Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1177/07340168221136174
Sydney Flonnoy
{"title":"Book Review: Vice Patrol: Cops, courts, and the struggle over urban gay life before Stonewall by Lvovsky, A.","authors":"Sydney Flonnoy","doi":"10.1177/07340168221136174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221136174","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41397294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-11DOI: 10.1177/07340168221131800
Craig Hemmens, Arifa Raza, H. Mellinger
In this paper, we review and analyze the criminal justice-related decisions of the 2021 term of the United States Supreme Court. We also provide a summary of the Court's voting patterns and opinion authorship. 18 of the Court's 58 decisions touched on criminal justice. There were significant decisions involving the Second Amendment, the Eighth Amendment, and federal criminal statutes. Each of these is discussed in turn.
{"title":"Recent Legal Developments: Criminal Justice Decisions of the United States Supreme Court, 2021 Term","authors":"Craig Hemmens, Arifa Raza, H. Mellinger","doi":"10.1177/07340168221131800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221131800","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we review and analyze the criminal justice-related decisions of the 2021 term of the United States Supreme Court. We also provide a summary of the Court's voting patterns and opinion authorship. 18 of the Court's 58 decisions touched on criminal justice. There were significant decisions involving the Second Amendment, the Eighth Amendment, and federal criminal statutes. Each of these is discussed in turn.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":"48 1","pages":"106 - 127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48147838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-11DOI: 10.1177/07340168221131379
Lisa A. Kort-Butler
Prior scholarship links ontological insecurities, racial tensions, and health issues to public opinion about crime. This project examined these forces in the context of the 2020 pandemic, racial justice demonstrations, and politics using data from the Nebraska 2020 survey (N = 2775). Pandemic-related insecurities and racial animus were associated with avoiding places in the community, worry about crime, and the belief that police in one's community are underfunded. Trusting politicians but distrusting health leaders, and viewing COVID as an economic threat but not a health threat were associated with the belief police are underfunded. Results suggest that the politicization of the pandemic may influence support for criminal justice policies that promise a return to “law and order.”
{"title":"Pandemic, Politics, and Public Opinion About Crime","authors":"Lisa A. Kort-Butler","doi":"10.1177/07340168221131379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221131379","url":null,"abstract":"Prior scholarship links ontological insecurities, racial tensions, and health issues to public opinion about crime. This project examined these forces in the context of the 2020 pandemic, racial justice demonstrations, and politics using data from the Nebraska 2020 survey (N = 2775). Pandemic-related insecurities and racial animus were associated with avoiding places in the community, worry about crime, and the belief that police in one's community are underfunded. Trusting politicians but distrusting health leaders, and viewing COVID as an economic threat but not a health threat were associated with the belief police are underfunded. Results suggest that the politicization of the pandemic may influence support for criminal justice policies that promise a return to “law and order.”","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48377184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-06DOI: 10.1177/07340168221121310
Rick Ruddell, C. O’Connor, Stuart John Wilson
Juveniles contribute to crime in natural resource-based boom communities, but there has been very little research examining the extent of their involvement. To respond to this gap in the literature, two indicators of youth arrests and court referrals in North Dakota—the state hardest hit by the 2000s oil boom—were examined. Although arrest rates for North Dakota youth were more than two times higher than the national average in 2019, almost three-quarters of them were for minor offenses. In addition, arrest and court referral rates in oil-producing counties were lower than those for non oil-producing counties. When controlling for demographic and economic factors, and county-specific fixed effects in panel analyses from 2011 to 2019, oil production is negatively associated with youth arrest rates, but positively associated with juvenile court referrals. However, oil-producing counties had very strong county-specific fixed effects which on average raised youth arrest and court referral rates. Arrest rates were also positively associated with unemployment rates while median household income was negatively associated with Group B offenses and juvenile court referrals. Implications for future research into the boom-crime relationship are discussed in light of these findings.
{"title":"Oil and Disorder: Youth Crime in North Dakota Boom Communities","authors":"Rick Ruddell, C. O’Connor, Stuart John Wilson","doi":"10.1177/07340168221121310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221121310","url":null,"abstract":"Juveniles contribute to crime in natural resource-based boom communities, but there has been very little research examining the extent of their involvement. To respond to this gap in the literature, two indicators of youth arrests and court referrals in North Dakota—the state hardest hit by the 2000s oil boom—were examined. Although arrest rates for North Dakota youth were more than two times higher than the national average in 2019, almost three-quarters of them were for minor offenses. In addition, arrest and court referral rates in oil-producing counties were lower than those for non oil-producing counties. When controlling for demographic and economic factors, and county-specific fixed effects in panel analyses from 2011 to 2019, oil production is negatively associated with youth arrest rates, but positively associated with juvenile court referrals. However, oil-producing counties had very strong county-specific fixed effects which on average raised youth arrest and court referral rates. Arrest rates were also positively associated with unemployment rates while median household income was negatively associated with Group B offenses and juvenile court referrals. Implications for future research into the boom-crime relationship are discussed in light of these findings.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44523338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1177/07340168221124458
O. N. Robertson, John D. McCluskey, Shakierah S. Smith, Craig D. Uchida
The jury serves as an important reference point for criminal case processing, despite the fact that the majority of cases are disposed of by pleas or dismissals. This research examines the downstream impact of BWC footage on the adjudication process with a particular emphasis on the management of uncertainty. Research involved interviews with prosecutors and defense attorneys in urban counties in California, New York, and Texas. The results indicate that both defense and prosecution anticipate BWC changing approaches to cases and how cases may be negotiated to an outcome. They also report that jurors expect BWC footage, and that it functions as a means to establish case facts and the credibility of police, the defendant and witnesses. Policy implications regarding the introduction of BWC and future directions for research are discussed.
{"title":"Body Cameras and Adjudication: Views of Prosecutors and Public Defenders","authors":"O. N. Robertson, John D. McCluskey, Shakierah S. Smith, Craig D. Uchida","doi":"10.1177/07340168221124458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221124458","url":null,"abstract":"The jury serves as an important reference point for criminal case processing, despite the fact that the majority of cases are disposed of by pleas or dismissals. This research examines the downstream impact of BWC footage on the adjudication process with a particular emphasis on the management of uncertainty. Research involved interviews with prosecutors and defense attorneys in urban counties in California, New York, and Texas. The results indicate that both defense and prosecution anticipate BWC changing approaches to cases and how cases may be negotiated to an outcome. They also report that jurors expect BWC footage, and that it functions as a means to establish case facts and the credibility of police, the defendant and witnesses. Policy implications regarding the introduction of BWC and future directions for research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47059226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-13DOI: 10.1177/07340168221124454
B. Iannacchione, K. Ward
The purpose of this study was to survey a random sample of police departments in Colorado to assess their views on the impact of marijuana legalization in the state. While police perceptions have been used in prior research to assess other topics, very few studies have assessed police perceptions of marijuana legalization. To address this, police officers and sheriff deputies at 64 randomly selected police departments across Colorado were administered surveys that assessed the impact marijuana has had on enforcement and their personal perceptions of marijuana. In addition, qualitative questions were asked to explore these topics in greater detail. The findings of the 131 respondents suggest that most police officers in Colorado are slightly supportive of legalization, but have noted that it has made their job more difficult.
{"title":"The Impact of Marijuana Legalization on Police in Colorado","authors":"B. Iannacchione, K. Ward","doi":"10.1177/07340168221124454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221124454","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to survey a random sample of police departments in Colorado to assess their views on the impact of marijuana legalization in the state. While police perceptions have been used in prior research to assess other topics, very few studies have assessed police perceptions of marijuana legalization. To address this, police officers and sheriff deputies at 64 randomly selected police departments across Colorado were administered surveys that assessed the impact marijuana has had on enforcement and their personal perceptions of marijuana. In addition, qualitative questions were asked to explore these topics in greater detail. The findings of the 131 respondents suggest that most police officers in Colorado are slightly supportive of legalization, but have noted that it has made their job more difficult.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43320844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-13DOI: 10.1177/07340168221124453
K. Alexander Adams
Since the early 1990s, 27 states passed statutes known as “stand your ground laws” to give legal protection to citizens who use lethal force in self-defense, and 8 states have acted as de facto stand your ground states due to court rulings. Proponents of these laws believe they act as a criminal deterrent while opponents say they legitimize vigilantism. The aim of this paper is to determine whether there is a relationship between stand your ground laws and crime. Data from fixed effects and negative binomial regression models from 1980–2018 find no strong relationship between stand your ground laws and crime in either direction. Policy implications are discussed, namely, the primary costs and benefits of these laws are not likely to stem from increases or decreases in crime but rather the legal and ethical consequences of increasing protections for civilians who act in self-defense.
{"title":"No Retreat: The Impact of Stand Your Ground Laws on Violent Crime","authors":"K. Alexander Adams","doi":"10.1177/07340168221124453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221124453","url":null,"abstract":"Since the early 1990s, 27 states passed statutes known as “stand your ground laws” to give legal protection to citizens who use lethal force in self-defense, and 8 states have acted as de facto stand your ground states due to court rulings. Proponents of these laws believe they act as a criminal deterrent while opponents say they legitimize vigilantism. The aim of this paper is to determine whether there is a relationship between stand your ground laws and crime. Data from fixed effects and negative binomial regression models from 1980–2018 find no strong relationship between stand your ground laws and crime in either direction. Policy implications are discussed, namely, the primary costs and benefits of these laws are not likely to stem from increases or decreases in crime but rather the legal and ethical consequences of increasing protections for civilians who act in self-defense.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42117559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-13DOI: 10.1177/07340168221124459
Wendi Pollock, D. Sibila, Durant Frantzen, Fei Luo, Alex del Carmen
The publicized deaths of individuals such as Sandra Bland raise questions about whether, and how, the American criminal justice system should handle individuals who display symptoms of mental illnesses. The current study seeks to establish whether there is a stage in the criminal justice process at which the presence of an indicator of a mental illness represents a particularly high risk of death in custody. Using multilevel logistic regression and data on 10,667 civilian deaths that occurred in the custody of criminal justice agencies across the state of Texas, from January 1st, 2005, through October 30th, 2020, results suggest that indicators of mental illness represent the highest risk of death when an individual is in the custody of police. At later stages in the criminal justice system process, particularly jail and prison, indicators of a mental illness reduce the chances that someone will die in custody. Policy implications are discussed.
{"title":"A Systematic Examination of the Influence of Indicators of Mental Illness on Deaths in the Texas Criminal Justice System","authors":"Wendi Pollock, D. Sibila, Durant Frantzen, Fei Luo, Alex del Carmen","doi":"10.1177/07340168221124459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221124459","url":null,"abstract":"The publicized deaths of individuals such as Sandra Bland raise questions about whether, and how, the American criminal justice system should handle individuals who display symptoms of mental illnesses. The current study seeks to establish whether there is a stage in the criminal justice process at which the presence of an indicator of a mental illness represents a particularly high risk of death in custody. Using multilevel logistic regression and data on 10,667 civilian deaths that occurred in the custody of criminal justice agencies across the state of Texas, from January 1st, 2005, through October 30th, 2020, results suggest that indicators of mental illness represent the highest risk of death when an individual is in the custody of police. At later stages in the criminal justice system process, particularly jail and prison, indicators of a mental illness reduce the chances that someone will die in custody. Policy implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43548877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.1177/07340168221123229
R. Worley, E. Lambert, Vidisha Barua Worley
Many correctional officers who work in close proximity with inmates are at a heightened risk of experiencing feelings of psychological distress. We analyzed 501 surveys collected from correctional officers within the Texas Department of Criminal Justice to identify characteristics of officers who are likely to exhibit signs of depression. Our findings reveal that female officers, as well as officers who work in higher custody levels, are more likely than other officers to report higher levels of depressive symptomatology. We also found that officers who experienced high levels of self-reported job-related stress were more likely to suffer from depression. Officers with attitudes favorable to the mistreatment of inmates also reported higher levels of depression. Officers who perceived their coworkers were engaging in boundary violations were no more or less likely to exhibit signs of depression. Given these findings, we conclude that organizational and supervisory support, coupled with positive incentives and employee assistance programs, may help mitigate the risks of depression for correctional officers, thereby making these salient staff more efficient and effective in the prison workplace.
{"title":"Can’t Shake the Prison Guard Blues: Examining the Effects of Work Stress, Job Satisfaction, Boundary Violations, and the Mistreatment of Inmates on the Depressive Symptomatology of Correctional Officers","authors":"R. Worley, E. Lambert, Vidisha Barua Worley","doi":"10.1177/07340168221123229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221123229","url":null,"abstract":"Many correctional officers who work in close proximity with inmates are at a heightened risk of experiencing feelings of psychological distress. We analyzed 501 surveys collected from correctional officers within the Texas Department of Criminal Justice to identify characteristics of officers who are likely to exhibit signs of depression. Our findings reveal that female officers, as well as officers who work in higher custody levels, are more likely than other officers to report higher levels of depressive symptomatology. We also found that officers who experienced high levels of self-reported job-related stress were more likely to suffer from depression. Officers with attitudes favorable to the mistreatment of inmates also reported higher levels of depression. Officers who perceived their coworkers were engaging in boundary violations were no more or less likely to exhibit signs of depression. Given these findings, we conclude that organizational and supervisory support, coupled with positive incentives and employee assistance programs, may help mitigate the risks of depression for correctional officers, thereby making these salient staff more efficient and effective in the prison workplace.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46117386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-07DOI: 10.1177/07340168221121314
Laura McKendy, R. Ricciardelli
Growing research demonstrates the toll of correctional work on the mental health and well-being of staff. Within this body of work, researchers note that work life conflict is a significant stressor faced by correctional workers, though minimal research has examined this topic qualitatively. Drawing on open-ended survey responses from a study on provincial and territorial correctional worker well-being in Canada, we consider how different types of work life conflict, including time, strain and behavior based conflicts, impact sense of self and social identities among workers. More specifically, we examine how work life conflicts give way to: changes in self tied to negative impacts on personality, disposition, and attitudes; loss of self due to lack of time and emotional energy to enact non-work roles and identities; and loss of social identities as a result of both externally and self-imposed forms of social isolation. Findings highlight how work life conflict can have cumulative effects resulting in estrangement with respect to one's self, others, and society more generally.
{"title":"“This Job has Changed Me”: Work Life Conflict, Self and Social Identity in Correctional Work","authors":"Laura McKendy, R. Ricciardelli","doi":"10.1177/07340168221121314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168221121314","url":null,"abstract":"Growing research demonstrates the toll of correctional work on the mental health and well-being of staff. Within this body of work, researchers note that work life conflict is a significant stressor faced by correctional workers, though minimal research has examined this topic qualitatively. Drawing on open-ended survey responses from a study on provincial and territorial correctional worker well-being in Canada, we consider how different types of work life conflict, including time, strain and behavior based conflicts, impact sense of self and social identities among workers. More specifically, we examine how work life conflicts give way to: changes in self tied to negative impacts on personality, disposition, and attitudes; loss of self due to lack of time and emotional energy to enact non-work roles and identities; and loss of social identities as a result of both externally and self-imposed forms of social isolation. Findings highlight how work life conflict can have cumulative effects resulting in estrangement with respect to one's self, others, and society more generally.","PeriodicalId":40065,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43009018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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