Based on survey data collected during 2016–2017 from 380 Syrians in Zeytinburnu, an inner-city district of Istanbul, Turkey, this article uses multidimensional scaling to measure their social inclusion. The study shows how the level of social inclusion, treated as a dependent variable, changes with the refugees’ age, gender, education level, length of stay in Zeytinburnu, and health conditions. The sampled Syrians had high social inclusion index scores despite facing precarity at the time of survey. This study suggests that refugee-friendly social contexts and policies can improve social inclusion.
{"title":"Understanding and Measuring the Social Inclusion of Syrian Refugees in Istanbul: The Case of Zeytinburnu","authors":"Nilüfer Narlı, Mine Özaşçılar","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdaa007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Based on survey data collected during 2016–2017 from 380 Syrians in Zeytinburnu, an inner-city district of Istanbul, Turkey, this article uses multidimensional scaling to measure their social inclusion. The study shows how the level of social inclusion, treated as a dependent variable, changes with the refugees’ age, gender, education level, length of stay in Zeytinburnu, and health conditions. The sampled Syrians had high social inclusion index scores despite facing precarity at the time of survey. This study suggests that refugee-friendly social contexts and policies can improve social inclusion.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/rsq/hdaa007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43995736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flavia Patanè, M. P. Bolhuis, Joris van Wijk, Helena Kreiensiek
States increasingly prosecute irregular migrants – asylum-seekers included – for their (alleged) involvement in human smuggling during their own migration journey. Based on a literature review and interviews with lawyers, prosecutors, judges, and migrants on Sicily, this article provides insight into the nature and scale of this phenomenon in Italy and discusses the effects of criminal prosecution on these migrants’ asylum procedures. From 2015–2018, as a standard operating procedure, roughly 1,300 “captains” and navigators – scafisti (literally: smugglers by boat) – of small dinghies with migrants arriving in Italy have been arrested for suspicion of “aiding clandestine (or irregular) immigration”. Most scafisti are migrants themselves and there are strong indications that they were forced to steer or navigate the boat. These prosecuted migrants face many difficulties in proving duress and are often inadequately advised about the consequences of a criminal conviction on their subsequent immigration procedures. After a conviction, as well as after an acquittal, they are often excluded from official reception centres and have difficulties accessing asylum procedures. When they manage to apply for asylum, they will be denied international protection if they have been convicted. When they cannot be expelled, they may end up in a legal limbo, having to rely on a temporary humanitarian status with strict limitations.
{"title":"Asylum-Seekers Prosecuted for Human Smuggling: A Case Study of Scafisti in Italy","authors":"Flavia Patanè, M. P. Bolhuis, Joris van Wijk, Helena Kreiensiek","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdaa008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa008","url":null,"abstract":"States increasingly prosecute irregular migrants – asylum-seekers included – for their (alleged) involvement in human smuggling during their own migration journey. Based on a literature review and interviews with lawyers, prosecutors, judges, and migrants on Sicily, this article provides insight into the nature and scale of this phenomenon in Italy and discusses the effects of criminal prosecution on these migrants’ asylum procedures. From 2015–2018, as a standard operating procedure, roughly 1,300 “captains” and navigators – scafisti (literally: smugglers by boat) – of small dinghies with migrants arriving in Italy have been arrested for suspicion of “aiding clandestine (or irregular) immigration”. Most scafisti are migrants themselves and there are strong indications that they were forced to steer or navigate the boat. These prosecuted migrants face many difficulties in proving duress and are often inadequately advised about the consequences of a criminal conviction on their subsequent immigration procedures. After a conviction, as well as after an acquittal, they are often excluded from official reception centres and have difficulties accessing asylum procedures. When they manage to apply for asylum, they will be denied international protection if they have been convicted. When they cannot be expelled, they may end up in a legal limbo, having to rely on a temporary humanitarian status with strict limitations.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/rsq/hdaa008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41727112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
University students from refugee and asylum-seeker backgrounds (SRABs) have unique resettlement experiences related to disrupted education, family expectations, financial pressures, and visa uncertainty. These arduous experiences often translate into a strong determination to access education and persevere with tertiary studies. Supportive educational trajectories are crucial to increase social cohesion and help redress the personal and social disadvantages SRABs face. Yet, there is virtually no attention paid to aspirations about progression to postgraduate studies despite the diverse aspirations and talents of many. This article reports on a qualitative study that explored the perspectives of six SRABs and two academics at an Australian university on aspirations to postgraduate studies. Participants identified several obstacles and opportunities at personal, institutional, community, and policy levels. Many existing recommendations in the enabling pathways literature focus on what universities could do differently, but we argue for a whole-of-person approach that considers institutional as well as personal issues, to increase prospects of SRABs progressing to postgraduate studies. Universities can assist with better institutional support structures, mentoring, raising staff awareness about SRABs, and financial aid. While institutions might not be able to directly address financial, visa, and personal concerns, universities can implement simple strategies to minimise their impact.
{"title":"Enabling Pathways for Students from Refugee and Asylum-Seeker Backgrounds in Higher Education: Aspirations About Progression to Postgraduate Studies","authors":"C. Clark, Caroline Lenette","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdaa001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 University students from refugee and asylum-seeker backgrounds (SRABs) have unique resettlement experiences related to disrupted education, family expectations, financial pressures, and visa uncertainty. These arduous experiences often translate into a strong determination to access education and persevere with tertiary studies. Supportive educational trajectories are crucial to increase social cohesion and help redress the personal and social disadvantages SRABs face. Yet, there is virtually no attention paid to aspirations about progression to postgraduate studies despite the diverse aspirations and talents of many. This article reports on a qualitative study that explored the perspectives of six SRABs and two academics at an Australian university on aspirations to postgraduate studies. Participants identified several obstacles and opportunities at personal, institutional, community, and policy levels. Many existing recommendations in the enabling pathways literature focus on what universities could do differently, but we argue for a whole-of-person approach that considers institutional as well as personal issues, to increase prospects of SRABs progressing to postgraduate studies. Universities can assist with better institutional support structures, mentoring, raising staff awareness about SRABs, and financial aid. While institutions might not be able to directly address financial, visa, and personal concerns, universities can implement simple strategies to minimise their impact.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/rsq/hdaa001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48151330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This qualitative study combined the approaches of Foucault and Goffman to investigate the consequences of a “roll-out” neoliberal “activation” programme on Denmark’s reception of asylum-seekers. The analysis found that the activation programme is an ambiguous technology of power intended to shape asylum-seekers into productive citizens by simultaneously disciplining them and improving their health and well-being, while using their labour to reduce costs. The strategic interactions in the job centre reflected the ambiguities created by these oft-incongruent aims, and activation caused conflicts as it amplified activities experienced as meaningless and humiliating. I argue that these consequences stem from the ambiguity, uncertainty, and trouble produced at the intersection of competing projects of rule in a “sensitive space”, and that the individualisation of responsibility for their own marginalisation, simultaneously serve to exclude asylum-seekers and to confine them to categories that license continued institutional discipline. Thereby, the intervention feeds cyclical process of failed integration and ill-fated interventions. Indeed, by individualising the responsibility for integration, such interventions depoliticise the marginalisation of citizens of immigrant decent and legitimise efforts to reduce immigration by fuelling problematisations of immigrants as expensive, deviant, and less employable.
{"title":"Ambiguous Encounters: Revisiting Foucault and Goffman at an Activation Programme for Asylum-seekers","authors":"K. Kohl","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdaa004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This qualitative study combined the approaches of Foucault and Goffman to investigate the consequences of a “roll-out” neoliberal “activation” programme on Denmark’s reception of asylum-seekers. The analysis found that the activation programme is an ambiguous technology of power intended to shape asylum-seekers into productive citizens by simultaneously disciplining them and improving their health and well-being, while using their labour to reduce costs. The strategic interactions in the job centre reflected the ambiguities created by these oft-incongruent aims, and activation caused conflicts as it amplified activities experienced as meaningless and humiliating. I argue that these consequences stem from the ambiguity, uncertainty, and trouble produced at the intersection of competing projects of rule in a “sensitive space”, and that the individualisation of responsibility for their own marginalisation, simultaneously serve to exclude asylum-seekers and to confine them to categories that license continued institutional discipline. Thereby, the intervention feeds cyclical process of failed integration and ill-fated interventions. Indeed, by individualising the responsibility for integration, such interventions depoliticise the marginalisation of citizens of immigrant decent and legitimise efforts to reduce immigration by fuelling problematisations of immigrants as expensive, deviant, and less employable.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/rsq/hdaa004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45685130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the assessment of foreign academic certificates in Flanders between January 2014 and February 2019. It examines data NARIC (National Academic and Professional Recognition and Information Centre) Flanders gathered on its applicants, their applications, and its subsequent decisions. As professional recognitions, providing access to regularised professions in Flanders, are given by the designated authorities in their field, it would go beyond the scope of this article. In the descriptive result part, graphs illustrate the distribution of several characteristics of the applicants, their applications, and the decisions. In the explanatory result part, logistic regression analyses explore the influence of these characteristics on the decision of NARIC Flanders. The goal of this article is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to contribute to the scarce literature on the procedures for the recognition of foreign certificates in Flanders; on the other hand, it aims to contribute to the public debate on the integration of migrants in the labour market.
{"title":"Determinants of the Recognition of Foreign Certificates in Flanders","authors":"Karen Stoffelen, Mohammad Salman","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdaa003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article explores the assessment of foreign academic certificates in Flanders between January 2014 and February 2019. It examines data NARIC (National Academic and Professional Recognition and Information Centre) Flanders gathered on its applicants, their applications, and its subsequent decisions. As professional recognitions, providing access to regularised professions in Flanders, are given by the designated authorities in their field, it would go beyond the scope of this article.\u0000 In the descriptive result part, graphs illustrate the distribution of several characteristics of the applicants, their applications, and the decisions. In the explanatory result part, logistic regression analyses explore the influence of these characteristics on the decision of NARIC Flanders. The goal of this article is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to contribute to the scarce literature on the procedures for the recognition of foreign certificates in Flanders; on the other hand, it aims to contribute to the public debate on the integration of migrants in the labour market.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/rsq/hdaa003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45927660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses the significance of policy legacies and policy memories for refugee policy in conflict-neighbouring countries, where most of the world’s displaced live. Drawing on insights from critical policy analysis, it views refugee policy as co-produced by national and international agencies on the basis of previous dynamics that are already the product of an intense history of interaction and translation. This approach is illustrated by analysing two different aspects of refugee policy in Jordan: the process of counting Syrians in the country and the partial integration of Syrians into the formal labour market. Both examples reveal an overarching legacy of accommodation that ties international and host government actors together. Despite sometimes differing over preferred outcomes, the main goals for the various actors involved have been to strike compromises, safeguard organisational interests, and create outward policy success. In order to meet these goals, the agencies involved have learned to tolerate unresolved ambiguities and disregard other inconvenient legacies and memories that would only complicate policy negotiations. Acknowledging this intertwinement of agencies, technologies, and rationales of government is essential for rethinking policy change and responsibility in contexts of mass displacement.
{"title":"“Biting Our tongues”: Policy Legacies and Memories in the Making of the Syrian Refugee Response in Jordan","authors":"K. Lenner","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdaa005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article analyses the significance of policy legacies and policy memories for refugee policy in conflict-neighbouring countries, where most of the world’s displaced live. Drawing on insights from critical policy analysis, it views refugee policy as co-produced by national and international agencies on the basis of previous dynamics that are already the product of an intense history of interaction and translation. This approach is illustrated by analysing two different aspects of refugee policy in Jordan: the process of counting Syrians in the country and the partial integration of Syrians into the formal labour market. Both examples reveal an overarching legacy of accommodation that ties international and host government actors together. Despite sometimes differing over preferred outcomes, the main goals for the various actors involved have been to strike compromises, safeguard organisational interests, and create outward policy success. In order to meet these goals, the agencies involved have learned to tolerate unresolved ambiguities and disregard other inconvenient legacies and memories that would only complicate policy negotiations. Acknowledging this intertwinement of agencies, technologies, and rationales of government is essential for rethinking policy change and responsibility in contexts of mass displacement.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/rsq/hdaa005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47331899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Valenta, Jo Jakobsen, Drago Župarić-Iljić, H. Halilovich
This article analyses the international migrations and statuses of people who left Syria after the outbreak of the civil war. In addition to exploring the dynamics of Syrian refugee migrations since 2011, we also discuss future prospects and possibilities of return. The ambition of the article is twofold. First, we aim to develop and nuance the typology of migrations of Syrians. Secondly, the article seeks to explore useful lessons from former large-scale refugee migrations; that is, knowledge which may hopefully contribute to preparing the relevant institutions and organisations for Syrian migrations in the eventual post-war period. Based on experiences from other post-conflict situations, several possible future scenarios of Syrian migrations are discussed. The proposed typologies of migrants and repatriation regimes may help us understand the nuances, the dynamic of status change and the complexity of the forced migrations. It is maintained that migration trends, reception, and repatriation conditions and policies are highly interconnected. Refugees’ responses to reception and repatriation regimes result in transitions in their legal statuses in receiving countries and changing motivations for migration and repatriation.
{"title":"Corrigendum to: “Syrian Refugee Migration, Transitions in Migrant Statuses and Future Scenarios of Syrian Mobility”","authors":"M. Valenta, Jo Jakobsen, Drago Župarić-Iljić, H. Halilovich","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdaa002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article analyses the international migrations and statuses of people who left Syria after the outbreak of the civil war. In addition to exploring the dynamics of Syrian refugee migrations since 2011, we also discuss future prospects and possibilities of return. The ambition of the article is twofold. First, we aim to develop and nuance the typology of migrations of Syrians. Secondly, the article seeks to explore useful lessons from former large-scale refugee migrations; that is, knowledge which may hopefully contribute to preparing the relevant institutions and organisations for Syrian migrations in the eventual post-war period. Based on experiences from other post-conflict situations, several possible future scenarios of Syrian migrations are discussed. The proposed typologies of migrants and repatriation regimes may help us understand the nuances, the dynamic of status change and the complexity of the forced migrations. It is maintained that migration trends, reception, and repatriation conditions and policies are highly interconnected. Refugees’ responses to reception and repatriation regimes result in transitions in their legal statuses in receiving countries and changing motivations for migration and repatriation.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/rsq/hdaa002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46160733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guilt by association is an insufficient ground on which to deny international refugee protection. This was the finding in Ezokola v. Canada, a landmark case holding that Article 1F(a) of the Refugee Convention requires a “voluntary, knowing and significant contribution” to a crime or criminal purpose before a refugee claimant can be excluded from protection on the basis of alleged involvement in international crimes. However, the same kinds of underlying acts that were before the Supreme Court of Canada in Ezokola – and are routinely considered under the Article 1F(a) exclusion framework – are also assessed under a second, distinct part of Canada's refugee system called the inadmissibility framework. This article explores the relationship between exclusion and inadmissibility, and demonstrates critical differences in the scope of each framework. We ultimately conclude that Canada's inadmissibility provisions bar asylum seekers from refugee protection on grounds broader than those permitted under Article 1F(a). This renders Canada's refugee claims system fundamentally inconsistent with the Refugee Convention and means that the business started in Ezokola urgently needs to be finished.
{"title":"Guilt by Association: Ezokola’s Unfinished Business in Canadian Refugee Law","authors":"J. Bond, Nathan H. Benson, Jared Porter","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdz019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdz019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Guilt by association is an insufficient ground on which to deny international refugee protection. This was the finding in Ezokola v. Canada, a landmark case holding that Article 1F(a) of the Refugee Convention requires a “voluntary, knowing and significant contribution” to a crime or criminal purpose before a refugee claimant can be excluded from protection on the basis of alleged involvement in international crimes. However, the same kinds of underlying acts that were before the Supreme Court of Canada in Ezokola – and are routinely considered under the Article 1F(a) exclusion framework – are also assessed under a second, distinct part of Canada's refugee system called the inadmissibility framework. This article explores the relationship between exclusion and inadmissibility, and demonstrates critical differences in the scope of each framework. We ultimately conclude that Canada's inadmissibility provisions bar asylum seekers from refugee protection on grounds broader than those permitted under Article 1F(a). This renders Canada's refugee claims system fundamentally inconsistent with the Refugee Convention and means that the business started in Ezokola urgently needs to be finished.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/rsq/hdz019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41587166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
What factors determine public opinion towards immigrants? This inquiry is especially crucial in the context of developing countries since they hold 80 per cent of global refugee populations. Lebanon, with the burden on its shoulders due to hosting about one million Syrians, offers a unique case to study the mechanisms driving the formation of attitudes towards immigrants. In this article, I examine how Syrian density is associated with Lebanese attitudes towards immigrants. Using Arab Barometer Wave IV data (2016), I test three arguments linking public attitudes to natives’ economic, security, and sectarian concerns. My analysis suggests that there is no relationship between employment status and negative attitudes towards immigrants. Instead, I argue that perceived economic situation and sense of security provide better mechanisms for the formation of natives’ attitudes towards immigrants. Moreover, I present the observational evidence that Lebanese attitudes towards immigrants are driven by one’s sectarian affiliation. Notably, Christians are more likely to adopt positive attitudes towards immigrants as Syrian density increases, compared with Shi’as more likely to cite prejudice.
{"title":"Determinants of Public Attitudes Towards Immigrants: Evidence from Arab Barometer","authors":"Hüseyin Emre Ceyhun","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdz016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdz016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 What factors determine public opinion towards immigrants? This inquiry is especially crucial in the context of developing countries since they hold 80 per cent of global refugee populations. Lebanon, with the burden on its shoulders due to hosting about one million Syrians, offers a unique case to study the mechanisms driving the formation of attitudes towards immigrants. In this article, I examine how Syrian density is associated with Lebanese attitudes towards immigrants. Using Arab Barometer Wave IV data (2016), I test three arguments linking public attitudes to natives’ economic, security, and sectarian concerns. My analysis suggests that there is no relationship between employment status and negative attitudes towards immigrants. Instead, I argue that perceived economic situation and sense of security provide better mechanisms for the formation of natives’ attitudes towards immigrants. Moreover, I present the observational evidence that Lebanese attitudes towards immigrants are driven by one’s sectarian affiliation. Notably, Christians are more likely to adopt positive attitudes towards immigrants as Syrian density increases, compared with Shi’as more likely to cite prejudice.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/rsq/hdz016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42470571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Schockaert, E. Venables, María-Teresa Gil-Bazo, Garret Barnwell, Rodd Gerstenhaber, K. Whitehouse
Despite the difficulties experienced by asylum-seekers in South Africa, little research has explored long-term asylum applicants. This exploratory qualitative study describes how protracted asylum procedures and associated conditions are experienced by Congolese asylum-seekers in Tshwane, South Africa. Eighteen asylumseekers and eight key informants participated in the study. All asylum-seekers had arrived in South Africa between 2003 and 2013, applied for asylum within a year of * Migration Coordinator for Southern Africa, Operations Department, Médecins sans Frontières (MSF), Cape Town, South Africa ** Qualitative Research Focal Point, Luxembourg Operational Research Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières, Luxembourg *** Qualitative Research Focal Point, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa **** Honorary Research Associate, Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa † Senior Lecturer in Law, Newcastle Law School, Newcastle University, UK ‡ Research Associate, African Centre for Migration and Society, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa § Clinical psychologist, unaffiliated, Johannesburg, South Africa k Country Director in South Africa, Operations Department, Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa †† Qualitative Researcher, Luxembourg Operational Research Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières, Luxembourg ‡‡ Qualitative Research Mobile Implementation Officer, Southern Africa Medical Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa This research was conducted through the Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative (SORT IT), a global partnership led by the Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases at the World Health Organization (WHO/TDR). The model is based on a course developed jointly by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union) and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF/Doctors Without Borders). The specific SORT IT program which resulted in this publication was managed by MSF. VC Author(s) [2020]. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 Refugee Survey Quarterly, 2020, 0, 1–30 doi: 10.1093/rsq/hdz018 Article D ow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com /rsq/advance-articleoi/10.1093/rsq/hdz018/5741662 by gest on 06 M arch 2020 arrival in Tshwane, and were still in the asylum procedure at the time of the interview, with an average of 9 years since their application. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings presented focus on the process of leaving the Democratic Republic of Congo, applying for asylum and aspirations of positive outcomes for one’s life. Subsequently, it describes th
尽管南非的寻求庇护者遇到了困难，但很少有研究探讨长期庇护申请者。这项探索性的定性研究描述了南非茨瓦内的刚果寻求庇护者如何经历旷日持久的庇护程序和相关条件。18名寻求庇护者和8名关键线人参与了这项研究。所有寻求庇护者都在2003年至2013年期间抵达南非，在一年内申请庇护，南非开普敦无国界医生组织南部非洲医学部***南非开普敦开普敦大学公共卫生和家庭医学院社会和行为科学系名誉研究员†英国纽卡斯尔大学纽卡斯尔法学院法律高级讲师†非洲移民与社会中心研究员，南非约翰内斯堡威特沃特斯兰德大学§临床心理学家，非附属机构，南非约翰内斯堡k南非开普敦无国界医生组织运营部南非国家主任††无国界医生卢森堡运营研究部定性研究员，卢森堡‡‡南非开普敦无国界医生组织南部非洲医疗股定性研究流动执行干事这项研究是通过结构化业务研究和培训倡议（SORT IT）进行的，该倡议是由世界卫生组织热带病研究和培训特别计划（世界卫生组织/TDR）领导的全球伙伴关系。该模式基于国际防治结核病和肺病联盟（该联盟）和无国界医生组织（MSF/Doctors Without Borders）联合开发的一门课程。本出版物的具体SORT IT项目由MSF管理。VC作者【2020】。这是一篇根据知识共享署名许可条款发布的开放获取文章(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)，允许在任何介质中不受限制地重复使用、分发和复制，前提是正确引用了原作。1《难民调查季刊》，2020年，0，1–30 doi:10.1093/rsq/hdz018文章D由gest于2020年3月6日抵达茨瓦内，从http://academy ic.p.com/rsq/advance-articleoi/10.1093/rsq/hdz2018/5741662中删除，在面谈时仍处于庇护程序中，自申请以来平均9年。专题分析用于分析数据。调查结果重点介绍了离开刚果民主共和国的过程、申请庇护以及对生活取得积极成果的渴望。随后，它描述了长期未实现期望的现实，以及旷日持久的庇护程序如何导致心理健康状况不佳。此外，还介绍了减轻这些负面影响的应对机制。调查结果表明，南非旷日持久的庇护程序会造成过度的心理困扰。因此，既需要提供适当的心理健康服务，在抵达时和庇护过程中为寻求庇护者提供支持，也需要对庇护程序的实施进行系统补救。K E Y W O R D S：流离失所、心理健康、移民后压力、难民、刚果人、南非、定性研究、应对机制1。I N T R O D U C T I O N这篇文章是一项探索性的定性研究，描述了在南非茨瓦内地区寻求庇护的长期刚果寻求庇护者的经历如何影响他们的心理健康。调查结果首先关注离开原籍国并在茨瓦内申请庇护的过程，以及对生活取得积极成果的渴望。随后，它描述了长期未实现的生活的现实，以及旷日持久的庇护程序如何导致心理健康和福祉不佳。此外，它还描述了寻求庇护者用来减轻这些负面影响的一些应对机制。调查结果表明，旷日持久的庇护程序会造成茨瓦内刚果寻求庇护者所经历的过度心理痛苦。1.1.在南非寻求庇护自1994年建立民主国家以来，南非已逐渐成为撒哈拉以南非洲寻求庇护者的重要目的地国。虽然这一数字在2009年达到峰值，新登记的寻求庇护者为223324人，但在2017年降至24174人。自2018年年中以来，南非还收容了89285名公认的难民。
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