Pub Date : 2023-05-24DOI: 10.1177/07340168231175444
Shannon J. Linning, J. Eck
For over a century, a small network of scholars, extending from the University of Chicago, shaped community criminology research. Drawing on human ecology, they argued that poor structural factors—poverty, ethnic heterogeneity, population mobility—cause crime. As this network studied crime in neighborhoods, another network changed neighborhoods. This other network also assumed structural factors were important, but its members developed policies and practices to alter them. This other network, also influenced by human ecology, was composed of real estate researchers. Historical records show that the two networks are connected. These connections raise the possibility of a self-fulfilling prophecy. The implications of the prophecy are that the correlations between structural factors and crime may be spurious. We show that real estate practices shaped structural factors. But the structural factors may not drive crime. Instead, real estate practices may have shaped crime opportunities through place management thus driving crime. This has serious implications for community criminology research. This theoretical paper lays out the historical evidence for this conjecture.
{"title":"Race-Based Real Estate Practices and Spuriousness in Community Criminology: Was the Chicago School Part of a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?","authors":"Shannon J. Linning, J. Eck","doi":"10.1177/07340168231175444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168231175444","url":null,"abstract":"For over a century, a small network of scholars, extending from the University of Chicago, shaped community criminology research. Drawing on human ecology, they argued that poor structural factors—poverty, ethnic heterogeneity, population mobility—cause crime. As this network studied crime in neighborhoods, another network changed neighborhoods. This other network also assumed structural factors were important, but its members developed policies and practices to alter them. This other network, also influenced by human ecology, was composed of real estate researchers. Historical records show that the two networks are connected. These connections raise the possibility of a self-fulfilling prophecy. The implications of the prophecy are that the correlations between structural factors and crime may be spurious. We show that real estate practices shaped structural factors. But the structural factors may not drive crime. Instead, real estate practices may have shaped crime opportunities through place management thus driving crime. This has serious implications for community criminology research. This theoretical paper lays out the historical evidence for this conjecture.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41896393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-22DOI: 10.1177/07340168231177406
Onwubiko Agozino
{"title":"Book Review: America, goddam: Violence, black women, and the struggle for justice by Lindsey, T.B.","authors":"Onwubiko Agozino","doi":"10.1177/07340168231177406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168231177406","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41846019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.1177/07340168231170335
Amber Wilson
Spanning over two decades, this systematic review includes 35 studies that focus explicitly on probation and parole revocations in the United States. Findings reveal that studies vary in their operationalization of “revocation” and that researchers have depended primarily on quantitative monomethod approaches to study revocations. Studies suggest that revocations are contributing to incarceration rates, although the extent to which this occurs is not clear. Violation trends show that the accumulation of technical violations, especially ongoing program and treatment noncompliance, contributes to revocation outcomes. Probation/parole client sociodemographic characteristics, such as race, ethnicity, and sex, are differentially associated with supervision outcomes, and these characteristics often work distinctly and in tandem to impact revocation trends. Research implications include providing clear and consistent measurements of revocation outcomes and engaging in more diverse research methodologies. Policy implications focus on empirically evaluating structured decision-making instruments and implementing more extensive reentry programs, especially those focused on employment.
{"title":"Probation and Parole Revocations: Reviewing Over Two Decades of Revocation Decisions in the United States","authors":"Amber Wilson","doi":"10.1177/07340168231170335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168231170335","url":null,"abstract":"Spanning over two decades, this systematic review includes 35 studies that focus explicitly on probation and parole revocations in the United States. Findings reveal that studies vary in their operationalization of “revocation” and that researchers have depended primarily on quantitative monomethod approaches to study revocations. Studies suggest that revocations are contributing to incarceration rates, although the extent to which this occurs is not clear. Violation trends show that the accumulation of technical violations, especially ongoing program and treatment noncompliance, contributes to revocation outcomes. Probation/parole client sociodemographic characteristics, such as race, ethnicity, and sex, are differentially associated with supervision outcomes, and these characteristics often work distinctly and in tandem to impact revocation trends. Research implications include providing clear and consistent measurements of revocation outcomes and engaging in more diverse research methodologies. Policy implications focus on empirically evaluating structured decision-making instruments and implementing more extensive reentry programs, especially those focused on employment.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49479441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-17DOI: 10.1177/07340168231170309
J. David
{"title":"Book Review: Unreasonable: Black lives, police power, and the Fourth Amendment by Devon W. Carbado","authors":"J. David","doi":"10.1177/07340168231170309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168231170309","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45386006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-16DOI: 10.1177/07340168231169764
M. P. West, Logan A. Yelderman
At the sentencing phase of modern capital trials, the jury endorses and weighs aggravators against mitigators to determine the appropriate sentence. We present a “dual process” theory of capital sentencing decisions that might explain how and why certain aggravators “tip the scales” toward a death sentence. Sentencing standards provide a rational framework for deciding whether a defendant should live or die, but within this framework there is room for moral intuition, specifically in the weighing of aggravators and mitigators. Certain aggravators might trigger moral intuition and emotion, and, in turn, justify a death sentence when there is substantial mitigation. We conduct a case study of cases that resulted in a death sentence in Nevada, 1976–2016. Aggravators like sexual assault, a child victim, and multiple murders were more likely to be endorsed in cases where there were more, or an equal number of, mitigators and aggravators. We highlight particularly illustrative cases.
{"title":"Tipping the Scales Toward Death: Why Some Aggravators Weigh More Than Others","authors":"M. P. West, Logan A. Yelderman","doi":"10.1177/07340168231169764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168231169764","url":null,"abstract":"At the sentencing phase of modern capital trials, the jury endorses and weighs aggravators against mitigators to determine the appropriate sentence. We present a “dual process” theory of capital sentencing decisions that might explain how and why certain aggravators “tip the scales” toward a death sentence. Sentencing standards provide a rational framework for deciding whether a defendant should live or die, but within this framework there is room for moral intuition, specifically in the weighing of aggravators and mitigators. Certain aggravators might trigger moral intuition and emotion, and, in turn, justify a death sentence when there is substantial mitigation. We conduct a case study of cases that resulted in a death sentence in Nevada, 1976–2016. Aggravators like sexual assault, a child victim, and multiple murders were more likely to be endorsed in cases where there were more, or an equal number of, mitigators and aggravators. We highlight particularly illustrative cases.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42379148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-09DOI: 10.1177/07340168231166748
Rising temperatures and severe heat, as a result of climate change, have led to a significant number of heat-related deaths and injuries among correctional populations in the United States. This article analyzes cases from the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals in which inmates challenged the constitutionality of their conditions of confinement in extremely hot facilities pursuant Title 42 U.S. Code Section 1983. An inductive analysis of caselaw revealed two themes: inmates with heat-sensitive health conditions and reasonable staff responses to inmate's heat exposure. The article concludes by offering policy guidance to prison officials based on the themes revealed in the circuit court decisions and by providing recommendations for future research.
{"title":"Inmates with Heat-Sensitive Health Conditions: Surveying Prisoner Litigation in the Age of Climate Change","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/07340168231166748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168231166748","url":null,"abstract":"Rising temperatures and severe heat, as a result of climate change, have led to a significant number of heat-related deaths and injuries among correctional populations in the United States. This article analyzes cases from the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals in which inmates challenged the constitutionality of their conditions of confinement in extremely hot facilities pursuant Title 42 U.S. Code Section 1983. An inductive analysis of caselaw revealed two themes: inmates with heat-sensitive health conditions and reasonable staff responses to inmate's heat exposure. The article concludes by offering policy guidance to prison officials based on the themes revealed in the circuit court decisions and by providing recommendations for future research.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42722039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-06DOI: 10.1177/07340168231168136
Sarah Britto
{"title":"Book Review: Social Problems and Social Control in Criminal Justice by Stacy Burns and Mark Peyrot","authors":"Sarah Britto","doi":"10.1177/07340168231168136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168231168136","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46057939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-06DOI: 10.1177/07340168231165051
Aislinn Wallace
{"title":"Book Review: Pastels and Pedophiles: Inside the Mind of QAnon by Mia Bloom and Sophia Moskalenko","authors":"Aislinn Wallace","doi":"10.1177/07340168231165051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168231165051","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43136854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-23DOI: 10.1177/15269248231160602
{"title":"Criminal Justice ReviewBooks Received Nov 22- Jan 2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/15269248231160602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15269248231160602","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":"48 1","pages":"272 - 272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43960864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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