The number of projects designed by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to meet refugees’ needs in Turkey has steadily increased since the arrival of Syrian refugees. In existing studies, the projects of NGOs working with Syrian refugees have not been evaluated from a lens of human capital and life satisfaction. Given the crucial role of NGOs in implementing social policies within host countries, it becomes imperative to conduct thorough analyses of the effects of their projects on the target groups. The objective of this study is to evaluate the significance of human capital and life satisfaction within NGO projects, as perceived by NGO employees. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with national and international NGO representatives in Istanbul to probe the impact of the projects on Syrian refugees. Based on the findings, despite the considerable number of projects carried out with Syrian refugees, the absence of a dedicated methodology to measure changes in participants’ human capital and life satisfaction poses significant challenges in evaluating project outcomes. In this research, I propose a five-step method for assessing the impacts of NGO-applied projects. This method acknowledges existing limitations and promotes the improvement of the evaluation process.
{"title":"The Challenge of Evaluating the Impact of NGOs on the Human Capital and Life Satisfaction of Syrian Refugees in Turkey","authors":"Ayşe Perihan Kırkıç","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdae011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdae011","url":null,"abstract":"The number of projects designed by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to meet refugees’ needs in Turkey has steadily increased since the arrival of Syrian refugees. In existing studies, the projects of NGOs working with Syrian refugees have not been evaluated from a lens of human capital and life satisfaction. Given the crucial role of NGOs in implementing social policies within host countries, it becomes imperative to conduct thorough analyses of the effects of their projects on the target groups. The objective of this study is to evaluate the significance of human capital and life satisfaction within NGO projects, as perceived by NGO employees. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with national and international NGO representatives in Istanbul to probe the impact of the projects on Syrian refugees. Based on the findings, despite the considerable number of projects carried out with Syrian refugees, the absence of a dedicated methodology to measure changes in participants’ human capital and life satisfaction poses significant challenges in evaluating project outcomes. In this research, I propose a five-step method for assessing the impacts of NGO-applied projects. This method acknowledges existing limitations and promotes the improvement of the evaluation process.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article illuminates how Ukrainian refugees residing in Norway perceive “home” in spatial and temporal dimensions. By synthesising the “here and there” dichotomy with the concept of “home constellations”, the authors elaborate a theoretical scheme illustrating the nuanced and multifaceted notions of home that emerged during interviews conducted with Ukrainian refugees in Norway in 2022–2023. The variety of home notions reveals at least four possible scenarios of interactions between “home A” and “home B”: (1) Home “where I am from” (home A in Ukraine); (2) Home “where I am now” (home B in Norway); (3) Double home (both home A and home B); (4) Absence of home (no home). This article shows that Ukrainian refugees’ “homing desire” to create, feel, and believe in a home existing in the present serves to overcome the multilevel uncertainties of the future caused by the temporary nature of collective protection and the unknown prospects of a safe return to their homeland.
{"title":"“Where is Home?” Perceptions of Home and Future among Ukrainian Refugees in Norway","authors":"Deineko Oleksandra, Aadne Aasland","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdae010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdae010","url":null,"abstract":"This article illuminates how Ukrainian refugees residing in Norway perceive “home” in spatial and temporal dimensions. By synthesising the “here and there” dichotomy with the concept of “home constellations”, the authors elaborate a theoretical scheme illustrating the nuanced and multifaceted notions of home that emerged during interviews conducted with Ukrainian refugees in Norway in 2022–2023. The variety of home notions reveals at least four possible scenarios of interactions between “home A” and “home B”: (1) Home “where I am from” (home A in Ukraine); (2) Home “where I am now” (home B in Norway); (3) Double home (both home A and home B); (4) Absence of home (no home). This article shows that Ukrainian refugees’ “homing desire” to create, feel, and believe in a home existing in the present serves to overcome the multilevel uncertainties of the future caused by the temporary nature of collective protection and the unknown prospects of a safe return to their homeland.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The special international regime for Palestinian refugees established by Article 1D of the 1951 Refugee Convention has yet to receive sufficient attention in Turkish asylum literature. Although Turkish law has incorporated Article 1D, neither scholars nor practitioners have pushed for its implementation. This research contends that Palestinians should be recognised as refugees in Turkey. Despite Turkey only granting refugee status to individuals from Europe due to the Convention’s geographical limitation, this article argues that an exception should be made for Palestinians. To this end, this article addresses how Article 1D of the 1951 Refugee Convention applies in Turkey by focusing on the interplay between the Convention and Turkish laws and regulations, as well as considering recent case law in other jurisdictions, particularly in Europe. By doing so, it aims to demonstrate that it is possible, though challenging, to improve the legal status of Palestinians in Turkey, mainly through strategic litigation.
{"title":"Recognising Palestinian Refugees: Applicability of Article 1D of the 1951 Refugee Convention in Turkey","authors":"Hasan Basri Bülbül","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdae009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdae009","url":null,"abstract":"The special international regime for Palestinian refugees established by Article 1D of the 1951 Refugee Convention has yet to receive sufficient attention in Turkish asylum literature. Although Turkish law has incorporated Article 1D, neither scholars nor practitioners have pushed for its implementation. This research contends that Palestinians should be recognised as refugees in Turkey. Despite Turkey only granting refugee status to individuals from Europe due to the Convention’s geographical limitation, this article argues that an exception should be made for Palestinians. To this end, this article addresses how Article 1D of the 1951 Refugee Convention applies in Turkey by focusing on the interplay between the Convention and Turkish laws and regulations, as well as considering recent case law in other jurisdictions, particularly in Europe. By doing so, it aims to demonstrate that it is possible, though challenging, to improve the legal status of Palestinians in Turkey, mainly through strategic litigation.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The European Union Agency for Asylum has emerged as an important actor in the Common European Asylum System in the past few years. In this article, we explore how the agency engages in capacity-building by looking at the development of bureaucratic instruments. We deploy the theoretical framework of instrument constituencies to investigate the agency’s development of instruments around resettlement. In relation to the literature on European migration management, deploying the theoretical framework of instrument constituencies is a novel approach. Given the European Union’s limited mandate to directly influence Member States resettlement programmes, we argue that the development of bureaucratic instruments is one of the few avenues through which the European Union can facilitate resettlement. This study reveals how the proliferation in the use of these instruments by Member State authorities is driven by a political ambition to create a more orderly form of migration and is contrasted with the seemingly uncontrollable nature of asylum. Beyond being a direct solution to a practical problem, the policy instruments studied here reveal how new bureaucratic practices around resettlement are gradually being established. We show how resettlement is continuously evolving in the intersection between Member States and the European Union in the governing of migration.
{"title":"Wanted Refugees: The Forming of an Instrument Constituency for Refugee Resettlement in the European Union","authors":"Johan Ekstedt, Andreas Asplèn Lundstedt","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdae006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdae006","url":null,"abstract":"The European Union Agency for Asylum has emerged as an important actor in the Common European Asylum System in the past few years. In this article, we explore how the agency engages in capacity-building by looking at the development of bureaucratic instruments. We deploy the theoretical framework of instrument constituencies to investigate the agency’s development of instruments around resettlement. In relation to the literature on European migration management, deploying the theoretical framework of instrument constituencies is a novel approach. Given the European Union’s limited mandate to directly influence Member States resettlement programmes, we argue that the development of bureaucratic instruments is one of the few avenues through which the European Union can facilitate resettlement. This study reveals how the proliferation in the use of these instruments by Member State authorities is driven by a political ambition to create a more orderly form of migration and is contrasted with the seemingly uncontrollable nature of asylum. Beyond being a direct solution to a practical problem, the policy instruments studied here reveal how new bureaucratic practices around resettlement are gradually being established. We show how resettlement is continuously evolving in the intersection between Member States and the European Union in the governing of migration.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140560108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plaintiff S99/2016 v. Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2016] FCA 483 was a decision of the Australian Federal Court concerning a woman (referred to in the decision as “Plaintiff S99”) who had been recognised as a refugee in the Republic of Nauru, having been transferred there by Australia under an offshore processing agreement. The decision in Plaintiff S99 established an important precedent that many refugees and asylum-seekers in Australia’s offshore processing centres on Manus and Nauru, including children with severe health problems, subsequently relied upon to be transferred to Australia for critical medical care. Drawing on the recent turn towards trauma-informed practice across other areas of law and policy, we ask: what does this mean for refugees, and, more specifically, what does this mean for judgment writing in refugee law? We use our rewrite of Plaintiff S99 to highlight aspects of the decision and its legacy that continue to silence and erase the experiences of refugees, especially refugee women, and frequently contribute to compounding their trauma. Our contribution calls for a reorientation towards “do no harm” principles, which lie at the heart of trauma and violence-informed practice. In particular, our approach to rewriting S99 aims at foregrounding dignity and safety, promoting respect for physical and mental health, and centring the voice, experience, and longer-term protection needs of refugees.
{"title":"Plaintiff S99: Rewriting Refugee Law Through a Trauma-Informed Lens","authors":"Jessica Hambly, Neeraja Sanmuhanathan","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdae003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdae003","url":null,"abstract":"Plaintiff S99/2016 v. Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2016] FCA 483 was a decision of the Australian Federal Court concerning a woman (referred to in the decision as “Plaintiff S99”) who had been recognised as a refugee in the Republic of Nauru, having been transferred there by Australia under an offshore processing agreement. The decision in Plaintiff S99 established an important precedent that many refugees and asylum-seekers in Australia’s offshore processing centres on Manus and Nauru, including children with severe health problems, subsequently relied upon to be transferred to Australia for critical medical care. Drawing on the recent turn towards trauma-informed practice across other areas of law and policy, we ask: what does this mean for refugees, and, more specifically, what does this mean for judgment writing in refugee law? We use our rewrite of Plaintiff S99 to highlight aspects of the decision and its legacy that continue to silence and erase the experiences of refugees, especially refugee women, and frequently contribute to compounding their trauma. Our contribution calls for a reorientation towards “do no harm” principles, which lie at the heart of trauma and violence-informed practice. In particular, our approach to rewriting S99 aims at foregrounding dignity and safety, promoting respect for physical and mental health, and centring the voice, experience, and longer-term protection needs of refugees.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140560110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article brings together temporality and gender in the refugee process and examines how refugee determination bodies and courts have interpreted gendered threats, as a specific form of intimate partner violence. A case law review of jurisdictions (that include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the UK) is conducted, revealing a flawed temporal phenomenon where decision-makers have focused primarily on the exogenous aspect of threats, namely, whether there is a real chance of a threat being actuated in the future, and have largely failed to assess the endogenous, psychological dimension of the threat, that encompasses past, present, and future aspects of time. The practice of treating threats of violence as a potential future harm rather than an already occurring harm exhibits an obvious privileging of the future over the present that is not rooted in the empirical evidence on intimate partner violence. Further, the predominant focus by decision-makers on isolated future events as harm fails to accommodate the broad temporal dimensions of systemic intimate partner violence, best suited to a predicament-based model of being persecuted. This article explores the temporal shortcomings and gendered interpretations that underpin this erroneous practice in case law, finding that the temporal governance of refugee law is still largely shaped by the male gaze and conceptualisations of masculinity and femininity, which contributes to the limited recognition of threats as a form of harm in themselves.
{"title":"The Temporality of Intimate Partner Violence – How an Understanding of Time and Gendered Threats Can Foster Protection-Positive Outcomes","authors":"Sharelle Aitchison","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdae002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdae002","url":null,"abstract":"This article brings together temporality and gender in the refugee process and examines how refugee determination bodies and courts have interpreted gendered threats, as a specific form of intimate partner violence. A case law review of jurisdictions (that include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the UK) is conducted, revealing a flawed temporal phenomenon where decision-makers have focused primarily on the exogenous aspect of threats, namely, whether there is a real chance of a threat being actuated in the future, and have largely failed to assess the endogenous, psychological dimension of the threat, that encompasses past, present, and future aspects of time. The practice of treating threats of violence as a potential future harm rather than an already occurring harm exhibits an obvious privileging of the future over the present that is not rooted in the empirical evidence on intimate partner violence. Further, the predominant focus by decision-makers on isolated future events as harm fails to accommodate the broad temporal dimensions of systemic intimate partner violence, best suited to a predicament-based model of being persecuted. This article explores the temporal shortcomings and gendered interpretations that underpin this erroneous practice in case law, finding that the temporal governance of refugee law is still largely shaped by the male gaze and conceptualisations of masculinity and femininity, which contributes to the limited recognition of threats as a form of harm in themselves.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140025967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to: When Legal Inclusion is not Enough: the “Uganda Model” of Refugee Protection on the Brink of Failure","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdad026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdad026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139174816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article develops the existing literature on the challenges facing the Ugandan refugee protection system by showing the interrelatedness of these challenges and linking them to the core assumptions of the “Uganda Model” of refugee protection. To that effect, it presents primary, qualitative data gathered in the field. This empirical evidence reveals profound marginalisation of refugees within Uganda and the difficulties of the authorities to remedy it in the face of the status quo, where the international community’s support has been disproportionately small. This reality, being strikingly at odds with the promise of Uganda’s refugee protection architecture, has led the government and UNHCR officials who were interviewed for this research to doubt whether it is possible to uphold this architecture. This, together with the outcomes of a desk study utilising existing quantitative and qualitative data, suggests that the Uganda Model might, at the time of writing, be approaching its threshold of viability. The findings suggest that a substantial rethink of the model’s assumptions might be in order.
{"title":"When Legal Inclusion is not Enough: the “Uganda Model” of Refugee Protection on the Brink of Failure","authors":"Maciej Grześkowiak","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdad022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdad022","url":null,"abstract":"This article develops the existing literature on the challenges facing the Ugandan refugee protection system by showing the interrelatedness of these challenges and linking them to the core assumptions of the “Uganda Model” of refugee protection. To that effect, it presents primary, qualitative data gathered in the field. This empirical evidence reveals profound marginalisation of refugees within Uganda and the difficulties of the authorities to remedy it in the face of the status quo, where the international community’s support has been disproportionately small. This reality, being strikingly at odds with the promise of Uganda’s refugee protection architecture, has led the government and UNHCR officials who were interviewed for this research to doubt whether it is possible to uphold this architecture. This, together with the outcomes of a desk study utilising existing quantitative and qualitative data, suggests that the Uganda Model might, at the time of writing, be approaching its threshold of viability. The findings suggest that a substantial rethink of the model’s assumptions might be in order.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article critiques the increasingly popular concept of the “safe legal pathway” in refugee politics, policy and law, using European engagement and intervention in the Sahel as its primary case study. It draws upon neo-colonial studies, necropolitics, border studies and the legal literature on sovereignty and extraterritoriality to explore the function, structure, and import of the “safe legal pathway”, and its compatibility with contemporary understandings of international legal history and argumentation. Divided into four sections, the article focuses on the drivers behind Europe’s migration-development-security objectives in the Sahelout of which the pathways discourse emerges, the EU’s concomitant insistence on criminalising the illusive “people smuggling business model”, and the role which the traditional tropes of sovereignty, territory, and civilisation play in determining policy parameters. Noting the multidirectional nature and multifunctional purposes of pathways, and focusing on the policing of migrant communities both within and outside Europe, this article provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the nature, structure, function, and regulation of the pathway, its susceptibility to being leveraged for the commodification, extraction, discipline and transformation of non-European bodies and narratives, and its place in the creation of differentiated, suspended, and anomalous legal zones for the transfer and manipulation of global norms.
{"title":"“Safe Legal Pathways” or New Colonial Frontiers? A Critical Analysis of European Intervention in the Sahel and the Creation of Anomalous Legal Zones","authors":"Matthew Zagor","doi":"10.1093/rsq/hdad021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdad021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article critiques the increasingly popular concept of the “safe legal pathway” in refugee politics, policy and law, using European engagement and intervention in the Sahel as its primary case study. It draws upon neo-colonial studies, necropolitics, border studies and the legal literature on sovereignty and extraterritoriality to explore the function, structure, and import of the “safe legal pathway”, and its compatibility with contemporary understandings of international legal history and argumentation. Divided into four sections, the article focuses on the drivers behind Europe’s migration-development-security objectives in the Sahelout of which the pathways discourse emerges, the EU’s concomitant insistence on criminalising the illusive “people smuggling business model”, and the role which the traditional tropes of sovereignty, territory, and civilisation play in determining policy parameters. Noting the multidirectional nature and multifunctional purposes of pathways, and focusing on the policing of migrant communities both within and outside Europe, this article provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the nature, structure, function, and regulation of the pathway, its susceptibility to being leveraged for the commodification, extraction, discipline and transformation of non-European bodies and narratives, and its place in the creation of differentiated, suspended, and anomalous legal zones for the transfer and manipulation of global norms.","PeriodicalId":39907,"journal":{"name":"Refugee Survey Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135685228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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