The coastline of Cyrenaica, Libya, is rich in cultural heritage dating from prehistory to the modern periods. Despite the region's long-standing and strong connection to the sea, maritime archaeology remains a peripheral, but growing, branch of archaeology in Libya. This paper aims to provide an overview of the maritime projects that have been carried out in Cyrenaica in the past. Furthermore, it will highlight the main threats and damages that coastal heritage faces today and will provide some suggestions on how the discipline could develop in the future. The Cyrenaica Coastal Survey (CCS), a collaboration between the Maritime Endangered Archaeology (MarEA) project and the Department of Antiquities (DoA), Libya, will serve as a case study of an ongoing project that documents and assesses the condition of sites along the Cyrenaican coast between Tocra and Apollonia.
{"title":"Coastal and maritime archaeology in Cyrenaica, Libya: history, developments, site identification and challenges","authors":"Ahmad Emrage, Julia Nikolaus","doi":"10.1017/lis.2023.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/lis.2023.12","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The coastline of Cyrenaica, Libya, is rich in cultural heritage dating from prehistory to the modern periods. Despite the region's long-standing and strong connection to the sea, maritime archaeology remains a peripheral, but growing, branch of archaeology in Libya. This paper aims to provide an overview of the maritime projects that have been carried out in Cyrenaica in the past. Furthermore, it will highlight the main threats and damages that coastal heritage faces today and will provide some suggestions on how the discipline could develop in the future. The Cyrenaica Coastal Survey (CCS), a collaboration between the Maritime Endangered Archaeology (MarEA) project and the Department of Antiquities (DoA), Libya, will serve as a case study of an ongoing project that documents and assesses the condition of sites along the Cyrenaican coast between Tocra and Apollonia.","PeriodicalId":40059,"journal":{"name":"Libyan Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41915437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roman remains were discovered by chance at Saf-Saf Lakhdara in the Chott Chergui (Algeria). This article attempts to demonstrate that these ruins are part of a Roman fortification in the south of Caesarian Mauretania, far from the Severan limes, the course of which has been confirmed by numerous archaeologists. A historical-comparative study has been carried out to confirm that the ruins of Saf-Saf Lakhdar are those of a castellum. The corpus of graphic and photographic records and the ‘Khnag ‘Azzir’ inscription, combined with theoretical sources on Roman defensive architecture, confirmed that the fortifications at Saf-Saf Lakhdar were part of a castellum. The ‘Khnag ‘Azzir’ inscription revealed three main facts: it is dedicated to deities to commemorate the victory over the Berber tribes of the Saharan Atlas; it mentions Caius Octavius Pudens, who was procurator during the reign of the emperor Septimius Severus; and it mentions the conflicts between Rome and the Bavarians, a tribe from the ancient Maghreb. We urgently need to protect the site and carry out excavations in the hope of finding pottery or other objects that could shed light on and support this discovery.
罗马遗骸是在Chott Chergui（阿尔及利亚）的Saf Saf Lakhdara偶然发现的。这篇文章试图证明这些废墟是凯撒毛雷塔尼亚南部一座罗马防御工事的一部分，该防御工事远离塞维兰石灰岩，其过程已被众多考古学家证实。进行了一项历史比较研究，以确认萨夫-萨夫-拉赫达尔的废墟是卡斯特勒姆的废墟。图形和照片记录以及“Khnag”Azzir铭文，结合罗马防御建筑的理论来源，证实了Saf Saf Lakhdar的防御工事是城堡的一部分。“Khnag”Azzir铭文揭示了三个主要事实：它是献给神的，以纪念战胜撒哈拉阿特拉斯的柏柏尔部落；它提到了Caius Octavius Pudens，他在塞普蒂米乌斯·塞维鲁皇帝统治期间担任检察官；它还提到了罗马和巴伐利亚人之间的冲突，巴伐利亚人是古代马格里布的一个部落。我们迫切需要保护该遗址并进行挖掘，希望找到能够揭示和支持这一发现的陶器或其他物品。
{"title":"A Roman castellum at Chott Chergui (Algeria)","authors":"M. Djeradi","doi":"10.1017/lis.2023.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/lis.2023.15","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Roman remains were discovered by chance at Saf-Saf Lakhdara in the Chott Chergui (Algeria). This article attempts to demonstrate that these ruins are part of a Roman fortification in the south of Caesarian Mauretania, far from the Severan limes, the course of which has been confirmed by numerous archaeologists. A historical-comparative study has been carried out to confirm that the ruins of Saf-Saf Lakhdar are those of a castellum. The corpus of graphic and photographic records and the ‘Khnag ‘Azzir’ inscription, combined with theoretical sources on Roman defensive architecture, confirmed that the fortifications at Saf-Saf Lakhdar were part of a castellum. The ‘Khnag ‘Azzir’ inscription revealed three main facts: it is dedicated to deities to commemorate the victory over the Berber tribes of the Saharan Atlas; it mentions Caius Octavius Pudens, who was procurator during the reign of the emperor Septimius Severus; and it mentions the conflicts between Rome and the Bavarians, a tribe from the ancient Maghreb. We urgently need to protect the site and carry out excavations in the hope of finding pottery or other objects that could shed light on and support this discovery.","PeriodicalId":40059,"journal":{"name":"Libyan Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47250307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Archaeological research conducted in Morocco over the last two decades has revealed a wealth of diachronic maritime cultural heritage resources, under water and in the coastal zone. However, observation and study has revealed that natural and anthropogenic threats are impacting these resources. Given the challenges to managing maritime cultural heritage (MCH) resources in a country with such an extensive coastline and limited human managerial resources, the national heritage agency and external research institutions have developed methodologies that in part aim at mitigating these threats. This development is illustrated through three projects, briefly outlined here: the Oued Loukkos Survey, the CBDAMM Project and the MarEA Project. These projects incorporate approaches that have been tailored to the Moroccan context, considering the type of resources, the extent of the coastline, types of threats, legislation, and people and institutions involved. In conclusion, this article stresses that an interdisciplinary methodological approach to documentation is necessary in order to inform successful mitigation strategies and to plan for future interventions of MCH.
{"title":"Maritime cultural heritage in Morocco: context and perspectives","authors":"Athena Trakadas, Azzedine Karra","doi":"10.1017/lis.2023.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/lis.2023.10","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Archaeological research conducted in Morocco over the last two decades has revealed a wealth of diachronic maritime cultural heritage resources, under water and in the coastal zone. However, observation and study has revealed that natural and anthropogenic threats are impacting these resources. Given the challenges to managing maritime cultural heritage (MCH) resources in a country with such an extensive coastline and limited human managerial resources, the national heritage agency and external research institutions have developed methodologies that in part aim at mitigating these threats. This development is illustrated through three projects, briefly outlined here: the Oued Loukkos Survey, the CBDAMM Project and the MarEA Project. These projects incorporate approaches that have been tailored to the Moroccan context, considering the type of resources, the extent of the coastline, types of threats, legislation, and people and institutions involved. In conclusion, this article stresses that an interdisciplinary methodological approach to documentation is necessary in order to inform successful mitigation strategies and to plan for future interventions of MCH.","PeriodicalId":40059,"journal":{"name":"Libyan Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42286167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
THE BIR MESSAOUDA BASILICA: PILGRIMAGE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF AN URBAN LANDSCAPE IN SIXTH CENTURY AD CARTHAGE Edited by Richard Miles and Simon Greenslade. Oxbow Books, Oxford and Philadelphia, 2020. ISBN 9781785706806, pp. 397, black and white figs., colour plates. Price: £55.00 (hardback)
{"title":"THE BIR MESSAOUDA BASILICA: PILGRIMAGE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF AN URBAN LANDSCAPE IN SIXTH CENTURY AD CARTHAGE Edited by Richard Miles and Simon Greenslade. Oxbow Books, Oxford and Philadelphia, 2020. ISBN 9781785706806, pp. 397, black and white figs., colour plates. Price: £55.00 (hardback)","authors":"Gareth Sears","doi":"10.1017/lis.2023.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/lis.2023.11","url":null,"abstract":"THE BIR MESSAOUDA BASILICA: PILGRIMAGE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF AN URBAN LANDSCAPE IN SIXTH CENTURY AD CARTHAGE Edited by Richard Miles and Simon Greenslade. Oxbow Books, Oxford and Philadelphia, 2020. ISBN 9781785706806, pp. 397, black and white figs., colour plates. Price: £55.00 (hardback)","PeriodicalId":40059,"journal":{"name":"Libyan Studies","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135671652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper considers the structure and priorities of the Carthaginian state in its imperial endeavours in both North Africa and across the Mediterranean, focusing especially on the well-documented period of the Punic Wars (264–146 BC.). It suggests that Carthaginian constitutional structures, in particular the split between civil shofetim (‘judges’) and military rabbim (‘generals’), impacted the strategic outlook and marginal bellicosity of the city, making it less competitive against its primary peer-rival in the Western Mediterranean, Rome.
{"title":"Generals and judges: command, constitution and the fate of Carthage","authors":"Michael J. Taylor","doi":"10.1017/lis.2023.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/lis.2023.9","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper considers the structure and priorities of the Carthaginian state in its imperial endeavours in both North Africa and across the Mediterranean, focusing especially on the well-documented period of the Punic Wars (264–146 BC.). It suggests that Carthaginian constitutional structures, in particular the split between civil shofetim (‘judges’) and military rabbim (‘generals’), impacted the strategic outlook and marginal bellicosity of the city, making it less competitive against its primary peer-rival in the Western Mediterranean, Rome.","PeriodicalId":40059,"journal":{"name":"Libyan Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47227904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The small finds discovered during the 1948–1951 excavations by Katherine M. Kenyon and John B. Ward-Perkins at Sabratha were scattered after the 1950s and have taken some time to be re-assembled. The following report on the small objects includes material in silver, copper alloy, iron, lead, glass, semiprecious stones, clay and stone, with a separate report on the substantial bone artefact assemblage. As well as providing the basic data on the objects, some of which are unique to Roman Libya, efforts have been made to put them into their Empire-wide context.
{"title":"Excavations at Sabratha, 1948–1951: the small finds","authors":"L. Allason-Jones, S. Greep","doi":"10.1017/lis.2023.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/lis.2023.3","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The small finds discovered during the 1948–1951 excavations by Katherine M. Kenyon and John B. Ward-Perkins at Sabratha were scattered after the 1950s and have taken some time to be re-assembled. The following report on the small objects includes material in silver, copper alloy, iron, lead, glass, semiprecious stones, clay and stone, with a separate report on the substantial bone artefact assemblage. As well as providing the basic data on the objects, some of which are unique to Roman Libya, efforts have been made to put them into their Empire-wide context.","PeriodicalId":40059,"journal":{"name":"Libyan Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45312654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increasing pressure – such as from conflict, climate change and urbanisation – on maritime cultural heritage in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) led to the establishment of the Maritime Endangered Archaeology (MarEA) Project in 2019. This five-year programme aims to assess rapidly and comprehensively the vulnerability of maritime and coastal heritage in the MENA region and assist in its management in the face of the aforementioned challenges. The two case studies discussed in this article highlight some of the main aspects of MarEA's current work in North Africa by focusing on two different aspects of the methodological approach used: first, the generalised but comprehensive damage and threat assessment, as applied to all sites, and demonstrated for the historic port of Suakin (Sudan); second, site-specific shoreline change assessment for the purpose of assessing the impact of coastal erosion, as demonstrated for the World Heritage Site of Sabratha (Libya).
{"title":"Endangered maritime archaeology in North Africa – the MarEA Project","authors":"Julia Nikolaus, Kieran Westley, C. Breen","doi":"10.1017/lis.2023.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/lis.2023.4","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Increasing pressure – such as from conflict, climate change and urbanisation – on maritime cultural heritage in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) led to the establishment of the Maritime Endangered Archaeology (MarEA) Project in 2019. This five-year programme aims to assess rapidly and comprehensively the vulnerability of maritime and coastal heritage in the MENA region and assist in its management in the face of the aforementioned challenges. The two case studies discussed in this article highlight some of the main aspects of MarEA's current work in North Africa by focusing on two different aspects of the methodological approach used: first, the generalised but comprehensive damage and threat assessment, as applied to all sites, and demonstrated for the historic port of Suakin (Sudan); second, site-specific shoreline change assessment for the purpose of assessing the impact of coastal erosion, as demonstrated for the World Heritage Site of Sabratha (Libya).","PeriodicalId":40059,"journal":{"name":"Libyan Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47237398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How is the white researcher perceived by the border apparatus? What does this interaction say about the border itself? Ethnographic research has framed such questions as a debate on ‘insiders’ and ‘outsiders’ in fieldwork. This is problematic, as it assumes that a researcher can really be ‘external’ to the social worlds they investigate, as if the field site existed in isolation from transnational processes of racialised extraction. This paper challenges such an assumption by arguing that the white researcher cannot be an ‘outsider’ to the North African border: they approach it as the beneficiaries of a system of colonial and capital extractivism that feeds itself through migration control. I build on Ahmed's work on white phenomenology to analyse how various border workers perceived, made sense of and reacted to my presence as a white European woman at three different sites on the Spanish–Moroccan border. I argue that the white researcher is an expected presence at the border, as the accumulated history of (post)colonial encounters leads them where others have been before. Although whiteness opens doors, only a certain kind of performed whiteness remains welcome in the borderscape. The white researcher who appears not to be aligning with or supporting the premises of migration control is perceived by border workers as a potentially disruptive presence, and contained in different ways.
{"title":"Looking into the border. Whiteness, (un)desirable encounters and research containment at the Spanish–Moroccan border","authors":"Lorena Gazzotti","doi":"10.1017/lis.2023.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/lis.2023.8","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 How is the white researcher perceived by the border apparatus? What does this interaction say about the border itself? Ethnographic research has framed such questions as a debate on ‘insiders’ and ‘outsiders’ in fieldwork. This is problematic, as it assumes that a researcher can really be ‘external’ to the social worlds they investigate, as if the field site existed in isolation from transnational processes of racialised extraction. This paper challenges such an assumption by arguing that the white researcher cannot be an ‘outsider’ to the North African border: they approach it as the beneficiaries of a system of colonial and capital extractivism that feeds itself through migration control. I build on Ahmed's work on white phenomenology to analyse how various border workers perceived, made sense of and reacted to my presence as a white European woman at three different sites on the Spanish–Moroccan border. I argue that the white researcher is an expected presence at the border, as the accumulated history of (post)colonial encounters leads them where others have been before. Although whiteness opens doors, only a certain kind of performed whiteness remains welcome in the borderscape. The white researcher who appears not to be aligning with or supporting the premises of migration control is perceived by border workers as a potentially disruptive presence, and contained in different ways.","PeriodicalId":40059,"journal":{"name":"Libyan Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47616416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ATLANTE DEGLI STAMPI SU SIGILLATA AFRICANA. TIPOLOGIA, PRODUZIONE, CIRCOLAZIONE By Viviana Cardarelli. MACAM – Material Culture through Ancient and Modern Mediterranean, 1. Edizioni Quasar, Rome, 2022. ISBN 9788854912700, ISBN 9788854912885, pp. 584. Price: €60.00 (paperback) and €42.00 (pdf)","authors":"Philip Kenrick","doi":"10.1017/lis.2023.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/lis.2023.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40059,"journal":{"name":"Libyan Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46852096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LE DÉTROIT DE GIBRALTAR (ANTIQUITÉ – MOYEN ÂGE). II, ESPACES ET FIGURES DE POUVOIR Edited by Gwladys Bernard and Aurélien Montel. Collection de la Casa de Velázquez, 191, Casa de Velázquez, Madrid, 2022. ISBN 9788490963647, pp. 37. Price: €33.00 (paperback) and €18.99 (e-book)
{"title":"LE DÉTROIT DE GIBRALTAR (ANTIQUITÉ – MOYEN ÂGE). II, ESPACES ET FIGURES DE POUVOIR Edited by Gwladys Bernard and Aurélien Montel. <i>Collection de la Casa de Velázquez, 191, Casa de Velázquez, Madrid</i>, 2022. ISBN 9788490963647, pp. 37. Price: €33.00 (paperback) and €18.99 (e-book)","authors":"Elizabeth Fentress","doi":"10.1017/lis.2023.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/lis.2023.1","url":null,"abstract":"LE DÉTROIT DE GIBRALTAR (ANTIQUITÉ – MOYEN ÂGE). II, ESPACES ET FIGURES DE POUVOIR Edited by Gwladys Bernard and Aurélien Montel. Collection de la Casa de Velázquez, 191, Casa de Velázquez, Madrid, 2022. ISBN 9788490963647, pp. 37. Price: €33.00 (paperback) and €18.99 (e-book)","PeriodicalId":40059,"journal":{"name":"Libyan Studies","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134993981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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