Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.1177/07340168221123238
H. E. Williams
Norman's human action theory and Reason's human error theory provide frameworks to analyze and to understand weapon confusion wherein a police officer mistakenly draws and discharges a firearm rather than a stated intent of deploying a TASER CEW. Review of publicly available information culminated in qualitative analysis of 20 TASER CEW/firearm confusion shootings that revealed evidence of capture error and action execution slips. Although changes in policy and training have not eliminated such errors, there is evidence they might have had some success in reducing the frequency. Systematic and simultaneous changes in weapon design, policies, training, and procedures might be necessary to reduce or eliminate weapon confusion but must be carefully assessed to avoid negative unintended consequences.
{"title":"Weapon Confusion: TASER CEWs, Firearms, and Human Error Theories","authors":"H. E. Williams","doi":"10.1177/07340168221123238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221123238","url":null,"abstract":"Norman's human action theory and Reason's human error theory provide frameworks to analyze and to understand weapon confusion wherein a police officer mistakenly draws and discharges a firearm rather than a stated intent of deploying a TASER CEW. Review of publicly available information culminated in qualitative analysis of 20 TASER CEW/firearm confusion shootings that revealed evidence of capture error and action execution slips. Although changes in policy and training have not eliminated such errors, there is evidence they might have had some success in reducing the frequency. Systematic and simultaneous changes in weapon design, policies, training, and procedures might be necessary to reduce or eliminate weapon confusion but must be carefully assessed to avoid negative unintended consequences.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48451879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.1177/07340168221115407
M. Beeble, Adrienne E Adams, Kyungsook Lee
This study explored situational-, community-, and state policy-level factors associated with arrest in incidents involving violence among heterosexual couples. We employed 3-level regression models with Bayesian estimation to determine factors that influence female-only arrest, male-only arrest, and dual arrest, compared to incidents resulting in no arrest. At the situational level, differences by offense type were seen. The odds of a male’s arrest were significantly higher across all offense types, except for sexual assault, larceny, and fraud. The odds of a female partner's arrest were significantly higher across all offenses except larceny, robbery, and fraud. The odds of dual arrest were significantly higher in incidents involving simple assault, aggravated assault, intimidation, but not sexual assault, kidnapping, property crime, larceny, and robbery. The odds of arrest were higher across the board among incidents involving a victim injury, a weapon, mutual violence, and perpetrator substance use. At the community level, few factors were related to arrest. At the state policy level, mandatory arrest statutes increased the odds of a single arrest in comparison to jurisdictions with officer discretion, regardless of perpetrator sex, but had no impact on dual arrest. Primary aggressor policies were unrelated to arrest outcomes. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
{"title":"Situational, Community, and State Policy-Level Factors Associated with Arrest in Incidents of Intimate Partner Violence","authors":"M. Beeble, Adrienne E Adams, Kyungsook Lee","doi":"10.1177/07340168221115407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221115407","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored situational-, community-, and state policy-level factors associated with arrest in incidents involving violence among heterosexual couples. We employed 3-level regression models with Bayesian estimation to determine factors that influence female-only arrest, male-only arrest, and dual arrest, compared to incidents resulting in no arrest. At the situational level, differences by offense type were seen. The odds of a male’s arrest were significantly higher across all offense types, except for sexual assault, larceny, and fraud. The odds of a female partner's arrest were significantly higher across all offenses except larceny, robbery, and fraud. The odds of dual arrest were significantly higher in incidents involving simple assault, aggravated assault, intimidation, but not sexual assault, kidnapping, property crime, larceny, and robbery. The odds of arrest were higher across the board among incidents involving a victim injury, a weapon, mutual violence, and perpetrator substance use. At the community level, few factors were related to arrest. At the state policy level, mandatory arrest statutes increased the odds of a single arrest in comparison to jurisdictions with officer discretion, regardless of perpetrator sex, but had no impact on dual arrest. Primary aggressor policies were unrelated to arrest outcomes. Implications for research and practice are discussed.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":"48 1","pages":"377 - 402"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42931336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-17DOI: 10.1177/07340168221121308
Christian L. Bolden
{"title":"Book Review: Alt-Right Gangs: A Hazy Shade of White by Reed, Shannon E., and Valasik, Matthew","authors":"Christian L. Bolden","doi":"10.1177/07340168221121308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221121308","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49586808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-17DOI: 10.1177/07340168221121317
A. Copenhaver
{"title":"Book Review: Stratified policing: An organizational model for proactive crime reduction and accountability by Santos, R., & Santos, R.","authors":"A. Copenhaver","doi":"10.1177/07340168221121317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221121317","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43902783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-17DOI: 10.1177/07340168221121311
R. Aspholm
{"title":"Book Review: Gangs on trial: Challenging stereotypes and demonization in the courts by J. M. Hagedorn","authors":"R. Aspholm","doi":"10.1177/07340168221121311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221121311","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43125554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-28DOI: 10.1177/07340168221117107
M. Rocque, Madison Gerdes, J. Fox, G. Duwe, Madeline Clark
Scholarship on mass public shootings has increased in recent years as comprehensive datasets have become more available. As a result, much is known about the contextual and offender related characteristics of such attacks. However, less research has been conducted on attacks that were planned but ultimately did not occur. Understanding how mass public shootings may be thwarted or averted is important for both policy and theoretical reasons. In this paper, we describe a new dataset of averted mass public shooting threats (N = 194) from 2000–2019 and compare them to mass public shootings that were completed during this time (N = 97). Several noteworthy findings emerged, including that nearly half of the averted cases were reported by a friend or acquaintance, most targeted a specific location or group, and averted cases were more likely to involve school targets and co-offenders. Implications are discussed.
{"title":"Averting Tragedy: An Exploration of Thwarted Mass Public Shootings Relative to Completed Attacks","authors":"M. Rocque, Madison Gerdes, J. Fox, G. Duwe, Madeline Clark","doi":"10.1177/07340168221117107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221117107","url":null,"abstract":"Scholarship on mass public shootings has increased in recent years as comprehensive datasets have become more available. As a result, much is known about the contextual and offender related characteristics of such attacks. However, less research has been conducted on attacks that were planned but ultimately did not occur. Understanding how mass public shootings may be thwarted or averted is important for both policy and theoretical reasons. In this paper, we describe a new dataset of averted mass public shooting threats (N = 194) from 2000–2019 and compare them to mass public shootings that were completed during this time (N = 97). Several noteworthy findings emerged, including that nearly half of the averted cases were reported by a friend or acquaintance, most targeted a specific location or group, and averted cases were more likely to involve school targets and co-offenders. Implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":"48 1","pages":"277 - 299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47459006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-27DOI: 10.1177/07340168221117109
Ellen A. Donnelly, Chenesia L. Brown, Allison S McBride, L. Beletsky, T. Anderson
Rising rates of opioid use disorder, overdoses, and opioid-related criminal offenses have prompted U.S. law enforcement agencies to adopt alternatives to arrest and formal criminal processing. Police departments frequently implement treatment referral programs and claim an affiliation with the Police Assisted Addiction and Recovery Initiative (PAARI). Although expanding to hundreds of agencies, PAARI efforts may not be equally distributed across communities, raising concerns about access to non-arrest diversion and increasing disparities in the criminal processing of drug-related offenses. This study compares the characteristics and geographic placement of law enforcement agencies with and without PAARI programs in 29 states. Law enforcement agencies situated in communities with lower rates of poverty and smaller Black populations have lower odds of having a PAARI program. Agencies based in counties with more overdose deaths and greater unmet treatment needs have increased odds of deflection programing. This placement of PAARI programs reflects broader inequalities in criminal justice and health. More advantaged, predominantly white communities benefit from diversionary programs while fewer alternatives to formal criminal processing exist for lower-income areas and communities of color. Additional research should explore these growing disparities in the deployment of law enforcement-based treatment referral programs and their consequences on drug law enforcement.
{"title":"Emerging Disparities in the Placement of Law Enforcement-Based Treatment Referral and Recovery Programs","authors":"Ellen A. Donnelly, Chenesia L. Brown, Allison S McBride, L. Beletsky, T. Anderson","doi":"10.1177/07340168221117109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221117109","url":null,"abstract":"Rising rates of opioid use disorder, overdoses, and opioid-related criminal offenses have prompted U.S. law enforcement agencies to adopt alternatives to arrest and formal criminal processing. Police departments frequently implement treatment referral programs and claim an affiliation with the Police Assisted Addiction and Recovery Initiative (PAARI). Although expanding to hundreds of agencies, PAARI efforts may not be equally distributed across communities, raising concerns about access to non-arrest diversion and increasing disparities in the criminal processing of drug-related offenses. This study compares the characteristics and geographic placement of law enforcement agencies with and without PAARI programs in 29 states. Law enforcement agencies situated in communities with lower rates of poverty and smaller Black populations have lower odds of having a PAARI program. Agencies based in counties with more overdose deaths and greater unmet treatment needs have increased odds of deflection programing. This placement of PAARI programs reflects broader inequalities in criminal justice and health. More advantaged, predominantly white communities benefit from diversionary programs while fewer alternatives to formal criminal processing exist for lower-income areas and communities of color. Additional research should explore these growing disparities in the deployment of law enforcement-based treatment referral programs and their consequences on drug law enforcement.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":"48 1","pages":"359 - 376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47088440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-27DOI: 10.1177/07340168221117108
Riane M. Bolin, B. Applegate
Despite fundamental distinctions between the ideals of juvenile and criminal justice, little research has sought to establish the extent to which juvenile probation and parole officers’ orientations differ from those of their adult counterparts. Further, of the few studies that have explored this area of study, none have examined the role that organizational context may play in predicting professional orientation. Thus, this study aims to fill the gap in the literature by utilizing a sample of probation and parole officers drawn from three different types of agencies: juvenile-only supervision, adult-only supervision, and combined supervision. The results show that the system within which officers work is associated with professional orientation. Distinctions, however, are not as large or consistent as would be expected from strict adherence to the traditional ideals of the juvenile justice system versus the criminal justice system. The implications of these findings are discussed.
{"title":"In the Best Interests of the Child? Distinctions Between the Professional Orientations of Juvenile and Adult Probation and Parole Officers","authors":"Riane M. Bolin, B. Applegate","doi":"10.1177/07340168221117108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221117108","url":null,"abstract":"Despite fundamental distinctions between the ideals of juvenile and criminal justice, little research has sought to establish the extent to which juvenile probation and parole officers’ orientations differ from those of their adult counterparts. Further, of the few studies that have explored this area of study, none have examined the role that organizational context may play in predicting professional orientation. Thus, this study aims to fill the gap in the literature by utilizing a sample of probation and parole officers drawn from three different types of agencies: juvenile-only supervision, adult-only supervision, and combined supervision. The results show that the system within which officers work is associated with professional orientation. Distinctions, however, are not as large or consistent as would be expected from strict adherence to the traditional ideals of the juvenile justice system versus the criminal justice system. The implications of these findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":"48 1","pages":"339 - 358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42873863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25DOI: 10.1177/07340168221113352
M. Almanza, Makayla Mason, C. Melde
Since the 1990s there has been a significant rise in the number of police officers in schools. There have been growing concerns regarding the effects of school resource officers (SRO) on students’ long-term outcomes and whether or not they are an effective aspect of school safety. Public opinion, especially among key stakeholder groups, impacts policy and practice decisions, and, therefore, there is a need to examine and synthesize the current state of the literature on stakeholder perceptions of SROs. We conducted a systematic review of the literature regarding student, teacher, principal, parent, and SRO perceptions of the role and effectiveness of SROs. The findings across thirty-one publications suggest that key stakeholder groups largely report SROs as a positive presence within schools. Findings are mixed across studies, however, and key differences in perceptions of law enforcement among important school stakeholder populations are discussed.
{"title":"Perceptions of School Resource Officers: Protectors or Prosecutors?","authors":"M. Almanza, Makayla Mason, C. Melde","doi":"10.1177/07340168221113352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221113352","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 1990s there has been a significant rise in the number of police officers in schools. There have been growing concerns regarding the effects of school resource officers (SRO) on students’ long-term outcomes and whether or not they are an effective aspect of school safety. Public opinion, especially among key stakeholder groups, impacts policy and practice decisions, and, therefore, there is a need to examine and synthesize the current state of the literature on stakeholder perceptions of SROs. We conducted a systematic review of the literature regarding student, teacher, principal, parent, and SRO perceptions of the role and effectiveness of SROs. The findings across thirty-one publications suggest that key stakeholder groups largely report SROs as a positive presence within schools. Findings are mixed across studies, however, and key differences in perceptions of law enforcement among important school stakeholder populations are discussed.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":"48 1","pages":"318 - 338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41627955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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