Pub Date : 2022-05-23DOI: 10.1163/24683302-42010001
Jacqueline E. Whitt
While lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer people have always served in militaries, military organizations and leaders have managed the presence of sexual gender minorities in the ranks in complicated ways that were influenced by regulation, military culture, social and cultural norms, and perceptions of military effectiveness. The history of lgbt soldiers in modern western military history reveals important ways that various military organizations have addressed the question and challenges of open service by lgbt people. While many states have incorporated lgbt people into their organizations, it is not the case globally, and policies continue to change. The five essays in this collection explore various aspects of lgbt military history in West Germany, Australia, the Netherlands, the United States, and Israel and explore themes including the importance of comparative history; the differences between de jure and de facto integration; the effects of both regulation and culture on lgbtq inclusion; and the experience of lgbt people in uniform.
{"title":"Introduction","authors":"Jacqueline E. Whitt","doi":"10.1163/24683302-42010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-42010001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 While lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer people have always served in militaries, military organizations and leaders have managed the presence of sexual gender minorities in the ranks in complicated ways that were influenced by regulation, military culture, social and cultural norms, and perceptions of military effectiveness. The history of lgbt soldiers in modern western military history reveals important ways that various military organizations have addressed the question and challenges of open service by lgbt people. While many states have incorporated lgbt people into their organizations, it is not the case globally, and policies continue to change. The five essays in this collection explore various aspects of lgbt military history in West Germany, Australia, the Netherlands, the United States, and Israel and explore themes including the importance of comparative history; the differences between de jure and de facto integration; the effects of both regulation and culture on lgbtq inclusion; and the experience of lgbt people in uniform.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44966960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-23DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10034
Yoav Zaritsky, Y. Yonay
This article deals with the history of military service for gay men in the Israeli army (Israel Defense Forces, idf), during the years 1948 to the mid-1970s. It is based primarily on the oral testimonies of thirty-two Israeli gay men born between 1924–1948, juxtaposed with historical sources such as newspaper articles, court documents, and written idf guidelines. Through these, we will examine popular conceptions and understandings of deviant sexuality in the idf between the 1950s and the 1970s, and in Israel in general. We will explore the question of homosexuals’ enrolment in the idf and related idf policies throughout the years, as well as various strategies adopted by homosexuals in Israel to negotiate their sexuality during their service. Ours is the first study on real-life experiences of gays who served their military duty during the early decades of the idf.
{"title":"Gay Identity, Same-Sex Relationships, and Military Service","authors":"Yoav Zaritsky, Y. Yonay","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article deals with the history of military service for gay men in the Israeli army (Israel Defense Forces, idf), during the years 1948 to the mid-1970s. It is based primarily on the oral testimonies of thirty-two Israeli gay men born between 1924–1948, juxtaposed with historical sources such as newspaper articles, court documents, and written idf guidelines. Through these, we will examine popular conceptions and understandings of deviant sexuality in the idf between the 1950s and the 1970s, and in Israel in general. We will explore the question of homosexuals’ enrolment in the idf and related idf policies throughout the years, as well as various strategies adopted by homosexuals in Israel to negotiate their sexuality during their service. Ours is the first study on real-life experiences of gays who served their military duty during the early decades of the idf.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46348319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-12DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10033
Doruk Akyüz
The Defence in Depth tactical doctrine was developed by the German Army during the First World War in order to overcome the increasing French and British offensive capability on the Western Front. This article attempts to analyse how the Turkish High Command accepted and implemented the German Defence in Depth doctrine as a guiding principle during the defensive and pivotal Battle of Sakarya (1921) as a part of the 1919–1922 war with Greece. Despite the sudden change of tactical doctrine and lack of experience, the Turkish Army successfully employed it, and the new tactics proved instrumental in the Turkish victory. Although the Germans designed this concept for trench warfare, the Battle of Sakarya proved that it could also be applied, with some modification, to a war of manoeuvre.
{"title":"From the Western Front to the Heights of Ankara","authors":"Doruk Akyüz","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10033","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Defence in Depth tactical doctrine was developed by the German Army during the First World War in order to overcome the increasing French and British offensive capability on the Western Front. This article attempts to analyse how the Turkish High Command accepted and implemented the German Defence in Depth doctrine as a guiding principle during the defensive and pivotal Battle of Sakarya (1921) as a part of the 1919–1922 war with Greece. Despite the sudden change of tactical doctrine and lack of experience, the Turkish Army successfully employed it, and the new tactics proved instrumental in the Turkish victory. Although the Germans designed this concept for trench warfare, the Battle of Sakarya proved that it could also be applied, with some modification, to a war of manoeuvre.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47103591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-19DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10036
Spyros Tsoutsoumpis
Why do soldiers fight? How do they deal with the exigencies of warfare? What methods are used by military establishments to control their rank and file and motivate them? This article addresses these questions by analysing the experience of national army soldiers during the Greek Civil War (1946–1949). The research on the Greek National Army has been dominated by top-down studies that focus on issues such as tactics, logistics and the role of senior military leaders. Accordingly, the perspective and experiences of ordinary soldiers have been largely overlooked. As a result we know very little about the factors that led soldiers to take an active part in combat, their understanding of the war and how they tried to cope with the exigencies of warfare. The article fills this gap by shifting the focus to the rank and file of the Greek National Army. It explores their everyday lives, discusses the methods used by the army to shore up morale and motivate the rank and file and analyse the soldiers’ responses to these efforts. In doing so, it contributes new insights into the experiences of soldiers and the conduct of the Civil War.
{"title":"The Will to Fight: Combat, Morale, and the Experience of National Army Soldiers during the Greek Civil War, 1946–1949","authors":"Spyros Tsoutsoumpis","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10036","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Why do soldiers fight? How do they deal with the exigencies of warfare? What methods are used by military establishments to control their rank and file and motivate them? This article addresses these questions by analysing the experience of national army soldiers during the Greek Civil War (1946–1949). The research on the Greek National Army has been dominated by top-down studies that focus on issues such as tactics, logistics and the role of senior military leaders. Accordingly, the perspective and experiences of ordinary soldiers have been largely overlooked. As a result we know very little about the factors that led soldiers to take an active part in combat, their understanding of the war and how they tried to cope with the exigencies of warfare. The article fills this gap by shifting the focus to the rank and file of the Greek National Army. It explores their everyday lives, discusses the methods used by the army to shore up morale and motivate the rank and file and analyse the soldiers’ responses to these efforts. In doing so, it contributes new insights into the experiences of soldiers and the conduct of the Civil War.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48991148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-19DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10035
Evert Kleynhans
During the Second World War, the East African theatre was marked by extreme variations in terms of climate, terrain, communications, and disease ecology. The planning, scope and conduct of the Allied offensive operations in the theatre was largely determined by the physical environment. The deployment of the 1st South African Infantry Brigade (1 sa Bde) to East Africa occurred across three distinct operational environments – the deserts of north-eastern Kenya, the bush country of Somalia, and the mountains of Ethiopia. The distinct changes in the physical environment influenced the combat operations of 1 sa Bde, which alternated between highly mobile, combined arms, operations across favourable terrain to somewhat static operations dominated by infantry and artillery over exceedingly difficult terrain. This article investigates the varied combat operations of 1 sa Bde in East Africa, and critically reflects on the influence that the physical environment exerted on the unfolding South African offensive operations.
在第二次世界大战期间，东非战场的特点是气候、地形、通讯和疾病生态方面的极端变化。盟军在战区的进攻行动的计划、范围和实施在很大程度上取决于实际环境。南非第1步兵旅(1 sa Bde)在东非的部署跨越了三个不同的作战环境——肯尼亚东北部的沙漠、索马里的丛林国家和埃塞俄比亚的山区。物理环境的明显变化影响了1 sa Bde的作战行动，即在有利地形上的高度机动、联合武器作战与在极端困难地形上由步兵和炮兵主导的静态作战之间交替进行。本文调查了东非1萨布德的各种作战行动，并批判性地反思了物理环境对展开的南非进攻行动的影响。
{"title":"‘Through Bush, Across Desert and Over Mountains’","authors":"Evert Kleynhans","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During the Second World War, the East African theatre was marked by extreme variations in terms of climate, terrain, communications, and disease ecology. The planning, scope and conduct of the Allied offensive operations in the theatre was largely determined by the physical environment. The deployment of the 1st South African Infantry Brigade (1 sa Bde) to East Africa occurred across three distinct operational environments – the deserts of north-eastern Kenya, the bush country of Somalia, and the mountains of Ethiopia. The distinct changes in the physical environment influenced the combat operations of 1 sa Bde, which alternated between highly mobile, combined arms, operations across favourable terrain to somewhat static operations dominated by infantry and artillery over exceedingly difficult terrain. This article investigates the varied combat operations of 1 sa Bde in East Africa, and critically reflects on the influence that the physical environment exerted on the unfolding South African offensive operations.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42186222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-23DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10031
Stephen M. Miller
This article examines the British Government’s decision to establish the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa and how the Edwardian press presented its findings to the public. It will discuss how the Conservative media attempted to downplay the significance of the report and how the Liberal and Radical presses attempted to use it to raise questions about the Government’s ability to manage crises and, by linking the failures of military planning to new Conservative economic and education policies, challenge the competency of the Colonial Secretary and powerful Unionist leader, Joseph Chamberlain. Finally, it will show how the press, regardless of political leaning, remained supportive of the military leadership which conducted the war effort despite it playing a significant role in the faulty planning and operational failures of 1899.
{"title":"Politics, the Press, and the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa","authors":"Stephen M. Miller","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article examines the British Government’s decision to establish the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa and how the Edwardian press presented its findings to the public. It will discuss how the Conservative media attempted to downplay the significance of the report and how the Liberal and Radical presses attempted to use it to raise questions about the Government’s ability to manage crises and, by linking the failures of military planning to new Conservative economic and education policies, challenge the competency of the Colonial Secretary and powerful Unionist leader, Joseph Chamberlain. Finally, it will show how the press, regardless of political leaning, remained supportive of the military leadership which conducted the war effort despite it playing a significant role in the faulty planning and operational failures of 1899.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42281214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-21DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10028
Mitchell G. Klingenberg
This article considers logistics and supply in the China Relief Expedition. In the China campaign, as in all armed conflicts, the availability of matériel and subsistence determined what military options were available to commanders. In 1900, because of a strong industrial base and a burgeoning logistical network, the US Army, Marine Corps, and Navy demonstrated an increased capacity and capability to project power on hemispheric scales. Throughout the entirety of their intervention in China, Americans moved animals, artillery, medical supplies, men, ordnance, and subsistence across great distances – over sea and land, to and within the theatre of operations – with remarkable efficiency under difficult conditions. Thus, the China Relief Expedition was instructive for the US profession of arms, and pointed to a future in which large-scale combat operations on land and at sea would require careful integration and more extensive logistical support than military operations of nineteenth-century conflicts.
{"title":"“In the Character of their Material, Animate and Inanimate, the Troops of the United States Excelled”","authors":"Mitchell G. Klingenberg","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article considers logistics and supply in the China Relief Expedition. In the China campaign, as in all armed conflicts, the availability of matériel and subsistence determined what military options were available to commanders. In 1900, because of a strong industrial base and a burgeoning logistical network, the US Army, Marine Corps, and Navy demonstrated an increased capacity and capability to project power on hemispheric scales. Throughout the entirety of their intervention in China, Americans moved animals, artillery, medical supplies, men, ordnance, and subsistence across great distances – over sea and land, to and within the theatre of operations – with remarkable efficiency under difficult conditions. Thus, the China Relief Expedition was instructive for the US profession of arms, and pointed to a future in which large-scale combat operations on land and at sea would require careful integration and more extensive logistical support than military operations of nineteenth-century conflicts.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43470242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10030
A. Yates
Britain has long provided military assistance to help develop and support the local armed forces of its dominions, colonies and other parts of its Empire. This was not done out of benevolence but as part of Britain’s efforts to encourage its partners to be responsible for their own security. This article describes an unusual case of such assistance, which was provided to help establish Abu Dhabi’s air force in the 1967–1971 period. The Abu Dhabi ruler’s decision to only engage contract officers, rather than seconded officers, had a profound effect on the shape of the military assistance provided by Britain. Unlike most training, advising, assisting and mentoring missions, Britain provided no training nor mentoring, and only limited advice. Its greatest contribution was assistance with the recruitment for Abu Dhabi of both soon-to-retire and already retired British officers. These findings have relevance for current British doctrine on military assistance, notably in relation to the more effective use of contract officers.
{"title":"British Military Assistance to Help Establish Abu Dhabi’s Air Force, 1967–1971","authors":"A. Yates","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Britain has long provided military assistance to help develop and support the local armed forces of its dominions, colonies and other parts of its Empire. This was not done out of benevolence but as part of Britain’s efforts to encourage its partners to be responsible for their own security. This article describes an unusual case of such assistance, which was provided to help establish Abu Dhabi’s air force in the 1967–1971 period. The Abu Dhabi ruler’s decision to only engage contract officers, rather than seconded officers, had a profound effect on the shape of the military assistance provided by Britain. Unlike most training, advising, assisting and mentoring missions, Britain provided no training nor mentoring, and only limited advice. Its greatest contribution was assistance with the recruitment for Abu Dhabi of both soon-to-retire and already retired British officers. These findings have relevance for current British doctrine on military assistance, notably in relation to the more effective use of contract officers.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41947795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-11DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10029
Paolo Pozzato, M. Samuels
Social, political and industrial upheavals swept across Europe after November 1918. These affected the victors too, with some social groups seeking to consolidate gains made during the war, while others attempted to restore pre-war norms. In Italy, industrial unrest in Vincenza added a distinctive gendered character. An overlooked factor is the role of British troops, who became involved with local women factory workers, and hence drawn into direct conflict with the Italian authorities as these attempted to suppress strikes. This confrontation, part of the wider falling out between the wartime allies, was only resolved through the hasty removal of British forces.
{"title":"Still Allies? The Women Spinners’ Strike in Arzignano and Italian/British Tensions in Italy During the Immediate Post-First World War Period","authors":"Paolo Pozzato, M. Samuels","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Social, political and industrial upheavals swept across Europe after November 1918. These affected the victors too, with some social groups seeking to consolidate gains made during the war, while others attempted to restore pre-war norms. In Italy, industrial unrest in Vincenza added a distinctive gendered character. An overlooked factor is the role of British troops, who became involved with local women factory workers, and hence drawn into direct conflict with the Italian authorities as these attempted to suppress strikes. This confrontation, part of the wider falling out between the wartime allies, was only resolved through the hasty removal of British forces.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42572296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-08DOI: 10.1163/24683302-bja10021
J. Müller
In 1974, the Netherlands became the first country in the world that no longer forbade gay men from joining the military. It took other Western countries much longer to do the same. From the outside, therefore, it looked as though the liberal country of the Netherlands took a leading position in 1974 regarding the inclusion of people with different sexual orientations in the military. That does not mean, however, that gay service members had an easy time after 1974. The situation hardly changed for the better. This article argues that the dominant view of the Netherlands as a liberal country that was the first to allow gay people into the army in 1974 is in need of revision.
{"title":"How a “Hunt for Homosexuals” in 1987 Ultimately Contributed to a Real Change in Emancipation for Gay Men Serving in the Armed Forces of the Netherlands","authors":"J. Müller","doi":"10.1163/24683302-bja10021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In 1974, the Netherlands became the first country in the world that no longer forbade gay men from joining the military. It took other Western countries much longer to do the same. From the outside, therefore, it looked as though the liberal country of the Netherlands took a leading position in 1974 regarding the inclusion of people with different sexual orientations in the military. That does not mean, however, that gay service members had an easy time after 1974. The situation hardly changed for the better. This article argues that the dominant view of the Netherlands as a liberal country that was the first to allow gay people into the army in 1974 is in need of revision.","PeriodicalId":40173,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Military History and Historiography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45307910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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