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The Military Career of the Fifth Marquis of Távara (1604–1665) Távara五侯爵的军旅生涯(1604-1665)
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10025
Enrique García Hernán
The military career of the Marquis of Távara, a less well-known historical figure among the nobility of Early Modern Spain, deserves attention because his life-experience progressed from his local roles in particular kingdoms to culmination in major duties such as President of the Council of Orders. His career advanced from mere adventurer to maestre de campo (field commander of a tercio), thereafter he held vice-regal office in Sicily and Navarre and the captaincies-general of Aragon, Galicia, Old Castile and Extremadura, and he was involved in the wars against the Portuguese and Catalans during the crisis of the 1640s. Also, he held responsibility for the Monarchy’s entire artillery, and he became an active member of the Council of War. Quite apart from his aristocratic origins, this paper explores how his meritorious military career in combination with his three strategic marriages assisted him in setting and shaping a strategy for military promotion.
Távara侯爵的军事生涯值得关注,他是近代早期西班牙贵族中一个不太知名的历史人物,因为他的生活经历从他在特定王国的地方角色发展到最高的主要职责,如秩序委员会主席。他的职业生涯从单纯的冒险家晋升为maestre de campo(战地指挥官),此后他在西西里岛和纳瓦拉担任副总督,在阿拉贡、加利西亚、老卡斯蒂利亚和埃斯特雷马杜拉担任上尉,并在17世纪40年代的危机中参与了与葡萄牙人和加泰罗尼亚人的战争。此外,他还负责君主制的整个炮兵,并成为战争委员会的积极成员。撇开他的贵族出身不谈,本文探讨了他辉煌的军事生涯以及他的三次战略性婚姻如何帮助他制定和塑造了军事晋升战略。
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引用次数: 0
The “Most Liberal in nato”? “北约最自由派”?
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10026
Klaus Storkmann
Homosexuality was a topic that all armed forces were compelled to address at some point – and still are. A comparison between armed forces from around the world helps to put the actions of one state in the context of a bigger picture. This is not only the approach of historians today, but, as this research surprisingly shows, was the approach of the (West) German Federal Ministry of Defence (FMoD) in the late 1960s and after. Using archival sources from the German FMoD, this article examines how the (West) German MoD was interested in and viewed the regulations of other countries’ armed forces when dealing with homosexual service members, and whether and how these insights influenced the actions of the Defence Ministry.1
同性恋是所有军队在某一时刻都被迫讨论的话题——现在仍然如此。对世界各地的武装力量进行比较,有助于将一个国家的行动置于更大的背景下。这不仅是当今历史学家的研究方法,而且正如这项研究令人惊讶地显示的那样,在20世纪60年代末及之后,(西)德国联邦国防部(FMoD)也采用了这种方法。本文利用德国联邦国防部的档案资料,探讨了(西)德国国防部在处理同性恋军人时,是如何对其他国家军队的规定感兴趣和看法的,以及这些见解是否以及如何影响了国防部的行动
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引用次数: 0
The Appropriation and Weaponisation of the Crusades in the Modern Era 现代十字军的挪用与武器化
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-21 DOI: 10.1163/24683302-20210002
Jason T. Roche

The introductory article proposes the hypothesis, which informed the decision making and editorial work in the present volume, that appropriations and weaponisations of the crusades in the modern era rely on culturally embedded master narratives of the past that are often thought to encompass public or cultural memories. Crucially, medievalism, communicated through metonyms, metaphors, symbols and motifs frequently acts as a placeholder instead of the master narratives themselves. The article addresses differences between medievalists’ and modernists’ conceptions of crusades, especially highlighting how the very meaning of words – such as crusade – differ in the respective fields. But the matter at hand goes beyond semantics, for the notion that the act of crusading is a live and potent issue is hard to ignore. There exists a complex and multifaceted crusading present. That people can appeal to master narratives of the crusades via mutable medievalism, which embodies zero-sum, Manichaean-type “clash of civilisations” scenarios, helps explain the continued appeal of the crusades to those who seek to weaponise them. It is hoped that the contributions to the special issue, introduced towards the end of the article, further a better understanding of the ways this has happened in the modern era.

导论文章提出了一个假设,它为本卷的决策和编辑工作提供了信息,即现代十字军东征的拨款和武装化依赖于对过去的文化嵌入的主要叙述,这些叙述通常被认为包含了公共或文化记忆。最重要的是,通过转喻、隐喻、符号和母题传达的中世纪主义经常充当占位符,而不是主叙事本身。这篇文章讨论了中世纪主义者和现代主义者对十字军东征的不同看法,特别强调了单词的含义——比如十字军东征——在各自的领域是如何不同的。但眼前的问题超越了语义,因为十字军运动是一个活生生的、强有力的问题,这一概念很难被忽视。目前存在着一场复杂而多方面的十字军东征。人们可以通过多变的中世纪主义(体现了零和、摩尼教式的“文明冲突”场景)来迎合十字军东征的主流叙事,这有助于解释十字军东征对那些寻求将其武器化的人的持续吸引力。希望在文章末尾介绍的特刊的贡献能进一步更好地理解这种情况在现代发生的方式。
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引用次数: 0
Preface 前言
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-21 DOI: 10.1163/24683302-48020001
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引用次数: 0
Contents 内容
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-21 DOI: 10.1163/24683302-04102010
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引用次数: 0
From War to Global Peace Strategist 从战争到全球和平战略家
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-19 DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10027
J. Majerus
The present article sets out to more thoroughly examine George Marshall’s geo-political reasoning on strategic peace-building and the fundamentals of a more viable and sustainable peace structure. In so doing, it shows that although Marshall had been mainly preoccupied with the military side of the United States’ engagement in world affairs, he all the same developed a keen understanding of the strategic imperatives needed to fashion a more stable international order – particularly as concerned the methodical integration of America’s various foreign policies on a global scale.
本文旨在更彻底地研究乔治·马歇尔关于战略和平建设的地缘政治推理以及更可行和可持续的和平结构的基本原理。这表明,尽管马歇尔主要专注于美国参与世界事务的军事方面,但他仍然敏锐地理解了建立一个更稳定的国际秩序所需的战略必要性,尤其是在美国各种外交政策在全球范围内有条不紊地整合方面。
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引用次数: 1
Italian Prisoners Who Died During and After the First World War: A Quantitative Assessment 第一次世界大战期间和之后死亡的意大利囚犯:定量评估
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-07 DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10022
A. Fornasin, Giulia Freni
The number of Italian military prisoners who died in enemy hands stands, according to the Italian historiography on the First World War, at 100,000 or more. In this paper, we offer an alternative estimate of the number of deaths using both individual and aggregate data. The reconstruction distinguishes between soldiers who died in captivity and soldiers who died as a consequence of captivity during and after the war. The results demonstrate that the number 100,000 is too high. The correct number would be, for the period from 25 May 1915 to 31 December 1925, above 57,000 and probably lower than 73,000.
根据意大利关于第一次世界大战的史学,死于敌人手中的意大利战俘人数达到或超过10万。在本文中,我们使用个人和汇总数据提供了死亡人数的替代估计。重建区分了在被俘期间死亡的士兵和在战争期间和之后因被俘而死亡的士兵。结果表明100000这个数字太高了。1915年5月25日至1925年12月31日期间,正确的数字是57000以上,可能低于73000。
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引用次数: 0
“The Great Crusade”: D-Day in American Culture c.1944–2001 “伟大的十字军东征”:1944年至2001年美国文化中的诺曼底登陆日
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-13 DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10014
Sam Edwards
Focusing on political speech, commemorative ceremonies, and various cultural media (especially historiography, memorials and films), this article explores the discursive construction within American culture of D-Day – the Allied invasion of France in June 1944 – as “crusade”, that is, as an example of a righteous and redemptive mission undertaken in the name of God in order to deliver the oppressed peoples of Europe from the darkness and evil of Nazi rule. The article traces the origins of this rhetorical framing during the war itself, before shifting to examine its fortunes, lines and limits through to the end of the twentieth century. The article furthers our understanding of exactly how D-Day has been represented in American culture, and it teases out what might be termed a chronology of cultural traction. In doing so, it identifies those moments in which the linkage between D-Day and “crusading” has been firmly expressed as well as those other moments in which this linkage became rather more subterranean and subsumed, often remaining detectable only via inference or through careful attention to some of the images, ideas and narrative themes deployed in speech and ceremony.
本文着眼于政治演讲、纪念仪式和各种文化媒体(尤其是史学、纪念馆和电影),探讨了1944年6月盟军入侵法国的d日作为“十字军东征”在美国文化中的话语建构,即作为以上帝的名义进行的正义和救赎使命的例子,目的是将受压迫的欧洲人民从黑暗和邪恶的纳粹统治中解救出来。这篇文章追溯了这种修辞框架在战争期间的起源,然后转向研究它的命运、界限和限制,直到20世纪末。这篇文章进一步加深了我们对诺曼底登陆是如何在美国文化中表现出来的理解,并梳理出了一个可能被称为文化牵引力年表的东西。在这样做的过程中,它确定了诺曼底登陆日和“十字军东征”之间的联系被坚定地表达出来的那些时刻,以及这种联系变得更加隐蔽和被纳入的其他时刻,这些时刻往往只有通过推理或仔细关注演讲和仪式中部署的一些图像、思想和叙事主题才能发现。
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引用次数: 0
Going Nuclear, but How? The Netherlands Army and Tactical Nuclear Warfare in Europe, 1953–1968 走向核能,但如何?荷兰军队与欧洲战术核战争,1953–1968
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1163/24683302-BJA10019
Daniel Sanders, J. Hoffenaar
In the historiography of nuclear arms in the Cold War the political and military strategic levels are dominant; little attention has been paid to the sub-strategic levels. This is understandable, because most archival material has been destroyed or is still classified. However, it is also remarkable because tactical nuclear weapons (tnw) were a crucial element in nato strategies and because all nato forces had to prepare, down to the lowest levels, to fight a war by nuclear means. Based on previously unused archives, this article analyses how the Dutch army, as an army of a small nato-member state, adapted step by step to the nuclearisation of land warfare in the period 1953 to 1968. Which role were the tnw s assigned in the war plans? But also, how realistic would these plans have been, given the influence of (inter)national political developments, moral and psychological aspects, and military-technical and military-tactical issues?
在冷战时期的核武器史学中,政治和军事战略层面占主导地位;对次战略层面的关注很少。这是可以理解的,因为大多数档案材料已经被销毁或仍处于保密状态。然而,这也很了不起,因为战术核武器是北约战略中的一个关键因素,而且北约所有部队都必须准备好,最低限度地,通过核手段进行战争。基于以前未使用的档案,本文分析了荷兰军队作为北约小成员国的军队,在1953年至1968年期间如何逐步适应陆战的核化。tnw在战争计划中扮演了什么角色?但是,考虑到(国家间)政治发展、道德和心理方面以及军事技术和军事战术问题的影响,这些计划的现实程度如何?
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引用次数: 0
From Reform to Rights: The American Culture of the Citizen Soldier and the Transformation of the Crusading Metaphor, 1917–1945 从改革到权利:美国公民士兵文化和十字军隐喻的转变,1917-1945
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-08-30 DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10024
G. Cross
The “crusading” imagery attached to American soldiers in the 1917–1945 period performed an important function in assigning meaning to the wars of the United States. This was the result of a complex interplay between “official” and “vernacular” culture. The doughboys of the First World War at times fought a romantic “crusade” to reform the nation, world and themselves from a morally privileged position. In the post-war era, the romantic “crusade” survived but was more in tune with the conservative corporatism of Republican administrations. By the Second World War, gi s had become the agents of a very different “crusade”. Americans now embraced statist common effort in a realist prospective vision for human rights. This fundamental change in the meaning of “crusade” attached to the experiences of American soldiers suggests a protean nature to the metaphor and problematises notions of an ideologically cohesive American “crusade” in the world during the 20th century.
1917年至1945年期间,美国士兵的“十字军”形象在赋予美国战争意义方面发挥了重要作用。这是“官方”和“本土”文化之间复杂相互作用的结果。第一次世界大战中的流氓们有时会进行一场浪漫的“十字军东征”,将国家、世界和他们自己从道德上的特权地位改革出来。在战后,浪漫的“十字军东征”得以幸存,但更符合共和党政府的保守社团主义。到第二次世界大战时,吉斯已经成为一场截然不同的“十字军东征”的代理人。美国人现在在现实主义的人权远景中接受了中央集权主义的共同努力。“十字军东征”的含义与美国士兵的经历发生了根本性的变化,这表明20世纪世界上意识形态上有凝聚力的美国“十字军”的隐喻具有多变的性质,并使其成为问题。
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International Journal of Military History and Historiography
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