic increase in IOP was observed: by 28.3% after 30 days, by 34.2% and 46.7% after 60 and 90 days, respectively, compared to baseline data. Oral administration of zofenopril suspension during AIG modeling resulted in a milder elevation of IOP - by 17.4% on day 30 (p < 0.05) - followed by a gradual decline to 110.1% and 105.4% of baseline values on days 60 and 90, respectively. On day 90 of the study, rabbits with AIG exhibited significant activation of LPO and elevated MDA levels in ocular tissues: by 54.1% in the retina, 39.9% in the optic nerve, and 70.1% in the drainage zone, compared to controls (intact animals) (p < 0.01). Enhanced free radical generation was observed: hydroxyl radical levels increased by 71.3% in the retina, 58.9% in the optic nerve, and 81.8% in the drainage zone; superoxide radical levels increased by 78.4%, 64.4%, and 94.2%, respectively. Antioxidant enzyme activity declined in the retina, with GPx decreasing by 35.9%, SOD by 42.4%, and CAT by 30.7%, compared to the controls. Zofenopril administration during glaucoma modeling resulted in reduced MDA levels: by 19.3% in the retina, 16.1% in the optic nerve, and 28.1% in the drainage zone, compared to the untreated AIG group. Hydroxyl radical generation also decreased by 23.0% in the retina, 21.9% in the optic nerve, and 23.9% in the drainage zone. Superoxide radical levels were reduced by 20.3% in the retina and 24.9% in the drainage zone. In contrast, antioxidant enzyme activity increased in the retina: GPx rose by 33.6%, SOD by 26.2%, and CAT by 21.6%, compared to the untreated AIG group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong> Prolonged systemic administration of zofenopril in a rabbit model of glaucoma effectively attenuated oxidative stress and stabilized intraocular pressure. Zofenopril prevented a progressive rise in IOP observed in untreated animals, maintaining IOP values close to physiological levels throughout the experi
{"title":"Effect of the ACE inhibitor Zofenopril on the Oxidative Status of the Eye in Animals with Experimental Glaucoma.","authors":"Irina Mikheytseva, Serhii Kolomiichuk, Tаtiana Siroshtanenko, Nataliia Storozhuk, Maxim Kuznetsov, Mayyar Alobaisi","doi":"10.31348/2026/1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31348/2026/1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong> To evaluate the effect of zofenopril on oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activity in ocular tissues of rabbits with experimentally induced glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong> An experimental model of adrenaline-induced glaucoma (AIG) was developed in 2-2.5-year-old rabbits. Zofenopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, was administered orally as an aqueous suspension (1 mg/kg body weight) daily for three months. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a marker of lipid peroxidation (LPO), hydroxyl and superoxide radical generation, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT)). Intraocular pressure (IOP) in rabbits was measured using an applanation tonometer under local anesthesia with 0.5% Alcaine. Spectrophotometric analysis was performed on the retina, optic nerve, and drainage zone tissues.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> In the AIG modeling group, a dynamic increase in IOP was observed: by 28.3% after 30 days, by 34.2% and 46.7% after 60 and 90 days, respectively, compared to baseline data. Oral administration of zofenopril suspension during AIG modeling resulted in a milder elevation of IOP - by 17.4% on day 30 (p < 0.05) - followed by a gradual decline to 110.1% and 105.4% of baseline values on days 60 and 90, respectively. On day 90 of the study, rabbits with AIG exhibited significant activation of LPO and elevated MDA levels in ocular tissues: by 54.1% in the retina, 39.9% in the optic nerve, and 70.1% in the drainage zone, compared to controls (intact animals) (p < 0.01). Enhanced free radical generation was observed: hydroxyl radical levels increased by 71.3% in the retina, 58.9% in the optic nerve, and 81.8% in the drainage zone; superoxide radical levels increased by 78.4%, 64.4%, and 94.2%, respectively. Antioxidant enzyme activity declined in the retina, with GPx decreasing by 35.9%, SOD by 42.4%, and CAT by 30.7%, compared to the controls. Zofenopril administration during glaucoma modeling resulted in reduced MDA levels: by 19.3% in the retina, 16.1% in the optic nerve, and 28.1% in the drainage zone, compared to the untreated AIG group. Hydroxyl radical generation also decreased by 23.0% in the retina, 21.9% in the optic nerve, and 23.9% in the drainage zone. Superoxide radical levels were reduced by 20.3% in the retina and 24.9% in the drainage zone. In contrast, antioxidant enzyme activity increased in the retina: GPx rose by 33.6%, SOD by 26.2%, and CAT by 21.6%, compared to the untreated AIG group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong> Prolonged systemic administration of zofenopril in a rabbit model of glaucoma effectively attenuated oxidative stress and stabilized intraocular pressure. Zofenopril prevented a progressive rise in IOP observed in untreated animals, maintaining IOP values close to physiological levels throughout the experi","PeriodicalId":39839,"journal":{"name":"Ceska a Slovenska Oftalmologie","volume":"82 Ahead of Print","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145971305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gede Pardianto, Prajna Cindy Metta, Audric Kristo Hadi Sugiaman, Clarissa Lister, Diyah Purworini
Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of a customized cryotherapy technique in enhancing ocular salvage and reducing evisceration rates in patients with descemetocele and iris prolapse.
Material and methods: A retrospective, observational study was conducted at SMEC Eye Hospital, Medan, including 467 eyes from 467 patients treated with customized cryotherapy between January 2008 and July 2025. The procedure integrated standardized cryotherapy with adjunctive perioperative protocols, including antiseptic preparation, postoperative antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and beta-blocker eyedrops, as well as strict environmental precautions and protective eyewear. Outcomes assessed were the need for repeated cryotherapy and evisceration.
Results: Of the 467 treated eyes, 454 (97.2%) were successfully preserved without requiring evisceration. Repeated cryotherapy was required in 11 eyes (2.2%), of which 10 achieved ocular preservation. Evisceration was ultimately required in 13 eyes (2.8%), primarily due to spontaneous ocular content prolapse. Most treated eyes demonstrated corneal wall thickening and scarring, with regression of iris prolapse, thereby restoring ocular contour.
Conclusion: Customized cryotherapy is a highly effective intervention for preventing evisceration in eyes with descemetocele and iris prolapse. By stabilizing the corneal wall and mitigating the risk of spontaneous ocular prolapse, this technique represents a valuable strategy for ocular salvage. Further prospective and controlled studies are warranted to validate long-term outcomes and to optimize treatment protocols.
{"title":"Customized Cryotherapy for Ocular Salvage in Descemetocele and Iris Prolapse: A 17-Year Retrospective Study.","authors":"Gede Pardianto, Prajna Cindy Metta, Audric Kristo Hadi Sugiaman, Clarissa Lister, Diyah Purworini","doi":"10.31348/2026/6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31348/2026/6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong> To evaluate the efficacy of a customized cryotherapy technique in enhancing ocular salvage and reducing evisceration rates in patients with descemetocele and iris prolapse.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong> A retrospective, observational study was conducted at SMEC Eye Hospital, Medan, including 467 eyes from 467 patients treated with customized cryotherapy between January 2008 and July 2025. The procedure integrated standardized cryotherapy with adjunctive perioperative protocols, including antiseptic preparation, postoperative antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and beta-blocker eyedrops, as well as strict environmental precautions and protective eyewear. Outcomes assessed were the need for repeated cryotherapy and evisceration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> Of the 467 treated eyes, 454 (97.2%) were successfully preserved without requiring evisceration. Repeated cryotherapy was required in 11 eyes (2.2%), of which 10 achieved ocular preservation. Evisceration was ultimately required in 13 eyes (2.8%), primarily due to spontaneous ocular content prolapse. Most treated eyes demonstrated corneal wall thickening and scarring, with regression of iris prolapse, thereby restoring ocular contour.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong> Customized cryotherapy is a highly effective intervention for preventing evisceration in eyes with descemetocele and iris prolapse. By stabilizing the corneal wall and mitigating the risk of spontaneous ocular prolapse, this technique represents a valuable strategy for ocular salvage. Further prospective and controlled studies are warranted to validate long-term outcomes and to optimize treatment protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":39839,"journal":{"name":"Ceska a Slovenska Oftalmologie","volume":"82 Ahead of Print","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simona Jančárová, Marie Němcová, Pavel Rozsíval, Viktor Ladislav Nováček
Purpose: To evaluate the clinical outcomes following the implantation of a new toric intraocular lens (TIOL) with extended depth of focus (EDOF) Bi-Flex ELON Toric POB-MA 877PETY (Elon®, Medicontur Medical Engineering Ltd., Zsámbék, Hungary), including analysis of lens rotational stability and assessment of patient satisfaction.
Material and methods: In a retrospective, monocentric clinical study, 29 eyes of 18 patients (11 men and 7 women) with presbyopia, cataracts, and corneal astigmatism were evaluated. These patients underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery with Bi-Flex ELON Toric TIOL implantation. Postoperative assessments included measurements of monocular uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA, CDVA) and near visual acuity (UNVA, CNVA), rotational stability of the TIOL, and subjective evaluation of visual quality using a questionnaire. Follow-up examinations were conducted 6 months postoperatively (ranging from 3 to 9 months).
Results: The mean postoperative monocular UDVA improved from 0.4 ±0.2 to 0.90 ±0.1 (p.
{"title":"Clinical Results Following the Implantation of a New Toric Intraocular Lens with Extended Depth of Focus.","authors":"Simona Jančárová, Marie Němcová, Pavel Rozsíval, Viktor Ladislav Nováček","doi":"10.31348/2025/25","DOIUrl":"10.31348/2025/25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the clinical outcomes following the implantation of a new toric intraocular lens (TIOL) with extended depth of focus (EDOF) Bi-Flex ELON Toric POB-MA 877PETY (Elon®, Medicontur Medical Engineering Ltd., Zsámbék, Hungary), including analysis of lens rotational stability and assessment of patient satisfaction.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In a retrospective, monocentric clinical study, 29 eyes of 18 patients (11 men and 7 women) with presbyopia, cataracts, and corneal astigmatism were evaluated. These patients underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery with Bi-Flex ELON Toric TIOL implantation. Postoperative assessments included measurements of monocular uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA, CDVA) and near visual acuity (UNVA, CNVA), rotational stability of the TIOL, and subjective evaluation of visual quality using a questionnaire. Follow-up examinations were conducted 6 months postoperatively (ranging from 3 to 9 months).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean postoperative monocular UDVA improved from 0.4 ±0.2 to 0.90 ±0.1 (p.</p>","PeriodicalId":39839,"journal":{"name":"Ceska a Slovenska Oftalmologie","volume":"81 Ahead of Print","pages":"35-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144709316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luisa Fernanda Peña-Pulgar, Alejandro Tello, María Fernanda Acuña, Virgilio Galvis
Aims: This systematic review aimed to investigate whether quantitative metrics derived from gaze tracking (GT) outputs during visual field (VF) testing with an automated perimeter could enhance the evaluation of test reliability.
Materials and methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS, and IBECS databases, from inception to August 31, 2024, was conducted.
Results: Eight studies - four cross-sectional and four cohort - met the inclusion criteria, comprising 8,181 visual field tests from 3,687 patients. The studies were categorized based on testing strategy: SITA Standard, Fast, and Faster. In the SITA Standard group, GT parameters were associated with visual field result reproducibility and the structure-function relationship in glaucoma, but were influenced by ocular surface variables. In the SITA Fast and Faster group, results were mixed: some studies suggested GT metrics could complement conventional reliability parameters, while others concluded that GT quantitative metrics did not offer clinically meaningful insights beyond existing methods.
Conclusion: GT trace quantification shows promise as an objective reliability parameter for VF testing, particularly within the SITA Standard framework. Advanced image analysis techniques, including artificial intelligence, could facilitate automated GT parameter quantification, streamlining processes and supporting further studies to evaluate their impact on VF data reliability and clinical decision-making.
{"title":"Quantifying Gaze Tracking for Visual Field Reliability Estimation. A Systematic Review.","authors":"Luisa Fernanda Peña-Pulgar, Alejandro Tello, María Fernanda Acuña, Virgilio Galvis","doi":"10.31348/2025/38","DOIUrl":"10.31348/2025/38","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>This systematic review aimed to investigate whether quantitative metrics derived from gaze tracking (GT) outputs during visual field (VF) testing with an automated perimeter could enhance the evaluation of test reliability.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS, and IBECS databases, from inception to August 31, 2024, was conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight studies - four cross-sectional and four cohort - met the inclusion criteria, comprising 8,181 visual field tests from 3,687 patients. The studies were categorized based on testing strategy: SITA Standard, Fast, and Faster. In the SITA Standard group, GT parameters were associated with visual field result reproducibility and the structure-function relationship in glaucoma, but were influenced by ocular surface variables. In the SITA Fast and Faster group, results were mixed: some studies suggested GT metrics could complement conventional reliability parameters, while others concluded that GT quantitative metrics did not offer clinically meaningful insights beyond existing methods.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GT trace quantification shows promise as an objective reliability parameter for VF testing, particularly within the SITA Standard framework. Advanced image analysis techniques, including artificial intelligence, could facilitate automated GT parameter quantification, streamlining processes and supporting further studies to evaluate their impact on VF data reliability and clinical decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":39839,"journal":{"name":"Ceska a Slovenska Oftalmologie","volume":"81 Ahead of Print","pages":"3-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145066000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: To evaluate changes in the vascular density of the deep and superficial capillary plexus of the retina, the area of the foveal avascular zone, central retinal thickness, and best corrected visual acuity in patients with diabetic macular edema treated with anti-VEGF agents.
Material and methods: In a prospective study at the Ophthalmology Clinic of FNHK, we evaluated a group of 41 eyes of 30 patients (19 men and 11 women) with diabetic macular edema treated with Lucentis or Eylea. The average age of the patients was 61.7 ±11.3 years. Average initial visual acuity was 64.4 ±9.1 letters on ETDRS optotypes. During the one-year follow-up period we monitored the density of the deep and superficial retinal capillary plexus using OCTA. We evaluated OCTA scans with the ImageJ program at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Additionally, the area of the foveal avascular zone, central retinal thickness, and best-corrected visual acuity were measured.
Results: During the one-year follow-up period there was a statistically significant change in both retinal capillary plexuses, with the density of the deep capillary plexus increasing (p.
{"title":"Evaluation of Morphological Changes in the Retina Using OCTA in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema Treated with anti-VEGF Using ImageJ Software.","authors":"David Beran, Libor Hejsek, Jan Studnička","doi":"10.31348/2025/28","DOIUrl":"10.31348/2025/28","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate changes in the vascular density of the deep and superficial capillary plexus of the retina, the area of the foveal avascular zone, central retinal thickness, and best corrected visual acuity in patients with diabetic macular edema treated with anti-VEGF agents.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In a prospective study at the Ophthalmology Clinic of FNHK, we evaluated a group of 41 eyes of 30 patients (19 men and 11 women) with diabetic macular edema treated with Lucentis or Eylea. The average age of the patients was 61.7 ±11.3 years. Average initial visual acuity was 64.4 ±9.1 letters on ETDRS optotypes. During the one-year follow-up period we monitored the density of the deep and superficial retinal capillary plexus using OCTA. We evaluated OCTA scans with the ImageJ program at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Additionally, the area of the foveal avascular zone, central retinal thickness, and best-corrected visual acuity were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the one-year follow-up period there was a statistically significant change in both retinal capillary plexuses, with the density of the deep capillary plexus increasing (p.</p>","PeriodicalId":39839,"journal":{"name":"Ceska a Slovenska Oftalmologie","volume":"81 Ahead of Print","pages":"27-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144709317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veronika Stankovičová, Viktor Ladislav Nováček, Pavel Rozsíval
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Rexon-Eye therapy, based on quantum molecular resonance (QMR) technology, optical parameters, tear film stability, and patients' subjective symptoms.
Material and methods: A total of 30 patients (20 women, mean age 64.9 years; 10 men, mean age 64.6 years) diagnosed with dry eye syndrome were included in the study. Common systemic comorbidities were recorded, most frequently arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, thyroid disorders, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hyperuricemia. Each patient underwent four treatment sessions (once weekly for 20 minutes) according to the manufacturer's recommended protocol. Objective parameters - including objective scatter index (OSI), modulation transfer function cutoff (MTF cutoff), potential visual acuity (PVA), and vision break-up time (VBUT) - were assessed using the HD Analyzer before therapy and again 1 to 3 months after treatment completion. Subjective symptoms were evaluated using the standardized Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire.
Results: No statistically significant changes were observed in OSI, MTF cutoff, or PVA. VBUT remained unchanged. By contrast, OSDI scores improved both statistically and clinically significantly.
Conclusion: QMR therapy with the Rexon-Eye device led to significant improvement in subjective symptoms, while objective optical quality parameters showed no statistically significant changes. QMR therapy appears to be a safe and well-tolerated method that may expand therapeutic options in clinical practice.
{"title":"The Role of the Tear Film in Refraction: Quantitative Evaluation Before and After Rexon-Eye Therapy.","authors":"Veronika Stankovičová, Viktor Ladislav Nováček, Pavel Rozsíval","doi":"10.31348/2026/3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31348/2026/3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong> The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Rexon-Eye therapy, based on quantum molecular resonance (QMR) technology, optical parameters, tear film stability, and patients' subjective symptoms.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong> A total of 30 patients (20 women, mean age 64.9 years; 10 men, mean age 64.6 years) diagnosed with dry eye syndrome were included in the study. Common systemic comorbidities were recorded, most frequently arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, thyroid disorders, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hyperuricemia. Each patient underwent four treatment sessions (once weekly for 20 minutes) according to the manufacturer's recommended protocol. Objective parameters - including objective scatter index (OSI), modulation transfer function cutoff (MTF cutoff), potential visual acuity (PVA), and vision break-up time (VBUT) - were assessed using the HD Analyzer before therapy and again 1 to 3 months after treatment completion. Subjective symptoms were evaluated using the standardized Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> No statistically significant changes were observed in OSI, MTF cutoff, or PVA. VBUT remained unchanged. By contrast, OSDI scores improved both statistically and clinically significantly.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong> QMR therapy with the Rexon-Eye device led to significant improvement in subjective symptoms, while objective optical quality parameters showed no statistically significant changes. QMR therapy appears to be a safe and well-tolerated method that may expand therapeutic options in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":39839,"journal":{"name":"Ceska a Slovenska Oftalmologie","volume":"82 Ahead of Print","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: The study aimed to explore the association between duration of smartphone usage and tear film parameters in adolescents through a hospitalbased cross-sectional study.
Material and methods: A detailed history regarding smartphone usage was obtained, followed by tear film assessment for all the study participants. Tear meniscus height (TMH), Tear film break up time (TBUT), and Schirmer's I test were done for all participants. Then they were classified into four groups, based on daily smartphone usage: < 2 hours/day, 2-4 hours/day, 4-6 hours/day, and > 6 hours/day.
Results: 123 smartphone users of the adolescent age group aged 10-19 years (mean age: 16.6 ±2.8 years) were included. The mean values of tear film parameters were as follows: TMH was 0.25 ±0.1 mm, Schirmer's I was 17.7 ±9.2 mm, and TBUT was 10.5 ±5.7 seconds. Participants using smartphones for > 6 hours/day had a significantly higher prevalence of reduced TMH (< 0.25 mm) compared to those with lower usage durations (p < 0.0001). Similar trends were observed for Schirmer's I and TBUT values, indicating a statistically significant association between prolonged smartphone use and tear film dysfunction (p < 0.0001). Notably, 72.7% of eyes in the > 6 hours/day group exhibited tear film dysfunction, significantly higher than in other groups.
Conclusion: Prolonged smartphone use adversely affects tear film stability and ocular surface health in adolescents. Awareness and appropriate measures to limit excessive screen time are essential to prevent tear film dysfunction and associated ocular discomfort.
{"title":"Tear Film Dysfunction and its Association with Smartphone Usage in Adolescents.","authors":"Srishti Sharma, Anupam Singh, Shreya Mishra, Kirti Narang, Ajai Agrawal, Ranjeeta Kumari, Kumar Barun","doi":"10.31348/2025/32","DOIUrl":"10.31348/2025/32","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The study aimed to explore the association between duration of smartphone usage and tear film parameters in adolescents through a hospitalbased cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A detailed history regarding smartphone usage was obtained, followed by tear film assessment for all the study participants. Tear meniscus height (TMH), Tear film break up time (TBUT), and Schirmer's I test were done for all participants. Then they were classified into four groups, based on daily smartphone usage: < 2 hours/day, 2-4 hours/day, 4-6 hours/day, and > 6 hours/day.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>123 smartphone users of the adolescent age group aged 10-19 years (mean age: 16.6 ±2.8 years) were included. The mean values of tear film parameters were as follows: TMH was 0.25 ±0.1 mm, Schirmer's I was 17.7 ±9.2 mm, and TBUT was 10.5 ±5.7 seconds. Participants using smartphones for > 6 hours/day had a significantly higher prevalence of reduced TMH (< 0.25 mm) compared to those with lower usage durations (p < 0.0001). Similar trends were observed for Schirmer's I and TBUT values, indicating a statistically significant association between prolonged smartphone use and tear film dysfunction (p < 0.0001). Notably, 72.7% of eyes in the > 6 hours/day group exhibited tear film dysfunction, significantly higher than in other groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prolonged smartphone use adversely affects tear film stability and ocular surface health in adolescents. Awareness and appropriate measures to limit excessive screen time are essential to prevent tear film dysfunction and associated ocular discomfort.</p>","PeriodicalId":39839,"journal":{"name":"Ceska a Slovenska Oftalmologie","volume":"81 Ahead of Print","pages":"43-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: To review the findings in the professional literature on unexplained loss of visual acuity (VA) in patients with silicone oil (SO) tamponade and post-removal, and assess the efficacy and safety of citicoline as a neuroprotective agent on anatomical changes and visual function in patients undergoing 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with large/multiple tears (macula-on/off).
Materials and methods: We studied 96 eyes, 64 receiving citicoline (5 ml orally 3x daily) after PPV with SO tamponade, performed from 01.01.2023 to 30.06.2023 at the Eye Clinic of SZU and UNB. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured using ETDRS charts, and changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) were assessed using OCT at 1, 3 and 6 months. Complications were monitored and results analyzed statistically.
Results: BCVA improved (citicoline: 19 to 48 letters; non-citicoline: 13 to 42 letters, p.
{"title":"Neuroprotective Properties of Citicoline in Patients with Unexplained Visual Acuity Loss Related to Silicone Oil Tamponade. Our Experience.","authors":"Zlatica Fellner, Veronika Kurilová, Adriana Takáčová, Lucia Herdová, Petr Kolář, Nora Majtánová","doi":"10.31348/2025/36","DOIUrl":"10.31348/2025/36","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To review the findings in the professional literature on unexplained loss of visual acuity (VA) in patients with silicone oil (SO) tamponade and post-removal, and assess the efficacy and safety of citicoline as a neuroprotective agent on anatomical changes and visual function in patients undergoing 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with large/multiple tears (macula-on/off).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We studied 96 eyes, 64 receiving citicoline (5 ml orally 3x daily) after PPV with SO tamponade, performed from 01.01.2023 to 30.06.2023 at the Eye Clinic of SZU and UNB. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured using ETDRS charts, and changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) were assessed using OCT at 1, 3 and 6 months. Complications were monitored and results analyzed statistically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BCVA improved (citicoline: 19 to 48 letters; non-citicoline: 13 to 42 letters, p.</p>","PeriodicalId":39839,"journal":{"name":"Ceska a Slovenska Oftalmologie","volume":"81 Ahead of Print","pages":"14-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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