Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10057
Joseph Lee
In March 1969, the Sino-Soviet military clash on Zhenbao Island marked a critical juncture in the development of the US-China rapprochement. Despite Mao’s solid grip on power and the opportune momentum for policy change after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, a formidable anti-US sentiment had taken shape since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, especially during the Cultural Revolution, which provided insufficient opportunities to change the diplomatic course. Eventually, Mao directly ordered an ambush on Zhenbao to persuade the public by heightening tensions with Moscow. When the Soviet threat had surpassed that of the United States and the justification for a conciliatory approach toward Washington was prepared, Mao resumed a restrained strategic move toward Sino-American rapprochement. The Zhenbao incident was Mao’s version of “manufacturing consent”, as he laid the foundation for the trilateral relationship’s transformation.
{"title":"The Zhenbao Incident of 1969: Mao’s Version of “Manufacturing Consent”","authors":"Joseph Lee","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10057","url":null,"abstract":"In March 1969, the Sino-Soviet military clash on Zhenbao Island marked a critical juncture in the development of the US-China rapprochement. Despite Mao’s solid grip on power and the opportune momentum for policy change after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, a formidable anti-US sentiment had taken shape since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, especially during the Cultural Revolution, which provided insufficient opportunities to change the diplomatic course. Eventually, Mao directly ordered an ambush on Zhenbao to persuade the public by heightening tensions with Moscow. When the Soviet threat had surpassed that of the United States and the justification for a conciliatory approach toward Washington was prepared, Mao resumed a restrained strategic move toward Sino-American rapprochement. The Zhenbao incident was Mao’s version of “manufacturing consent”, as he laid the foundation for the trilateral relationship’s transformation.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139248852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10056
Hugo Silveira Pereira
Abstract In 1907, a Portuguese military expedition was sent to Angola to subdue the Kwamato. Two photographers accompanied the troops and photographed moments of rest, training, and combat. It was the first Portuguese photographic reportage of war. This article analyses a group of photographs of the Kwamato campaign as an example of photography of war. Using a methodology based on discourse analysis in journalism, this article illustrates how photography represented colonial warfare as part of a narrative of imperial dominance where modern technology was crucial, and how this representation was presented and normalised to the Portuguese mainland public in the illustrated press.
{"title":"Witnessing Colonial Warfare in Early-20th Century Portugal: The Photographic Reportage of the Kwamato Campaign in South Angola (1907)","authors":"Hugo Silveira Pereira","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10056","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In 1907, a Portuguese military expedition was sent to Angola to subdue the Kwamato. Two photographers accompanied the troops and photographed moments of rest, training, and combat. It was the first Portuguese photographic reportage of war. This article analyses a group of photographs of the Kwamato campaign as an example of photography of war. Using a methodology based on discourse analysis in journalism, this article illustrates how photography represented colonial warfare as part of a narrative of imperial dominance where modern technology was crucial, and how this representation was presented and normalised to the Portuguese mainland public in the illustrated press.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135293082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10055
Nikola Markulin
Abstract During the 17 th and 18 th centuries, the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire clashed in three wars spanning from 1645 to 1718, with intermittent periods of peace. These military conflicts unfolded in two distinct theatres of operations – the Aegean and the East Adriatic. While the former has received considerable attention in international scholarship, the latter remains largely overlooked. This article seeks to shed light on the East Adriatic theatre and, more specifically, to examine the ratio of forces between the warring armies during this period. This enquiry holds great significance, as local historians have often uncritically relied on Venetian sources, which consistently portrayed the Ottoman armies as substantially larger than they were. By thoroughly examining these Venetian sources, this analysis aims to provide a reevaluated force ratio between the belligerent armies, which can serve as a valid starting point for explaining the consecutive Venetian victories in this theatre.
{"title":"Venetian – Ottoman Wars in the East Adriatic Theatre of Operations (1645–1718): Determining the Ratio of Forces","authors":"Nikola Markulin","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10055","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the 17 th and 18 th centuries, the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire clashed in three wars spanning from 1645 to 1718, with intermittent periods of peace. These military conflicts unfolded in two distinct theatres of operations – the Aegean and the East Adriatic. While the former has received considerable attention in international scholarship, the latter remains largely overlooked. This article seeks to shed light on the East Adriatic theatre and, more specifically, to examine the ratio of forces between the warring armies during this period. This enquiry holds great significance, as local historians have often uncritically relied on Venetian sources, which consistently portrayed the Ottoman armies as substantially larger than they were. By thoroughly examining these Venetian sources, this analysis aims to provide a reevaluated force ratio between the belligerent armies, which can serve as a valid starting point for explaining the consecutive Venetian victories in this theatre.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-05DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10045
Enock Ndawana
This article examines the development of militarisation in the liberation movements from the 1960s to 1979. It argues that the militarisation of politics and the state that would dominate Zimbabwe in the post-colonial period has its roots in both the Rhodesian state and the liberation movements. It asserts that the Zimbabwean state was militarised at birth primarily because the liberation movements had the military dominating politics, a process that was also, though variably, happening in the Rhodesian state. The article concludes that the militarisation phenomenon that dominates Zimbabwean politics and state today can only be disentangled when the forces that generated it are properly understood and situated in their context.
{"title":"‘Comrade’: the Liberation Roots of the Militarisation of Politics in Zimbabwe, 1960s–1979","authors":"Enock Ndawana","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10045","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the development of militarisation in the liberation movements from the 1960s to 1979. It argues that the militarisation of politics and the state that would dominate Zimbabwe in the post-colonial period has its roots in both the Rhodesian state and the liberation movements. It asserts that the Zimbabwean state was militarised at birth primarily because the liberation movements had the military dominating politics, a process that was also, though variably, happening in the Rhodesian state. The article concludes that the militarisation phenomenon that dominates Zimbabwean politics and state today can only be disentangled when the forces that generated it are properly understood and situated in their context.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138543630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10054
Nikita Prigodich
The article delves into the efforts made by the Allies to deploy British and US air forces on the southern flank of the Soviet-German front during the Second World War. Its main focus is on internal Soviet military reports and diplomatic documents from the negotiations that took place in 1942, preceding Operation Velvet. The research presented examines the preparations made by the Allied aviation forces to carry out the combat missions assigned by the Soviet Air Force staff. In addition, the author analyses the simultaneous activities of the diplomatic bodies of the three countries involved in reaching an agreement on the Operation Velvet project. By drawing from various sources, the author uncovers the objectives of each side in the proposed operation and investigates the reasons behind the ultimate lack of results despite the extensive period of preparation for joint actions.
{"title":"Allied Aviation on the Eastern Front as Part of Operation Velvet: A View from the Soviet Side","authors":"Nikita Prigodich","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10054","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article delves into the efforts made by the Allies to deploy British and US air forces on the southern flank of the Soviet-German front during the Second World War. Its main focus is on internal Soviet military reports and diplomatic documents from the negotiations that took place in 1942, preceding Operation Velvet. The research presented examines the preparations made by the Allied aviation forces to carry out the combat missions assigned by the Soviet Air Force staff. In addition, the author analyses the simultaneous activities of the diplomatic bodies of the three countries involved in reaching an agreement on the Operation Velvet project. By drawing from various sources, the author uncovers the objectives of each side in the proposed operation and investigates the reasons behind the ultimate lack of results despite the extensive period of preparation for joint actions.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47234908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10053
Evert Kleynhans, I. J. Van der Waag
The East Africa campaign of the Second World War – although the first Allied victory of this conflict – has been largely forgotten by scholars and popular historians. The causes are multi-factored and due mainly, perhaps, to the concurrent and interrelated military operations that occurred in North Africa, the Soviet Union, Greece, and Crete between 1940 and 1941 – operations that had first call on Allied resources, and drew popular attention then as they continue to do now. The East African campaign is as a result one of the war’s forgotten campaigns, despite significant military engagements, the unique military operating environment, the allure of iconic personalities, and the rich human stories associated with it. The historiography remains fragmented with a focus on individual, national histories of the contributions made by the British, Italian, Indian and South African forces, for instance. This special issue, as a counterpoint, brings together a variety of articles covering a range of heretofore neglected topics. Most of the participants in the campaign are addressed in one form or another and in ways that address historical lacunae and complement this literature.
{"title":"New Perspectives on the East Africa Campaign of the Second World War","authors":"Evert Kleynhans, I. J. Van der Waag","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10053","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The East Africa campaign of the Second World War – although the first Allied victory of this conflict – has been largely forgotten by scholars and popular historians. The causes are multi-factored and due mainly, perhaps, to the concurrent and interrelated military operations that occurred in North Africa, the Soviet Union, Greece, and Crete between 1940 and 1941 – operations that had first call on Allied resources, and drew popular attention then as they continue to do now. The East African campaign is as a result one of the war’s forgotten campaigns, despite significant military engagements, the unique military operating environment, the allure of iconic personalities, and the rich human stories associated with it. The historiography remains fragmented with a focus on individual, national histories of the contributions made by the British, Italian, Indian and South African forces, for instance. This special issue, as a counterpoint, brings together a variety of articles covering a range of heretofore neglected topics. Most of the participants in the campaign are addressed in one form or another and in ways that address historical lacunae and complement this literature.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45349467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-16DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10052
I. J. Van der Waag
The first major theatre of operations during the Second World War in which South African forces fought was East Africa. Key to the South African role in the campaign was the formation of the 1st sa Infantry Division in 1940. A range of medical units were under command. Using a ‘bottom-up’ view, this article – using a range of personal accounts, which complement richly veined material at the Department of Defence Archives in Pretoria – examines the service they rendered against the backdrop of the policy framework and theatre challenges. It reveals the connection medical personnel experienced between the motives that animated other South African men and women to volunteer for wartime service – travel, adventure, patriotism – and their professional ambitions regarding the growth of medical science in the fluid and varied conditions of a modern war. Sometimes the learning curve was steep; progress depended on good leadership and innovation of practice under often-extreme circumstances. But, as this article contends, they adapted to local conditions, trained on the job, and gained experience and battle-hardiness as the campaign progressed. Steady improvement and the growing size and sophistication of the Allied medical deployment led to remarkably few admissions – and fewer fatalities – from preventable illnesses and diseases as well as improving practice in the treatment and evacuation of patients from vast operational areas characterised by exterior lines and rapidly lengthening supply lines.
{"title":"“Almost Entirely a Medical War”: the South African Medical Corps in East Africa, 1940–1941","authors":"I. J. Van der Waag","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10052","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The first major theatre of operations during the Second World War in which South African forces fought was East Africa. Key to the South African role in the campaign was the formation of the 1st sa Infantry Division in 1940. A range of medical units were under command. Using a ‘bottom-up’ view, this article – using a range of personal accounts, which complement richly veined material at the Department of Defence Archives in Pretoria – examines the service they rendered against the backdrop of the policy framework and theatre challenges. It reveals the connection medical personnel experienced between the motives that animated other South African men and women to volunteer for wartime service – travel, adventure, patriotism – and their professional ambitions regarding the growth of medical science in the fluid and varied conditions of a modern war. Sometimes the learning curve was steep; progress depended on good leadership and innovation of practice under often-extreme circumstances. But, as this article contends, they adapted to local conditions, trained on the job, and gained experience and battle-hardiness as the campaign progressed. Steady improvement and the growing size and sophistication of the Allied medical deployment led to remarkably few admissions – and fewer fatalities – from preventable illnesses and diseases as well as improving practice in the treatment and evacuation of patients from vast operational areas characterised by exterior lines and rapidly lengthening supply lines.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41757178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-02DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10051
Bastian Matteo Scianna
This article analyses the campaign in Italian East Africa from an Italian point of view. It starts by setting out the grim strategic situation the commander in chief, the Duke of Aosta, was facing at the outbreak of hostilities. It then proceeds to cover the three phases of the campaign: the period from June 1940 until the end of the year, the second phase between January and May 1941, including the fall of Keren and Addis Ababa, and the third and final period until November 1941. This contribution will highlight the problems the Italian military struggled with, its shortcomings, but also its dogged defence, e.g. at the battle of Keren. The second part of this article looks at how the memory of the campaign was formed after the Second World War and how it related to more general aspects of Italian colonial history.
{"title":"Losing an Empire: Fascist Italy’s Defeat in the Horn of Africa 1940–1941 and its Memory","authors":"Bastian Matteo Scianna","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10051","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article analyses the campaign in Italian East Africa from an Italian point of view. It starts by setting out the grim strategic situation the commander in chief, the Duke of Aosta, was facing at the outbreak of hostilities. It then proceeds to cover the three phases of the campaign: the period from June 1940 until the end of the year, the second phase between January and May 1941, including the fall of Keren and Addis Ababa, and the third and final period until November 1941. This contribution will highlight the problems the Italian military struggled with, its shortcomings, but also its dogged defence, e.g. at the battle of Keren. The second part of this article looks at how the memory of the campaign was formed after the Second World War and how it related to more general aspects of Italian colonial history.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41437240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-22DOI: 10.1163/24683302-43020003
{"title":"Notes on Contributors","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/24683302-43020003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-43020003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135381228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-22DOI: 10.1163/24683302-43020001
{"title":"Bibliographical Records","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/24683302-43020001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-43020001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135381229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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