Pub Date : 2019-11-11DOI: 10.11648/j.larp.20190403.12
Saeid Teshnehdel, M. Bahari, Seyedasghar Mirnezami
According to population growth, urban sprawl, as well as global warming, attention to the impact of design on thermal comfort in open spaces is important. Thus, it is essential to climate studies and understanding environmental features, as well as results usage in improving designs. The courtyard as open space in residential buildings which is an important factor in the absorption of sunlit in the courtyard surfaces. Therefore, controlling shading performance with regard to thermal comfort condition is one of the most effective factors in reducing the ambient temperature during hot days. This paper focuses on the impact of shading performance in traditional courtyard houses in the hot (Kashan) and cold (Ardabil) climate of Iran. For better understanding four traditional courtyard houses of Kashan and Ardabil selected randomly. By Design Builder software shaded areas were analyzed for each case. The results showed that the best form for the courtyard in these climates is rectangular. The results indicate that increasing the ratio of length to width and also increasing the height of the walls of the courtyard increases the percentage of shading. As conclusion during a day, there is a high correlation between the MRT and the PMV index, and reducing the MRT improve the PMV index.
{"title":"Traditional Courtyards as a Microclimate in the Improvement of Human Thermal Comfort Condition","authors":"Saeid Teshnehdel, M. Bahari, Seyedasghar Mirnezami","doi":"10.11648/j.larp.20190403.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20190403.12","url":null,"abstract":"According to population growth, urban sprawl, as well as global warming, attention to the impact of design on thermal comfort in open spaces is important. Thus, it is essential to climate studies and understanding environmental features, as well as results usage in improving designs. The courtyard as open space in residential buildings which is an important factor in the absorption of sunlit in the courtyard surfaces. Therefore, controlling shading performance with regard to thermal comfort condition is one of the most effective factors in reducing the ambient temperature during hot days. This paper focuses on the impact of shading performance in traditional courtyard houses in the hot (Kashan) and cold (Ardabil) climate of Iran. For better understanding four traditional courtyard houses of Kashan and Ardabil selected randomly. By Design Builder software shaded areas were analyzed for each case. The results showed that the best form for the courtyard in these climates is rectangular. The results indicate that increasing the ratio of length to width and also increasing the height of the walls of the courtyard increases the percentage of shading. As conclusion during a day, there is a high correlation between the MRT and the PMV index, and reducing the MRT improve the PMV index.","PeriodicalId":399251,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134571781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-26DOI: 10.11648/j.larp.20190403.11
A. Tawab
Nominating heritage properties for listing as World Heritage Sites has become more challenging with the advent of the Operational Guidelines of 2005 that have construed the prerequisites of the Global Strategy. According to the Guidelines of 2005, States Parties, to the World Heritage Convention, are urged to nominate properties for listing as World Heritage Sites that fall under particular under-represented heritage categories and are requested to verify the availability of the legislative and regulatory measures that guarantee the protection of these properties. The main aim of this paper was to evaluate the influences of the Global Strategy on the conventional legislative and regulatory measures that were used before the adoption of the Global Strategy to support nominations for listing properties as World Heritage Sites. The empirical study approached this issue by selecting a non-probability purposive sample of eight British World Heritage Sites that represent the pre-Global Strategy and the post-Global Strategy World Heritage Sites. Developing and analyzing a database of the data provided by the management plans of the selected case studies was the research tool that was adopted to conduct the empirical study. The most significant finding of this study unveiled the very limited influences of the Global Strategy on the conventional legislative and regulatory measures that were used earlier to support nominations of heritage properties for listing as World Heritage Sites. The study suggests replacing the inefficient non-statutory mechanisms that are used to provide protection for the heritage properties in the adopted case studies by further developed statutory ones.
{"title":"The Potential Influences of the Global Strategy on the Conventional Legislative and Regulatory Measures","authors":"A. Tawab","doi":"10.11648/j.larp.20190403.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20190403.11","url":null,"abstract":"Nominating heritage properties for listing as World Heritage Sites has become more challenging with the advent of the Operational Guidelines of 2005 that have construed the prerequisites of the Global Strategy. According to the Guidelines of 2005, States Parties, to the World Heritage Convention, are urged to nominate properties for listing as World Heritage Sites that fall under particular under-represented heritage categories and are requested to verify the availability of the legislative and regulatory measures that guarantee the protection of these properties. The main aim of this paper was to evaluate the influences of the Global Strategy on the conventional legislative and regulatory measures that were used before the adoption of the Global Strategy to support nominations for listing properties as World Heritage Sites. The empirical study approached this issue by selecting a non-probability purposive sample of eight British World Heritage Sites that represent the pre-Global Strategy and the post-Global Strategy World Heritage Sites. Developing and analyzing a database of the data provided by the management plans of the selected case studies was the research tool that was adopted to conduct the empirical study. The most significant finding of this study unveiled the very limited influences of the Global Strategy on the conventional legislative and regulatory measures that were used earlier to support nominations of heritage properties for listing as World Heritage Sites. The study suggests replacing the inefficient non-statutory mechanisms that are used to provide protection for the heritage properties in the adopted case studies by further developed statutory ones.","PeriodicalId":399251,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning","volume":"233 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120876038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-24DOI: 10.11648/j.larp.20190402.12
A. Gorshkov
The paper presents the methodology for calculating the heat energy losses via external walls of apartment building before and after additional heat insulation of the facades using mineral wool insulation. Normally, a higher level of thermal insulation of external enclosing structures is provided by a greater thickness of the thermal insulation layer. Additional insulation thickness requires additional investment. The higher the level of thermal insulation of external walling, the less heat is lost through the walls. Therefore, energy saving measures should be considered not only from a technical point of view, but also from an economic point of view. Based on the known parameters of the duration of heating period, investments for additional insulation of the facades in the considered apartment building and values of the operating costs for heating before and after the facades insulation, an estimation of the predicted payback period was evaluated for various thickness of the additional thermal insulation layer (50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300 and 350 mm). For the considered object an optimal thickness of the additional heat insulation layer is calculated. For that optimal thickness, payback period, calculated with account for heating energy tariffs growth rates and discounted future cash flows, takes its minimal value.
{"title":"Optimal Thickness of the Heat Insulation Layer for the External Walls","authors":"A. Gorshkov","doi":"10.11648/j.larp.20190402.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20190402.12","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the methodology for calculating the heat energy losses via external walls of apartment building before and after additional heat insulation of the facades using mineral wool insulation. Normally, a higher level of thermal insulation of external enclosing structures is provided by a greater thickness of the thermal insulation layer. Additional insulation thickness requires additional investment. The higher the level of thermal insulation of external walling, the less heat is lost through the walls. Therefore, energy saving measures should be considered not only from a technical point of view, but also from an economic point of view. Based on the known parameters of the duration of heating period, investments for additional insulation of the facades in the considered apartment building and values of the operating costs for heating before and after the facades insulation, an estimation of the predicted payback period was evaluated for various thickness of the additional thermal insulation layer (50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300 and 350 mm). For the considered object an optimal thickness of the additional heat insulation layer is calculated. For that optimal thickness, payback period, calculated with account for heating energy tariffs growth rates and discounted future cash flows, takes its minimal value.","PeriodicalId":399251,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126307140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-21DOI: 10.11648/j.larp.20190402.11
Iyowuna Festus Tubobereni, Opiriba Karibi Ikiriko
Land transportation is an integral part of modern day life. It has bridged spatial activities, enhanced commerce and general developments across large areas of society. However, it has also resulted in series of untoward consequences that have negatively affected families as a result of different fatalities. It is obvious that the regulating authorities do not implement the provisions of the law especially as it relates to the periodic certification and recertification of commercial transport drivers and their conductors. It is also obvious that the will to confront security personnel/corporate security vehicles using by the enforcement agencies that grossly violate the provisions of the law is lacking. The law is silent on safety issues such as tire life and conditions, road markings or dressing and geometric design features of the roadways that influence driving. Therefore, the need to institute measures to regulate/control operations, use and behavior on public roads by pedestrians, drivers and other vehicle users became apparent in Nigeria. The 2012 National Road Traffic Regulation was therefore prepared to guide all public road users in relation to their conduct and use of road infrastructure. The complete disregard by the public and enforcement agencies of the regulation has, therefore, necessitated highlighting of some salient safety issues in the regulation which will lead to a better use of our roads and highways when adhered to. These ranges from the registration of vehicles to the processes of the issuance of drivers licenses, parking speed and other personal conducts that could jeopardize the safety of persons and property of potential road users.
{"title":"Highlighting the Salient Safety Issues in the National Road Traffic Regulation 2012","authors":"Iyowuna Festus Tubobereni, Opiriba Karibi Ikiriko","doi":"10.11648/j.larp.20190402.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20190402.11","url":null,"abstract":"Land transportation is an integral part of modern day life. It has bridged spatial activities, enhanced commerce and general developments across large areas of society. However, it has also resulted in series of untoward consequences that have negatively affected families as a result of different fatalities. It is obvious that the regulating authorities do not implement the provisions of the law especially as it relates to the periodic certification and recertification of commercial transport drivers and their conductors. It is also obvious that the will to confront security personnel/corporate security vehicles using by the enforcement agencies that grossly violate the provisions of the law is lacking. The law is silent on safety issues such as tire life and conditions, road markings or dressing and geometric design features of the roadways that influence driving. Therefore, the need to institute measures to regulate/control operations, use and behavior on public roads by pedestrians, drivers and other vehicle users became apparent in Nigeria. The 2012 National Road Traffic Regulation was therefore prepared to guide all public road users in relation to their conduct and use of road infrastructure. The complete disregard by the public and enforcement agencies of the regulation has, therefore, necessitated highlighting of some salient safety issues in the regulation which will lead to a better use of our roads and highways when adhered to. These ranges from the registration of vehicles to the processes of the issuance of drivers licenses, parking speed and other personal conducts that could jeopardize the safety of persons and property of potential road users.","PeriodicalId":399251,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116446060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-18DOI: 10.11648/J.LARP.20190401.14
J. Othman, Norsyaza Husna Albakeri
The paper documents a study on the Minimum Standard Requirements (MSRs) and Sharia compliance of a Muslim’s cemetery on Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The site was selected, due to the historical and socio-cultural values that it holds amongst the urban community. The paper aimed to assess the existing infra development and planning layout of the landscape based on multiple methods of data collections ( e.g ., review of literature, site observation, and questionnaire survey). A finding shows that the crowded cemetery implicates a grave-finding location and pedestrian circulation within the sacred landscape. The result also suggests that lack of good landscape maintenance and management practices influence the visual quality of the landscape, which indirectly influences the image of the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. Hence, this study has merits because it provides objective solution to assist stakeholders to consider establishing a Muslim’s cemetery at an urban setting using MSRs of infra that comply with the Sharia .
{"title":"Assessing Minimum Standard Requirements and Sharia Compliance for Muslim’s Cemetery at Urban Setting","authors":"J. Othman, Norsyaza Husna Albakeri","doi":"10.11648/J.LARP.20190401.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.LARP.20190401.14","url":null,"abstract":"The paper documents a study on the Minimum Standard Requirements (MSRs) and Sharia compliance of a Muslim’s cemetery on Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The site was selected, due to the historical and socio-cultural values that it holds amongst the urban community. The paper aimed to assess the existing infra development and planning layout of the landscape based on multiple methods of data collections ( e.g ., review of literature, site observation, and questionnaire survey). A finding shows that the crowded cemetery implicates a grave-finding location and pedestrian circulation within the sacred landscape. The result also suggests that lack of good landscape maintenance and management practices influence the visual quality of the landscape, which indirectly influences the image of the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. Hence, this study has merits because it provides objective solution to assist stakeholders to consider establishing a Muslim’s cemetery at an urban setting using MSRs of infra that comply with the Sharia .","PeriodicalId":399251,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134111222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-25DOI: 10.11648/J.LARP.20190401.13
Vo Minh Phuc, Vo Trong Cang
Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use and other problems, such as transportation, communications and its distribution networks. In Ho Chi Minh City case, the fastest developing city in Vietnam, the transportation problems have become worse and worse, recently. Even through received lots of concerns from Ho Chi Minh City government and notices from many different stakeholders, traffic jam and others traffic problem keep occur and increase-in-level in many new projects area of Ho Chi Minh City. In fact, there are several challenges for Vietnam urban planners to develop Ho Chi Minh City without exacerbated the current traffic situation. In scope of this article, some specific challenges in urban transportation planning, in Vietnamese urban planning process, would be identified, such as: Limitation in Traffic impact assessment, the limitation in analysis approach method for forecasting and reduction of traffic problem; and lack of communication and synchronous cooperation between departments and other agencies in municipalities. After research on these challenges in urban transportation planning in Vietnamese urban planning process, some related solutions will be research and proposed in future research articles.
{"title":"Transport Planning Challenges in Existing Urban Planning Process - Case of Vietnam Urban Planning","authors":"Vo Minh Phuc, Vo Trong Cang","doi":"10.11648/J.LARP.20190401.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.LARP.20190401.13","url":null,"abstract":"Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use and other problems, such as transportation, communications and its distribution networks. In Ho Chi Minh City case, the fastest developing city in Vietnam, the transportation problems have become worse and worse, recently. Even through received lots of concerns from Ho Chi Minh City government and notices from many different stakeholders, traffic jam and others traffic problem keep occur and increase-in-level in many new projects area of Ho Chi Minh City. In fact, there are several challenges for Vietnam urban planners to develop Ho Chi Minh City without exacerbated the current traffic situation. In scope of this article, some specific challenges in urban transportation planning, in Vietnamese urban planning process, would be identified, such as: Limitation in Traffic impact assessment, the limitation in analysis approach method for forecasting and reduction of traffic problem; and lack of communication and synchronous cooperation between departments and other agencies in municipalities. After research on these challenges in urban transportation planning in Vietnamese urban planning process, some related solutions will be research and proposed in future research articles.","PeriodicalId":399251,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131182840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-27DOI: 10.11648/J.LARP.20190401.12
A. Nahar, S. Kashem, Anutosh Das
Bangladesh is a populous country in the world. Nowadays, urbanization takes the form of rapid growth of urban population. As a result, population density is being increased that influences average household size. This paper attempts to understand the key issues related to the population distribution. The purpose of the study is delineation of the formal region based on the population density, growth rate and average household size in context of sixty four districts of Bangladesh. The data are collected from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), 2011. It analyzes the status of the regions which are fixed by Composite Index method. Among three classification methods, Mean-SD method is used to classify the region. Because, more symmetrical shape of histogram of normal distribution is found in Mean-SD method. It arranges the distribution of population within the 64 districts from high populated to low populated region which represents the actual population scenario of Bangladesh such as Dhaka, Narayanganj are high populated and Rangamati, Khagrachari, Barguna, Pirojpur are in the low populated region. This study gives a scope for future development of region and will be helpful for provision of facilities according to the ranking.
{"title":"Regionalization of Bangladesh: A Key to Identify Regional Disparities of the Pattern of Population Distribution","authors":"A. Nahar, S. Kashem, Anutosh Das","doi":"10.11648/J.LARP.20190401.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.LARP.20190401.12","url":null,"abstract":"Bangladesh is a populous country in the world. Nowadays, urbanization takes the form of rapid growth of urban population. As a result, population density is being increased that influences average household size. This paper attempts to understand the key issues related to the population distribution. The purpose of the study is delineation of the formal region based on the population density, growth rate and average household size in context of sixty four districts of Bangladesh. The data are collected from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), 2011. It analyzes the status of the regions which are fixed by Composite Index method. Among three classification methods, Mean-SD method is used to classify the region. Because, more symmetrical shape of histogram of normal distribution is found in Mean-SD method. It arranges the distribution of population within the 64 districts from high populated to low populated region which represents the actual population scenario of Bangladesh such as Dhaka, Narayanganj are high populated and Rangamati, Khagrachari, Barguna, Pirojpur are in the low populated region. This study gives a scope for future development of region and will be helpful for provision of facilities according to the ranking.","PeriodicalId":399251,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126392901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.11648/j.larp.20210604.13
Yang Wang, Lin-hong Shen, Yun Xie
{"title":"Case Study on the Application of Agricultural Landscape at the Expressway Entrance of Hangzhou","authors":"Yang Wang, Lin-hong Shen, Yun Xie","doi":"10.11648/j.larp.20210604.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20210604.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":399251,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121224620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.11648/j.larp.20220701.11
Meng Li
{"title":"Landscape Regeneration of Urban Industrial Heritage Sites Towards the Human Factors Perspective: Perception and Assessment","authors":"Meng Li","doi":"10.11648/j.larp.20220701.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20220701.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":399251,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122486172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.11648/j.larp.20220701.12
Bruk Getahun, Essayas Deribe
{"title":"The Contribution of Architectural Design Concepts for Sustainable Urban Farming: The Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","authors":"Bruk Getahun, Essayas Deribe","doi":"10.11648/j.larp.20220701.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.larp.20220701.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":399251,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117352215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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