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Love is Historically, Institutionally, and Societally Constructed: Using Intersectionality to Examine Racial Issues of Power and Privilege in Queer Relationships 《爱是历史的、制度的和社会的构建:使用交叉性来研究酷儿关系中的权力和特权的种族问题》
Pub Date : 2019-05-26 DOI: 10.15367/PJ.V5I2.206
Sarah Tahir
How does interracial attraction expose power dynamics within both heterosexual and queer relationships in accordance with historical and institutional infringements on civil rights? With my research paper, I aim to unpack the power dynamics, present and historically constructed, within white-person of color relationships, as well as the desires for whiteness, cisheteronormativity, and assimilation inherent in them due to hegemonic, normative systems of superiority and dependency. I will use American court cases to demonstrate institutional infringements on queerness as well as scholarly articles which support my point that whiteness infiltrates every aspect of life including relationships and the dynamics which form them, with a specific focus on visibility.
种族间的吸引是如何根据对公民权利的历史和制度侵犯,暴露出异性恋和酷儿关系中的权力动态的?在我的研究论文中,我的目标是在白人与有色人种的关系中,揭示当前和历史上构建的权力动态,以及由于霸权、优越和依赖的规范系统而导致的对白人、顺异性规范和同化的渴望。我将用美国的法庭案例来证明对酷儿的制度性侵犯,以及支持我的观点的学术文章,即白人渗透到生活的方方面面,包括关系和形成关系的动力,特别关注可见性。
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引用次数: 0
Socioeconomic Status, Math Achievement, and Head Start Attendance 社会经济地位、数学成绩和出勤率
Pub Date : 2019-05-25 DOI: 10.15367/PJ.V5I2.199
R. Cogswell
Research has shown that socioeconomic status impacts student achievement consistently over time and there have been several suggestions in mediating this effect. Most notably may be preschool attendance, and especially publicly funded programs like Head Start. The nationwide program aims to serve primarily low-income youth, but has been reported to experience major fadeout in the early years of elementary school. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study: Kindergarten Cohort 1998-9, this study exhibits the expected and persistent positive effects of SES on student math achievement, as well as the effectiveness of Head Start in mediating this effect and equalizing the opportunity for educational achievement in mathematics. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of Head Start implementation across the country, and the general need for universal preschool to minimize the effects of SES on long-term academic achievement. 
研究表明,随着时间的推移,社会经济地位对学生成绩的影响是一致的,有几种建议可以调节这种影响。最值得注意的可能是学龄前儿童的出勤率,尤其是像“启智计划”这样的公共资助项目。这个全国性的项目主要服务于低收入的年轻人,但据报道,这些年轻人在小学的最初几年就经历了严重的退步。本研究利用1998-9年《幼儿纵向研究:幼儿园队列》的数据,展示了社会经济地位对学生数学成绩的预期和持续的积极影响,以及抢先开始在中介这种影响和平衡数学教育成就机会方面的有效性。这些研究结果的含义在全国范围内实施的背景下进行了讨论,并且普遍需要普及学前教育,以尽量减少SES对长期学业成绩的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Gender and Memory: Depictions of Femininity in Irish Revolutionary Art 性别与记忆:爱尔兰革命艺术中女性气质的描绘
Pub Date : 2019-05-25 DOI: 10.15367/PJ.V5I2.204
P. Joslyn
This paper uses artistic depictions of the allegorical figure, Kathleen ni Houlihan, who represented the personification of Ireland, to analyze the role of gender in the Irish Revolution. Drawing on a number of primary source artistic works from the years surrounding the 1916 Easter Rising, this paper questions the impact highly gendered portrayals of Irish nationalism had on nationalist communities. This paper also relies on primary and secondary sources that highlight the highly gendered environment of revolutionary Ireland, and the hardships faced by nationalist women. In this study, I found that gendered depictions of Kathleen ni Houlihan were rooted in the gendered revolutionary environment, and reflected typical ideas of the roles men and women should play in the independence movement. The figure of Kathleen ni Houlihan offers an excellent case study of the role the arts played in both reflecting and altering Irish revolutionary society. Additionally, these artistic portrayals reflect the strict binaries of Irish society at the turn of the century, and provide insight into the ways women negotiated their positions in the revolution.
本文通过对象征爱尔兰人格化的寓言人物凯瑟琳·尼·霍利汉的艺术刻画,分析性别在爱尔兰革命中的作用。借鉴1916年复活节起义前后的一些主要艺术作品,本文质疑爱尔兰民族主义的高度性别化描绘对民族主义社区的影响。本文也依靠第一手和第二手资料,突出了革命爱尔兰高度性别化的环境,以及民族主义妇女所面临的困难。在本研究中,我发现对Kathleen ni Houlihan的性别化描写根植于性别化的革命环境中,反映了独立运动中男性和女性应该扮演的角色的典型观念。Kathleen ni Houlihan的形象为艺术在反映和改变爱尔兰革命社会中所扮演的角色提供了一个极好的案例研究。此外,这些艺术描绘反映了世纪之交爱尔兰社会的严格二元对立,并提供了妇女在革命中谈判自己地位的方式。
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引用次数: 0
The Gender Correctional Machine: Institutional Mechanisms that Reinforce a Patriarchal Gender Order in Correctional Facilities 性别矫正机器:在矫正设施中强化父权性别秩序的制度机制
Pub Date : 2019-05-25 DOI: 10.15367/PJ.V5I2.205
Micaela Robalino
Mass incarceration is a feminist struggle. Not only are women the fastest growing population in correctional facilities in the United States but they also face institutional regulations that aim at "correcting" their gender and sexual "deviance." Correction, within women's correctional facilities, refers to the structural attempt to enforce a gendered, class-based, and racialized order. The mechanism that allows the gender correctional machine to be enacted functions through two branches: correctional industries and library content. This study examines the extent to which regulatory programs, such as limited labor options and libraries, are actually constructed through male-gaze-dominated norms. By looking at the connection between vocational programs and the prison-industrial complex, it is evident that labor-oriented programs not only exploit women but do so in a gendered way. Low-waged, traditionally feminine, and potentially racialized training within the facilities showcase the regulatory mechanism to keep women "were they belong." Furthermore, this study imports the theoretical lens of Laura Mulvey's notion of the male gaze into the area of sociology of law, and seeks to understand how prison libraries enforce patriarchal norms. By looking at denied and permitted library publications in the Philadelphia Department of Prisons, this study shows that the male gaze functions as a normalizing and correcting force in the ways that gender and sexuality are visually portrayed in publications' covers. Thus, the study unveils the regulatory mechanisms of the gender correctional machine, and proposes radical resistance as an alternative to it.
大规模监禁是一场女权主义斗争。女性不仅是美国惩教机构中增长最快的人口,而且她们还面临着旨在“纠正”她们的性别和性“偏差”的制度规定。在女子教养设施中,矫正指的是一种结构性的尝试,以强制执行性别、阶级和种族化的秩序。使性别矫正机器得以实施的机制通过两个分支发挥作用:矫正行业和图书馆内容。这项研究考察了监管项目,如有限的劳动力选择和图书馆,实际上是通过男性主导的规范构建的程度。通过观察职业培训项目和监狱-工业综合体之间的联系,很明显,以劳动为导向的培训项目不仅剥削妇女,而且以性别的方式剥削妇女。低工资、传统的女性化和潜在的种族化培训表明,监管机制让女性“属于自己”。此外,本研究将劳拉·穆尔维(Laura Mulvey)的男性凝视概念的理论视角引入法律社会学领域,并试图理解监狱图书馆如何执行父权规范。通过观察费城监狱部门被拒绝和被允许的图书馆出版物,这项研究表明,男性的目光在出版物封面上视觉上描绘性别和性行为的方式上起到了一种正常化和纠正的作用。因此,本研究揭示了性别矫正机器的调节机制,并提出激进抵抗作为其替代方案。
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引用次数: 0
Trade in Conflict Minerals -- Congolese Warlords, MNC’s, and Dodd-Frank 1502 冲突矿产贸易——刚果军阀、跨国公司和多德-弗兰克1502
Pub Date : 2019-05-25 DOI: 10.15367/PJ.V5I2.200
A. Deshmukh
This paper seeks to provide an overview of conflict mineral trade by analyzing it through an economic lens. Using data gathered from news sources, the memo first defines the term “conflict minerals” and identifies that the primary actors involved in the conflict mineral market are rebel militia groups and multinational corporations. The trade is mutually beneficial for these actors as it serves as the primary source of revenue for militia groups and allows multinational corporations to buy minerals at low costs. The memo also highlights the struggles legitimate Congolese miners face, as they face threats from militia groups and low market prices Also identified is Section 1502 of the Dodd Frank act, legislation which forces multinational corporations to list their mineral suppliers, thereby increasing supply chain transparency. While implemented with good intentions, it is extremely unsuccessful in stifling the conflict mineral trade as it lacks substantive regulatory measures. Furthermore, the EU and US plan to implement opposing conflict mineral trade policies — the EU looks to increase supply chain transparency while the US looks to repeal Section 1502 of Dodd Frank (an action which would decrease supply chain transparency). This paper believes that coordinated and homogenous action on the part of both federal governments and IGOs is necessary in order to concretely enforce restrictions on conflict mineral trade.
本文试图从经济角度对冲突矿产贸易进行分析,以提供一个概述。备忘录利用从新闻来源收集的数据,首先定义了“冲突矿产”一词,并指出冲突矿产市场的主要参与者是反叛民兵组织和跨国公司。这种贸易对这些行为者来说是互利的,因为它是民兵组织的主要收入来源,并允许跨国公司以低成本购买矿产。备忘录还强调了合法刚果矿商面临的困境,他们面临民兵组织和低市场价格的威胁。此外,《多德-弗兰克法案》(Dodd Frank act)第1502条也被提及,该法案要求跨国公司列出其矿产供应商的名单,从而提高供应链的透明度。虽然执行的意图是好的,但由于缺乏实质性的管制措施,它在遏制冲突矿物贸易方面极为不成功。此外,欧盟和美国计划实施对立的冲突矿产贸易政策——欧盟希望提高供应链的透明度,而美国希望废除多德弗兰克法案第1502条(这一行动将降低供应链的透明度)。本文认为,要切实实施对冲突矿产贸易的限制,联邦政府和政府间组织必须采取协调一致的行动。
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引用次数: 0
“It’s a Battle for Information”: Mau Mau as the Boogeyman of Decolonization “这是一场信息之战”:茅茅是非殖民化的恶魔
Pub Date : 2019-05-24 DOI: 10.15367/PJ.V5I2.194
D. Biggs
This paper sought to place a collection of newsreels from Pathé News about the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya into the historical narrative of the revolt. The current understanding of the Mau Mau has not included a comprehensive discussion of the coverage of the group and the way that news of the revolt shaped the history that follows it. What was observed throughout the reels was an increasingly hostile propaganda campaign against the Mau Mau. This stronger rhetoric coincided with greater atrocities committed by the British as the war dragged on. The main findings of the paper were that the Mau Mau became a kind of “boogeyman” for the British about the dangers of decolonization, as well as the way that the news about the revolt served to paint the revolt in explicitly racist terms. The Mau Mau play an important role in the history of Kenya, and collections like that of Pathé News help to illuminate the narrative that the British developed for the independence struggle.
本文试图将path新闻频道(path News)关于肯尼亚茅茅起义的新闻短片集纳入起义的历史叙述中。目前对茅茅党(Mau Mau)的理解,还没有全面讨论对该组织的报道,以及叛乱的新闻如何塑造了其后的历史。在整个影片中,我们看到的是一场针对茅茅党越来越敌对的宣传运动。随着战争的持续,这种更强硬的言论恰逢英国人犯下了更大的暴行。这篇论文的主要发现是,茅茅党成了英国人关于非殖民化危险的一种“妖魔”,有关起义的新闻也用明确的种族主义措辞描绘了这场起义。茅茅党在肯尼亚历史上扮演着重要的角色,path News等杂志的收藏有助于阐明英国人为独立斗争制定的叙事。
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引用次数: 0
On Divinity and Marginalization: Western Christianity and African Spirituality as Impetuses of Gender In/Equality 论神性与边缘化:西方基督教与非洲灵性作为性别平等的推动力
Pub Date : 2019-05-24 DOI: 10.15367/PJ.V5I2.195
Selena C Baugh
This paper seeks to determine whether the presence of powerful women in African religious tradition allowed for the existence of similarly powerful women in their society while the apparent absence or disregard for powerful women in Western Christianity resulted in the exclusion of women from the political and social realms. Since many pre-19th century African and European governments were heavily influenced by religion, it was a significant tool of socialization in both contexts. Therefore, the gender dynamics modeled in these belief systems were likely reflected by their respective societies. This paper compares and contrasts women’s positions in African civilization and women’s positions in Europe, drawing on historical accounts and formal research to determine the extent to which religion influenced the governance of the associated countries and how this, in turn, impacted their social structures. Prominent women in African religious tradition such as Aset will be juxtaposed with female rulers such as Hatshepsut and the “male daughters” of the Igbo as examples of the flexibility and respect inherent in African womanhood. To the contrary, the lack of prominent women in Western Christianity will be compared with the historical marginalization of European women and the resulting necessity for feminism. Ultimately this paper argues that the flexibility of gender roles within African spiritual systems resulted in a similar versatility in African politics and societies while the subordination of women in Western Christianity led to the subordination of women in European culture.
本文试图确定非洲宗教传统中强势女性的存在是否允许其社会中同样强势女性的存在,而西方基督教中对强势女性的明显缺失或漠视导致了女性被排除在政治和社会领域之外。由于许多19世纪前的非洲和欧洲政府深受宗教的影响,在这两种情况下,宗教都是社会化的重要工具。因此,这些信仰体系中的性别动态模型很可能反映在各自的社会中。本文比较和对比了妇女在非洲文明中的地位和妇女在欧洲的地位,利用历史记载和正式研究来确定宗教对相关国家治理的影响程度,以及这反过来如何影响其社会结构。非洲宗教传统中的杰出女性,如阿塞特,将与女性统治者,如哈特谢普苏特和伊博的“男性女儿”并列,作为非洲女性固有的灵活性和尊重的例子。相反,西方基督教中杰出女性的缺乏将与欧洲女性的历史边缘化以及由此产生的女权主义的必要性进行比较。最后,本文认为非洲精神系统中性别角色的灵活性导致了非洲政治和社会中类似的多功能性,而西方基督教中女性的从属地位导致了欧洲文化中女性的从属地位。
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引用次数: 0
Facile one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of nanorice-like TiO2 for an efficient dye-sensitizedsolar cell (DSSC) 方便一锅水热合成纳米米状TiO2,用于高效染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)
Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.4024/N03KU19A.NTP.15.01
D. Kumar, Amita Bist, Piyush Dua, P. Kuchhal, G. Anand, K. Parmar
ABSTRACT. Highly crystalline TiO2 powder consisting of morphologically rice-like nanoparticles is synthesized by a simple hydrothermal process using a premixture of titanium isopropoxide, ethanol and aqueous ammonia. An efficient mechanism decoupling hydrolysis and condensation promotes the formation of a rice-like morphology. As the average particle size and BET properties of nanorice-like TiO2 were found to be quite similar to a commercially available TiO2 (Degussa P25), their photoelectric properties were compared as a DSSC electrode. Under 1 sun irradiation the photovoltaic efficiency of nanorice-like TiO2 was measured to be c. 20% higher in contrast to the mediocre efficiency (~5.45%) of P25. We suggest that together with a generally exploited reference, such nanorice-like TiO2 could also be adopted as a model material for various applications.
摘要。使用异丙氧基钛、乙醇和氨水的预混合物,通过简单的水热工艺合成了由形态上类似大米的纳米颗粒组成的高度结晶的TiO2粉末。水解和缩合解耦的有效机制促进了稻米状形态的形成。由于发现类纳米米TiO2的平均粒径和BET性质与市售TiO2(Degussa P25)非常相似,因此比较了它们作为DSSC电极的光电性质。在1次太阳照射下,纳米米状TiO2的光伏效率比P25的中等效率(~5.45%)高出约20%。我们建议,结合一个普遍使用的参考文献,这种类似纳米米的TiO2也可以用作各种应用的模型材料。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial 社论
Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.4024/n04ra19e.ntp.15.01
J. Ramsden
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引用次数: 0
Electroerosion dispersion, sorption and coagulation for complex water purification:Electroerosion waste recycling and manufacturing of metal, oxide and alloy nanopowders 用于复杂水净化的电蚀分散、吸附和混凝:金属、氧化物和合金纳米粉末的电蚀废物回收和制造
Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.4024/N24MO18A.NTP.15.01
M. Monastyrov, T. Prikhna, B. Halbedel, G. Kochetov, F. Marquis, A. Mamalis, O. Prysiazhna
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引用次数: 3
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Nanotechnology Perceptions
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