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Family Background, Academic Performance, and Access to Opportunities for Graduate Education 家庭背景,学习成绩和获得研究生教育的机会
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1080/10611932.2022.2037402
Liao Zhonglu
Abstract As the number of graduates from institutions of higher education has soared year after year, alongside growth in the demand for high-end talent posed by economic development, a growing number of graduates from undergraduate programs are choosing to continue on to receive graduate education, so as to improve their competitive advantage in the labor market. This paper conducted empirical analysis on data from the Beijing College Students Panel Survey. Studies have found that, among undergraduate students who graduated from institutions of higher education in Beijing in 2010 and 2012, approximately one third chose to continue on to receive graduate education, and both the family background and academic performance of those students who pursued graduate education were significantly better than the students who sought employment directly after graduation. Further analysis indicated that, with respect to access to domestic opportunities for graduate education, the variable of family background essentially exercises an effect by influencing the type of institution at which students pursued undergraduate education, as well as their academic performance. In comparing the two options of studying abroad and pursuing in-country graduate education, the type of institution at which students pursued undergraduate education and their academic performance had no significant impact in this respect, and it was chiefly the family’s socioeconomic status that had an effect. The findings in this study have important policy implications for graduate student admissions and training in China at present.
随着高等院校毕业生数量的逐年飙升,以及经济发展对高端人才需求的增长,越来越多的本科毕业生选择继续接受研究生教育,以提高自己在劳动力市场上的竞争优势。本文对北京市大学生小组调查数据进行了实证分析。研究发现,2010年和2012年北京市高校本科毕业生中,约有三分之一的学生选择继续读研,读研学生的家庭背景和学习成绩都明显好于毕业后直接就业的学生。进一步的分析表明,在获得国内研究生教育机会方面,家庭背景这一变量基本上通过影响学生接受本科教育的机构类型及其学业成绩而发挥作用。在比较出国留学和国内研究生教育的两种选择时,学生攻读本科教育的机构类型和学业成绩在这方面没有显著影响,主要是家庭的社会经济地位产生影响。本研究结果对当前中国研究生招生和培养具有重要的政策意义。
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引用次数: 0
Gender, Type of Institution, and Access to Doctoral Education—An Analysis Based on the 2016 National Master’s Graduate Survey 性别、院校类型与博士教育可及性——基于2016年全国硕士研究生调查的分析
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1080/10611932.2022.2037386
She Wenqin, Liu Lingyu
Abstract Access to opportunities for higher education is a classic topic in the sociology of higher education, but studies on access to doctoral education are still rare. This paper drew on data from the 2016 National Master’s Graduate Survey to analyze this issue, focusing on the effects of gender and the types of the institution on access to doctoral education. The study found that approximately 10% of Master’s students graduating in 2016 chose to continue on to pursue a doctoral degree, and the factors of gender and the types of the institution both had a significant impact on the outcome for a student’s pursuit of doctoral education. After controlling for the types of the institution, age, number of papers published during the period of study, and other factors, the probability that women in a humanities discipline, social sciences discipline, science or medicine discipline would pursue a doctoral degree was significantly lower than for men. In the discipline of medicine, graduates from a Master’s program at a high-ranking educational institution had a higher probability of pursuing doctoral education. Further analysis indicated that, in comparison with men, women were more likely to be subject to age constraints when choosing to pursue doctoral education, and were also more likely to be affected by satisfaction with their academic advisor.
高等教育机会获取是高等教育社会学的经典话题,但对博士教育机会获取的研究尚不多见。本文利用2016年全国硕士研究生调查的数据来分析这一问题,重点关注性别和机构类型对获得博士教育的影响。研究发现,2016年毕业的硕士生中约有10%选择继续攻读博士学位,性别和机构类型的因素都对学生追求博士教育的结果产生了重大影响。在控制了机构类型、年龄、研究期间发表的论文数量等因素后,人文学科、社会科学学科、科学或医学学科的女性攻读博士学位的概率明显低于男性。在医学领域,高级教育机构的硕士毕业生更有可能继续攻读博士学位。进一步分析表明,与男性相比,女性在选择攻读博士学位时更容易受到年龄的限制,也更容易受到学术顾问满意度的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Equal Opportunities: A Comparative Study of the Graduate Education Expectations of Chinese College Students of Different Ethnicities 机会均等:中国不同种族大学生研究生教育期望的比较研究
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1080/10611932.2022.2038481
Hu Yuheng, Li Minglei
Abstract An analysis of nationwide multi-year data from the "China College Student Survey" (CCSS) found: compared to Han college students, minority college students around China had lower graduate education expectations, but the gap mostly came from ethnicities with lower average years of education and college students who come from areas with concentrated minority populations. There is a significant correlation between family background and educational experience and the domestic graduate education expectations of Han and minority college students. Educational experience is a dominant factor in the domestic graduate education expectations of Han and nationwide minority college students, but family background has a greater impact on minority college students. After comprehensive payment reforms, the domestic graduate education expectations of college students of all ethnicities fell precipitously, but compared to international graduate education expectations, comprehensive payment reforms were not the only factor that led to the fall in domestic graduate education expectations. For all minorities nationwide and minorities in some instances, comprehensive payment reforms enlarged the corresponding effect of family background on domestic graduate education expectations, which may cause college students with worse family conditions to give up on earning a graduate education.
摘要对“中国大学生调查”(CCSS)全国多年数据的分析发现:与汉族大学生相比,全国少数民族大学生对研究生教育的期望较低,但差距主要来自平均受教育年限较低的民族和来自少数民族人口集中地区的大学生。汉族和少数民族大学生的家庭背景、教育经历与国内研究生教育期望存在显著相关。教育经历是影响汉族和全国少数民族大学生国内研究生教育期望的主导因素,但家庭背景对少数民族大学生的影响更大。综合薪酬改革后,各民族大学生对国内研究生教育的期望急剧下降,但与国际研究生教育期望相比,综合薪酬改革并不是导致国内研究生教育期望下降的唯一因素。对于全国所有少数民族和部分少数民族来说,综合薪酬改革扩大了家庭背景对国内研究生教育期望的相应影响,可能导致家庭条件较差的大学生放弃攻读研究生教育。
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引用次数: 0
Editor’s Introduction: Equity in Postgraduate Education in China 编者简介:中国研究生教育中的公平
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1080/10611932.2022.2046432
Xie Ailei, She Wenqin
growth in higher education opportunity has brought greater equality of access to postgraduate education. His research draws on insights from several widely used theo-ries in educational sociology, such as maximally maintained inequality theory, effectively maintained inequality theory, and Boudon ’ s rational choice theory. The data set he uses for his analysis is the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), jointly supported by professors at Chinese Renmin University and Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. From this national data set, Li focuses his analysis on a subsample selected from a group of universities in Beijing, the capital city of China. Based on these data, he finds that around one-third of university graduates in Beijing choose to pursue postgraduate degrees. Students from selective universities such as those included in the 211 Project are more likely to enroll in graduate school, and students ’ family background is also an important predictor of whether they pursue postgraduate education. Li also finds from his analysis that students ’ academic performance and the types of universities they come from are both important mediating variables in explaining the relationships
高等教育机会的增加使研究生教育的机会更加平等。他的研究借鉴了教育社会学中广泛使用的几个理论,如最大维持不平等理论、有效维持不平等理论和布东的理性选择理论。他的分析使用的数据集是中国教育小组调查(CEPS),由中国人民大学和香港科技大学的教授共同支持。从这个国家数据集中,李重点分析了从中国首都北京的一组大学中选择的子样本。根据这些数据,他发现北京约有三分之一的大学毕业生选择攻读研究生学位。来自“211工程”等重点大学的学生更有可能进入研究生院,学生的家庭背景也是他们是否接受研究生教育的重要预测因素。李还从分析中发现,学生的学习成绩和他们所来自的大学类型都是解释这种关系的重要中介变量
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引用次数: 0
Types, Scope, and Differences of Employment Discrimination Faced by PhD Graduates: An Empirical Study Based on Data from the 2017 National Graduation Survey 博士毕业生就业歧视的类型、范围及差异——基于2017年全国毕业调查数据的实证研究
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1080/10611932.2022.2046429
Gao Yao, Yang Jiale
Abstract The human resource allocation and efficient utilization of PhD graduates directly affects China’s macro strategy of building an innovative country with strong human resources. The existence of different forms of overt or hidden employment discrimination leads to “multiple losses of efficiency” on the national, organizational, and individual levels. This empirical study based on data from the 2017 National PhD Student Graduation Survey found that the main types of employment discrimination encountered by doctoral graduates in employment are first-degree discrimination, gender discrimination, age discrimination, regional discrimination, marital status discrimination, and other discrimination in descending order of incidence. And the incidence of multiple employment discrimination, i.e. encountering two or more types of discrimination at the same time, is 27.18%. In addition, there are differences in the incidence of the various types of employment discrimination between different genders, ages, selection methods, types of training units, academic disciplines, and regions. Further regression results show that the gender barrier effect, age barrier effect, and regional barrier effect in the employment of doctoral students are typical manifestations of employment discrimination.
博士毕业生的人力资源配置和有效利用直接影响到中国建设创新型人力资源强国的宏观战略。不同形式的显性或隐性就业歧视的存在导致了国家、组织和个人层面的“多重效率损失”。基于2017年全国博士毕业生毕业调查数据的实证研究发现,博士毕业生在就业中遇到的就业歧视类型主要为一级歧视、性别歧视、年龄歧视、地域歧视、婚姻状况歧视和其他歧视,其发生率由高到低依次为一级歧视。多重就业歧视的发生率为27.18%,即同时遭遇两种或两种以上的歧视。此外,各类就业歧视在不同性别、年龄、选拔方式、培训单位类型、学科类型和地区之间的发生率也存在差异。进一步回归结果表明,博士生就业中的性别障碍效应、年龄障碍效应和地域障碍效应是就业歧视的典型表现。
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引用次数: 1
Who Gets a Doctoral Education? The Effects of Family Background on Opportunities for Doctoral Education 谁能获得博士学位?家庭背景对博士教育机会的影响
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1080/10611932.2022.2036939
Liu Lingyu, She Wenqin, Jiang Kai
Abstract “Who gets a doctoral education?” means “Who gets ahead?” Doctoral degree holders are the country’s elite talents, and increasing numbers of Master’s students are choosing to continue pursuing doctoral education after graduation. This paper conducted empirical analysis of data from the 2017 National Academic Master’s Graduate Survey. The study shows that, among the graduates from Master’s programs surveyed in 2017, 19.31% chose to continue pursuing a doctoral degree, while 4.5% chose to study abroad, and students at Double First Class institutions of higher education represented the majority in both categories. In the stage of doctoral education, family background still has a significant positive effect with respect to gaining educational opportunities, while the category of educational institution and the distribution of majors are important mediator variables. Compared to those who study for a doctoral degree domestically, Master’s students of better family background are more likely to receive a doctoral education overseas.
“谁能获得博士学位?”意思是“谁领先?”博士学位持有者是国家的精英人才,越来越多的硕士生选择在毕业后继续攻读博士学位。本文对2017年全国学术型硕士研究生调查数据进行了实证分析。研究显示,2017年接受调查的硕士毕业生中,19.31%的人选择继续攻读博士学位,4.5%的人选择出国留学,双一流高等教育机构的学生在这两个类别中都占多数。在博士教育阶段,家庭背景对获得受教育机会仍有显著的正向影响,而教育机构类别和专业分布是重要的中介变量。与在国内攻读博士学位的学生相比,家庭背景较好的硕士生更有可能在海外接受博士教育。
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引用次数: 1
Rural Education in China: Policies and Development (1978–2018) 中国农村教育:政策与发展(1978-2018)
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1080/10611932.2022.2046431
Ying Ma
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引用次数: 0
Measurement, Attribution, and Manifestations of the Equality of Master's Student Enrollment Opportunities in China's Double First Class Universities 中国双一流大学硕士生入学机会平等的测度、归属与表现
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1080/10611932.2022.2040311
Zhang Xueqian, Liao Jinlong, Pei Xu, Wan Ming
Abstract An analysis of 8,541 majors of graduate student recruit students of 42 double first class universities found that departures from national requirements in the three dimensions of training type, study method, and discipline field affect the advancement of equal enrollment opportunities for Master's students nationwide in different ways, and the causes are all based on institutional partiality or discrimination against candidate origin. Therefore, we recommend that double first class universities comprehensively investigate majors with unequal recruitment and eliminate those that are not compliant or have unreasonable conditions while designing “impartial” graduate student recruitment institutions that uphold personnel and institutional views of equal opportunity.
摘要通过对42所双一流大学研究生招生的8541个专业的分析发现,在培养类型、学习方法和学科领域三个维度上与国家要求的背离以不同的方式影响着全国硕士研究生平等招生机会的推进,其原因都是制度性的偏爱或对考生出身的歧视。因此,我们建议双一流大学在设计“公正”的研究生招生机构时,全面调查不平等招生的专业,消除不合规或条件不合理的专业,坚持机会均等的人事和机构观。
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引用次数: 0
Gender Difference in Entrepreneurial Intentions: A New Perspective from College Students to Facilitate Teacher Leadership in Entrepreneurial Education 创业意向的性别差异:大学生创业教育中教师领导的新视角
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-11-02 DOI: 10.1080/10611932.2021.1990630
Peng Bin, Chang Zhu, Yongchuan Shi, Tae-Uk Ahn, Rui Hu
Abstract To better specify the methods of teacher leaders in entrepreneurial education in Chinese higher education institutions, gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions were investigated to determine how these differences affect the allocation of limited resources and how these differences affect the institutions’ meeting of students’ needs. Based on the classic Theory of Personal Behavior, this work analyzed the extent and determinants of gender differentials in the entrepreneurial intentions of Chinese college students with Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method. The data came from a field survey of 620 Chinese college students. The result suggested that, instead of discrimination and stereotypes, the gender difference in entrepreneurial intentions was primarily due to different “endowment effects” (gender differences in the observed variables with respect to entrepreneurial attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control). Hence, as leaders who take a more hierarchical position of facilitator, decision-maker, or mediator in entrepreneurial education, teachers should tailor their educational approaches in accordance with the different aptitudes between female and male students. Different curricula that target those gender qualifications would be required to balance the gender difference in entrepreneurial intentions of college students.
摘要为了更好地明确中国高校教师领导在创业教育中的方式,本研究考察了性别创业意愿差异对有限资源配置的影响,以及性别创业意愿差异对高校满足学生需求的影响。本研究以经典的个人行为理论为基础,运用Blinder-Oaxaca分解方法,分析了中国大学生创业意向的性别差异程度及其影响因素。这些数据来自对620名中国大学生的实地调查。结果表明,创业意向的性别差异主要是由于不同的“禀赋效应”(创业态度、主观规范和感知行为控制方面的观察变量的性别差异),而不是歧视和刻板印象。因此,教师作为创业教育的领导者,在创业教育中处于更层次的推动者、决策者或调解人的地位,应根据男女学生的不同才能,量身定制教育方法。针对这些性别资格的不同课程将需要平衡大学生创业意图的性别差异。
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引用次数: 4
Academic Members’ Perceptions of Educational Leadership and Perceived Need for Leadership Capacity Building in Chinese Higher Education Institutions 中国高校学术成员对教育领导的感知与领导能力建设的感知需求
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-11-02 DOI: 10.1080/10611932.2021.1990621
Zhaoyu Cheng, Chang Zhu
Abstract Universities in China have faced great challenges in the past decade, such as challenges driven by globalization and technological progress. This requires leaders to meet the challenge of change. Little has been written from the perspective of educational leadership in Chinese higher education institutions (HEIs). This study aims to explore academic members’ perceptions of educational leadership and to explore factors contributing to the professional learning and growth of academic members in Chinese HEIs. Through a qualitative study, we explored the perceptions of 12 academic members from eight Chinese universities. The results provide us with a comprehensive conceptualized educational leadership, perceived effective educational leadership, and perceived need for capacity building. The results can be helpful to support sustainable professional development and also for administrators, universities, and policymakers in China in creating the environment and policies that facilitate the implementation of successful educational leadership experiences.
在过去的十年里,中国的大学面临着巨大的挑战,如全球化和技术进步带来的挑战。这就要求领导者迎接变革的挑战。很少有人从中国高等教育机构教育领导的角度来写作。本研究旨在探讨中国高校学术成员对教育领导的认知,并探讨影响学术成员专业学习与成长的因素。通过定性研究,我们探讨了来自中国八所大学的12名学术成员的看法。研究结果为我们提供了一个全面的概念化教育领导、感知有效的教育领导和感知能力建设需求。研究结果有助于支持可持续的专业发展,也有助于中国的管理者、大学和政策制定者创造促进成功教育领导经验实施的环境和政策。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
Chinese Education and Society
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