Pub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.22616/J.LANDARCHART.2019.14.01
Maija Veinberga, Daiga Skujāne, P. Rivza
Landscape preference in relation to human perception of landscape ecological and aesthetic qualities analysed in different studies. The importance of both qualities is highlighted especially for urban green spaces, where the enhancement of environment quality in conjunction with providing high level aesthetics is becoming a topical issue. This paper analyses seven planting types in urban green spaces in accordance with six landscape ecological and aesthetic qualities. Therefore the aim of this research is to investigate which planting type inhabitants and tourists from four Latvian cities prefer more. Planting types were evaluated according to landscape ecological and aesthetic qualities – attractiveness, naturalness, neatness, necessity of care, wilderness and safety. The method of image simulations of the different planting type alternatives was used. The research results showed a correlation between the landscape preference and respondent`s gender, level of education and place of residence. The research did not display differences in landscape preference in terms of specific regional characteristics of the four selected cities. Results of this research could be used in the decision-making process for development of new and revitalization of current green spaces in the researched cities.
{"title":"The impact of landscape aesthetic and ecological qualities on public preference of planting types in urban green spaces","authors":"Maija Veinberga, Daiga Skujāne, P. Rivza","doi":"10.22616/J.LANDARCHART.2019.14.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/J.LANDARCHART.2019.14.01","url":null,"abstract":"Landscape preference in relation to human perception of landscape ecological and aesthetic qualities analysed in different studies. The importance of both qualities is highlighted especially for urban green spaces, where the enhancement of environment quality in conjunction with providing high level aesthetics is becoming a topical issue. This paper analyses seven planting types in urban green spaces in accordance with six landscape ecological and aesthetic qualities. Therefore the aim of this research is to investigate which planting type inhabitants and tourists from four Latvian cities prefer more. Planting types were evaluated according to landscape ecological and aesthetic qualities – attractiveness, naturalness, neatness, necessity of care, wilderness and safety. The method of image simulations of the different planting type alternatives was used. The research results showed a correlation between the landscape preference and respondent`s gender, level of education and place of residence. The research did not display differences in landscape preference in terms of specific regional characteristics of the four selected cities. Results of this research could be used in the decision-making process for development of new and revitalization of current green spaces in the researched cities.","PeriodicalId":40393,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Art","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47993003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.10
Natālija Cudečka-Puriņa, L. Ābele, D. Atstāja, V. Cudečkis
Social acceptance of littering behaviour has changed in the recent decades, with rapidly increasing public awareness about the human health and biodiversity impacts that can result from waste-mismanagement. Littering has an important impact on landscape and overall environment. It is of vital importance to assess existing littering sources and to try to limit them at their source. During recent years European Union (EU) has significantly strengthened the waste management requirements. In terms of newer Member States it meant – inventory of the existing system, closure and recultivation of the sub-standard landfills, development of new infrastructure, using best available technologies and, of course implementation and development of separate waste collection system. In order to ensure higher quality recycling, requirements to sorted waste collection become higher. The authors see one of the solutions – implementation of the deposit refund system (DRS), especially taking into account that both plastic beverage bottles as well as bottle caps have been identified within top 10 single use plastic found in the marine litter. The research is based on the benchmarking and statistical data analysis. As the result of the research, the authors propose implementation of DRS as a solution both to Latvian waste management issues and as a tool to improve landscape from the environmental aspects.
{"title":"The Baltic countries towards the goals of waste framework directive","authors":"Natālija Cudečka-Puriņa, L. Ābele, D. Atstāja, V. Cudečkis","doi":"10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.10","url":null,"abstract":"Social acceptance of littering behaviour has changed in the recent decades, with rapidly increasing public awareness about the human health and biodiversity impacts that can result from waste-mismanagement. Littering has an important impact on landscape and overall environment. It is of vital importance to assess existing littering sources and to try to limit them at their source. During recent years European Union (EU) has significantly strengthened the waste management requirements. In terms of newer Member States it meant – inventory of the existing system, closure and recultivation of the sub-standard landfills, development of new infrastructure, using best available technologies and, of course implementation and development of separate waste collection system. In order to ensure higher quality recycling, requirements to sorted waste collection become higher. The authors see one of the solutions – implementation of the deposit refund system (DRS), especially taking into account that both plastic beverage bottles as well as bottle caps have been identified within top 10 single use plastic found in the marine litter. The research is based on the benchmarking and statistical data analysis. As the result of the research, the authors propose implementation of DRS as a solution both to Latvian waste management issues and as a tool to improve landscape from the environmental aspects.","PeriodicalId":40393,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Art","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43774150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.09
M. Markova
The common tendency in higher education is specialisation. Landscape has been subject of interest in sociology from its beginnings, and social aspects are one of mane characteristic parts of landscape. Even more – sociology is strong theoretical basis of landscape architecture. The research is made with aim to understand theoretical basis of landscape sociology as developing academic discipline. Methodology used in research is systematic literature review, which provides range of tools to identify connections in theory. Literature review was done to define landscape sociology as important academic discipline in higher education of landscape architecture. Landscape and sociology as academic disciplines have long history, but landscape sociology as separate discipline is still developing. It is important include landscape sociology in landscape architecture higher education.
{"title":"Landscape sociology as developing academic discipline","authors":"M. Markova","doi":"10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.09","url":null,"abstract":"The common tendency in higher education is specialisation. Landscape has been subject of interest in sociology from its beginnings, and social aspects are one of mane characteristic parts of landscape. Even more – sociology is strong theoretical basis of landscape architecture. The research is made with aim to understand theoretical basis of landscape sociology as developing academic discipline. Methodology used in research is systematic literature review, which provides range of tools to identify connections in theory. Literature review was done to define landscape sociology as important academic discipline in higher education of landscape architecture. Landscape and sociology as academic disciplines have long history, but landscape sociology as separate discipline is still developing. It is important include landscape sociology in landscape architecture higher education.","PeriodicalId":40393,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Art","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49369080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.05
N. Ņitavska, M. Siliņa
The coastal landscape of Kurzeme in Latvia is connected with the USSR border and military objects, established in the Soviet Union period that nowadays on losing their function are still on the coast and influence the landscape both physically and visually. These objects can be evaluated in different ways – both different and unfamiliar elements for the coastal landscape, as well as the potential of new landscape development. The research of the factors affecting the coastal development is a key to success for future coastal planning and management, as it helps to identify negative and positive landscape transformation processes, as well as their reflection on the identity of the coastal landscape. In order to understand the role of the military heritage of the coast of Kurzeme in the overall identity of the coastal landscape of Kurzeme, a survey of military areas was carried out by analyzing the physical and visual accessibility of the landscape, identifying the type of the landscape, existing elements, their materials and colour gamma, the current usage and state in common, as well as the emotional side of the landscape – feelings, impressions, atmosphere (sense of place). The information obtained in the survey helped to compile a biography of each of the military area landscapes, also based on the cultural and historical research of each landscape. The comparison of different landscape biographies of the military heritage of the coast of Kurzeme gives a perspective of their inclusion in the common identity of the coastal landscape of Kurzeme and reveals the potential for the development of these landscapes.
{"title":"The identity of military heritage areas of the coast of Kurzeme","authors":"N. Ņitavska, M. Siliņa","doi":"10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.05","url":null,"abstract":"The coastal landscape of Kurzeme in Latvia is connected with the USSR border and military objects, established in the Soviet Union period that nowadays on losing their function are still on the coast and influence the landscape both physically and visually. These objects can be evaluated in different ways – both different and unfamiliar elements for the coastal landscape, as well as the potential of new landscape development. The research of the factors affecting the coastal development is a key to success for future coastal planning and management, as it helps to identify negative and positive landscape transformation processes, as well as their reflection on the identity of the coastal landscape. In order to understand the role of the military heritage of the coast of Kurzeme in the overall identity of the coastal landscape of Kurzeme, a survey of military areas was carried out by analyzing the physical and visual accessibility of the landscape, identifying the type of the landscape, existing elements, their materials and colour gamma, the current usage and state in common, as well as the emotional side of the landscape – feelings, impressions, atmosphere (sense of place). The information obtained in the survey helped to compile a biography of each of the military area landscapes, also based on the cultural and historical research of each landscape. The comparison of different landscape biographies of the military heritage of the coast of Kurzeme gives a perspective of their inclusion in the common identity of the coastal landscape of Kurzeme and reveals the potential for the development of these landscapes.","PeriodicalId":40393,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Art","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41809534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.07
N. Oleksiichenko, N. Gatalska, Mariana Mavko, O. Ostapchuk
The article presents the results of the research of the role of plants in the formation of the figurative and symbolic structure of the war memorial parks. It is determined that tree plants can play a role of the the indirect means of expressing the ideological load during different periods of the year. Some species of deciduous shrubs play this role only in autumn due to the red colour of not only fruits but also of foliage, in particular, the Viburnum opulus L., which is common in the war memorial parks in Kyiv, which emphasizes their ideological load due to the fruit and leaves in autumn colouring, as well as the symbolic meaning of this plant for Ukrainians. In winter, the plant act as the means of expressing the ideological load of the war memorial parks due to the shape and colour of the crown, branches, fruits (Rhus typhina L., Cornus mas 'Sibirica', Viburnum opulus L., Sorbus aucuparia 'Pendula'). Based on the results of an expert assessment of Kyiv memorial parks, the peculiarities of the use of woody plants in the formation of figurative and symbolic structure of the war memorial parks of Kyiv are revealed and a structural scheme is developed according to the semiotic levels of perception as per Barabanov (2002). It is discovered that using of plants is most widely represented in parks, which is based on the sign level of perception (collective unconscious) caused by the peculiarities of perception and interpretation of the lines, form and colour of the plant. In particular, within the researched parks, it was revealed that both the positive and the negative effects of the shape, size, colour and texture of the plants influence the perception of the memorial architectural components. When using symbols in the formation of figurative and symbolic structure of the park using plants two approaches to the formation of plant composition are revealed. The first is based on the use of symbolical for Ukrainian species of plants (Viburnum opulus L., Sorbus aucuparia L.), while plant groups are mono-species independent components of the composition. In the second approach, the matching of plants is based on the symbolic meaning of their morphological characteristics. In this case, the plants are located next to the memorial architectural objects as secondary components to enhance emotional influence and increase the information characteristics of the memorial. This approach to the use of plants for the formation of figurative and symbolic structure of the park is based on the symbolic level of semiotic units of perception, according to Barabanov (2002), which is determined by the sociocultural context that is formed within a certain social, historical period and territory.
{"title":"The role of woody plants in the formation of figurative and symbolic structure of memorial parks","authors":"N. Oleksiichenko, N. Gatalska, Mariana Mavko, O. Ostapchuk","doi":"10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.07","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of the research of the role of plants in the formation of the figurative and symbolic structure of the war memorial parks. It is determined that tree plants can play a role of the the indirect means of expressing the ideological load during different periods of the year. Some species of deciduous shrubs play this role only in autumn due to the red colour of not only fruits but also of foliage, in particular, the Viburnum opulus L., which is common in the war memorial parks in Kyiv, which emphasizes their ideological load due to the fruit and leaves in autumn colouring, as well as the symbolic meaning of this plant for Ukrainians. In winter, the plant act as the means of expressing the ideological load of the war memorial parks due to the shape and colour of the crown, branches, fruits (Rhus typhina L., Cornus mas 'Sibirica', Viburnum opulus L., Sorbus aucuparia 'Pendula'). Based on the results of an expert assessment of Kyiv memorial parks, the peculiarities of the use of woody plants in the formation of figurative and symbolic structure of the war memorial parks of Kyiv are revealed and a structural scheme is developed according to the semiotic levels of perception as per Barabanov (2002). It is discovered that using of plants is most widely represented in parks, which is based on the sign level of perception (collective unconscious) caused by the peculiarities of perception and interpretation of the lines, form and colour of the plant. In particular, within the researched parks, it was revealed that both the positive and the negative effects of the shape, size, colour and texture of the plants influence the perception of the memorial architectural components. When using symbols in the formation of figurative and symbolic structure of the park using plants two approaches to the formation of plant composition are revealed. The first is based on the use of symbolical for Ukrainian species of plants (Viburnum opulus L., Sorbus aucuparia L.), while plant groups are mono-species independent components of the composition. In the second approach, the matching of plants is based on the symbolic meaning of their morphological characteristics. In this case, the plants are located next to the memorial architectural objects as secondary components to enhance emotional influence and increase the information characteristics of the memorial. This approach to the use of plants for the formation of figurative and symbolic structure of the park is based on the symbolic level of semiotic units of perception, according to Barabanov (2002), which is determined by the sociocultural context that is formed within a certain social, historical period and territory.","PeriodicalId":40393,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Art","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43746278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.06
A. Ziemeļniece, L. Balode
The research on the impact of the healing power of the natural base on the human health in Latvia has begun in the 15th century. For several centuries to the present day, it has been proved that the exposure link between the natural contribution during rehabilitation of the patient and the duration of the recovery of the patient only in the inside of the in-patient care health facility makes a dramatic difference. The patient’s visual linking with the landscape space creates positive emotions that have a healing effect, demonstrating positive changes in the equalization of the blood circulation, cholesterol, and psycho-emotional level in the body. Most gardens and parks provide aesthetic enjoyment but the rehabilitative sensory and therapy gardens are designed to functionally stimulate the human senses (vision, touch, smell, taste, and hearing). The rehabilitation garden or the park is a place that promotes physical, mental health, and well-being, and it should be designed near medical institutions where the moments of psycho-emotional feelings of the patient and his relatives are the most delicate.
{"title":"The transformation of the cultural landscape of Latvian rehabilitation gardens and parks","authors":"A. Ziemeļniece, L. Balode","doi":"10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.06","url":null,"abstract":"The research on the impact of the healing power of the natural base on the human health in Latvia has begun in the 15th century. For several centuries to the present day, it has been proved that the exposure link between the natural contribution during rehabilitation of the patient and the duration of the recovery of the patient only in the inside of the in-patient care health facility makes a dramatic difference. The patient’s visual linking with the landscape space creates positive emotions that have a healing effect, demonstrating positive changes in the equalization of the blood circulation, cholesterol, and psycho-emotional level in the body. Most gardens and parks provide aesthetic enjoyment but the rehabilitative sensory and therapy gardens are designed to functionally stimulate the human senses (vision, touch, smell, taste, and hearing). The rehabilitation garden or the park is a place that promotes physical, mental health, and well-being, and it should be designed near medical institutions where the moments of psycho-emotional feelings of the patient and his relatives are the most delicate.","PeriodicalId":40393,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Art","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47436093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.08
Agnese Sofija Kusmane
This article focuses on magnetic places in Riga Soviet residential areas – locations which are differ from ordinary spaces due to their naturalness, possibility of restoration, perceived beauty and possibility to appropriate such places. This paper utilises two theoretical fields – the one of evolutionary aesthetics in dealing with such elements as prospects and refuges that is crucial for survival, but also phenomenology dealing with mental maps and subjective perception of space. The method in use is semi-structured interviews, since they provide a valuable in situ material for proving a theoretical thought. It can be concluded that the magnetic places that often are as much as 200 m far from the interviewees’ homes are more attractive than the location outside their window. This finding is in stark contrast to Oscar Newman’s Defensible Space Theory. There are also few recommendations for landscape architects included in this text: one of those is to not only invest more resources into the design of magnetic places, but carefully design the ordinary places. The latter should be done not only in order to avoid the arousal of no-go areas in a residential complex, but also because any ordinary space has a potential of becoming a place.
{"title":"Magnetic Places in Riga Soviet Residential Areas","authors":"Agnese Sofija Kusmane","doi":"10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.08","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on magnetic places in Riga Soviet residential areas – locations which are differ from ordinary spaces due to their naturalness, possibility of restoration, perceived beauty and possibility to appropriate such places. This paper utilises two theoretical fields – the one of evolutionary aesthetics in dealing with such elements as prospects and refuges that is crucial for survival, but also phenomenology dealing with mental maps and subjective perception of space. The method in use is semi-structured interviews, since they provide a valuable in situ material for proving a theoretical thought. It can be concluded that the magnetic places that often are as much as 200 m far from the interviewees’ homes are more attractive than the location outside their window. This finding is in stark contrast to Oscar Newman’s Defensible Space Theory. There are also few recommendations for landscape architects included in this text: one of those is to not only invest more resources into the design of magnetic places, but carefully design the ordinary places. The latter should be done not only in order to avoid the arousal of no-go areas in a residential complex, but also because any ordinary space has a potential of becoming a place.","PeriodicalId":40393,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Art","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43872965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.22616/J.LANDARCHART.2019.14.02
Dominika Kuśnierz-Krupa
The aim of this article is to present an original methodology that was prepared for the research concerning the history of spatial development of historic towns and their conservation protection. The methodology, already repeatedly verified by the Author in the course of research on the origins, urban model and restoration of selected medieval towns in Poland, is universal and so applicable also during the research carried out in towns outside Poland. In this article it will be exemplified by the studies on the spatial development of the medieval town of Skawina located in Lesser Poland. The methodology consists of five stages. The first stage of research involves the so called “desk study”, which is conducted in selected archives, both in the country where the selected town is located, and abroad. The second stage involves field research in the analysed town. The research is accompanied by an inventory of the area of the chartered town, including its preserved elements such as e.g. the market square, the settlement block or the settlement plot. Photographic documentation is also collected during field research. The third stage of research uses aerial archaeology to analyse the urban layout of a given town. The fourth stage involves confronting the research results obtained at previous stages, primarily comparing archive plans and aerial photographs, as well as analysing them in order to identify changes occurring in the urban layout of the studied town. The final, fifth stage involves assessing the cultural values and the necessary methods for protecting the analysed historic town. The discussed methodology allows for drawing conclusions combined with hypotheses concerning the shape and functional-spatial structure of the examined town in the past, as well as its current values in the context of protecting the cultural landscape. The need to prepare it sprang from the current situation in historic towns which are not always properly protected, and scientific studies of their history are often insufficient. The situation and the need for better protection of historic towns has also been indicated in international documents prepared by the ICOMOS and UNESCO, such as the International Charter on the Conservation of Historic Towns of the ICOMOS from 1987, and the UNESCO Recommendation concerning the historic urban landscape from 2011.
{"title":"Original historical spatial development research methodology","authors":"Dominika Kuśnierz-Krupa","doi":"10.22616/J.LANDARCHART.2019.14.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/J.LANDARCHART.2019.14.02","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to present an original methodology that was prepared for the research concerning the history of spatial development of historic towns and their conservation protection. The methodology, already repeatedly verified by the Author in the course of research on the origins, urban model and restoration of selected medieval towns in Poland, is universal and so applicable also during the research carried out in towns outside Poland. In this article it will be exemplified by the studies on the spatial development of the medieval town of Skawina located in Lesser Poland. The methodology consists of five stages. The first stage of research involves the so called “desk study”, which is conducted in selected archives, both in the country where the selected town is located, and abroad. The second stage involves field research in the analysed town. The research is accompanied by an inventory of the area of the chartered town, including its preserved elements such as e.g. the market square, the settlement block or the settlement plot. Photographic documentation is also collected during field research. The third stage of research uses aerial archaeology to analyse the urban layout of a given town. The fourth stage involves confronting the research results obtained at previous stages, primarily comparing archive plans and aerial photographs, as well as analysing them in order to identify changes occurring in the urban layout of the studied town. The final, fifth stage involves assessing the cultural values and the necessary methods for protecting the analysed historic town. The discussed methodology allows for drawing conclusions combined with hypotheses concerning the shape and functional-spatial structure of the examined town in the past, as well as its current values in the context of protecting the cultural landscape. The need to prepare it sprang from the current situation in historic towns which are not always properly protected, and scientific studies of their history are often insufficient. The situation and the need for better protection of historic towns has also been indicated in international documents prepared by the ICOMOS and UNESCO, such as the International Charter on the Conservation of Historic Towns of the ICOMOS from 1987, and the UNESCO Recommendation concerning the historic urban landscape from 2011.","PeriodicalId":40393,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Art","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44251953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.04
S. Ozola
In Rome, Emperor Constantin I started to build the most ancient cathedral – the five-nave Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran, but the Lateran Palace was given as a present to Bishop of Rome for his residence. Perimeter building blocks set up the building complex. In Europe, during the 6th–9th centuries numerous rulers proclaimed Christianity as the only religion in the country. The Church strengthened its impact on the society and governmental administration. In Rome, like in Jerusalem, a religious centre was created, but in the middle of the 8th century, a city-state Vatican was founded, and on one of hills, the Pope’s residence was placed. Christians organized structures governed by Bishops and founded Catholic church-states – bishoprics. In the late 12th century, subjugation of the lands populated by the Balts and the Finno-Ugric tribes began. Bishoprics and cult centres were founded, and residences for Bishops and Canonical Chapters were envisaged. The bishopric main building was the cathedral. In Europe during lots of centuries evolution of the cathedral building-type happened. In the Balts and Finno-Ugric lands cathedrals were affected by local building traditions. The origins of the Riga Cathedral (Latvian: Rīgas Doms) can be found in 1201–1202, when the bishopric centre from Üxküll was moved to the newly-founded Riga, where the Bishop’s residence was built on a geopolitically and strategically convenient place. The most important centres to look for inspirations were Braunschweig, Westfalen, Köln, Lübeck, Ratzeburg, Bremen, Hamburg. Research problem: interpretations of sacral building typology and terminology application cause difficulties in the research of historical building plans. Research topicality: evolution of the cathedral building-type and impact of cathedral building complexes on formation and planning of medieval urban structures during the 13th and 14th century. Goal of the research: analyse planning of historical structure in urban centres of bishoprics to determine significance of cathedrals as architectural dominances in spatial composition of towns. Research novelty: this research is based on Latvian historians and archaeologists’ former studies. Nevertheless, opportunities provided by the analysis of urban planning and cartographic materials have been used, and created building due to local construction traditions has been assessed in the European context. Results: study of architecture, layout formation and structure of cathedrals on the southern Baltic Seacoast lands during the 13th and 14th centuries. Main methods applied: this study is based on research and analysis of archive documents, projects and cartographic materials of urban planning, as well as study of published literature and inspection of buildings in nature.
在罗马，君士坦丁一世皇帝开始建造最古老的大教堂——拉特兰的五殿圣约翰大教堂，但拉特兰宫是作为礼物送给罗马主教居住的。周边的建筑块构成了建筑群。在欧洲，在6 - 9世纪期间，许多统治者宣布基督教为该国唯一的宗教。教会加强了对社会和政府管理的影响。在罗马，像在耶路撒冷一样，建立了一个宗教中心，但在8世纪中叶，一个城邦梵蒂冈建立了，教皇的住所就设在其中一座山上。基督徒组织了由主教管理的机构，并建立了天主教教会国家——主教辖区。在12世纪后期，开始征服波罗的海人和芬兰-乌戈尔部落居住的土地。主教区和邪教中心成立，并设想主教和教会的住所。主教的主要建筑是大教堂。在欧洲，教堂的建筑形式经历了许多世纪的演变。在波罗的海和芬兰-乌戈尔地区，教堂受到当地建筑传统的影响。里加大教堂(拉脱维亚语:r gas Doms)的起源可以在1201-1202年找到，当时主教中心从Üxküll搬到新成立的里加，主教的住所建在地缘政治和战略上方便的地方。寻找灵感的最重要的中心是不伦瑞克，威斯特法伦，Köln，莱贝克，拉策堡，不来梅，汉堡。研究问题:神圣建筑类型学的解释和术语的使用给历史建筑平面图的研究带来了困难。研究主题:13 - 14世纪教堂建筑类型的演变以及教堂建筑群对中世纪城市结构形成和规划的影响。研究目标:分析主教辖区城市中心历史结构的规划，以确定大教堂在城镇空间构成中的建筑优势的重要性。研究的新颖性:这项研究是基于拉脱维亚历史学家和考古学家以前的研究。然而，利用城市规划分析和制图材料提供的机会，并根据当地的建筑传统在欧洲背景下进行评估。结果:对13世纪和14世纪波罗的海沿岸南部地区教堂的建筑、布局形成和结构进行了研究。运用的主要方法:本研究通过对城市规划的档案文献、项目、制图资料的研究和分析，以及对已发表文献的研究和对自然建筑的考察。
{"title":"The Evolution of Cathedral Planning on the Baltic Sea Southern Cast during the 13th – 14th Centuries in Context of European Building Traditions","authors":"S. Ozola","doi":"10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.04","url":null,"abstract":"In Rome, Emperor Constantin I started to build the most ancient cathedral – the five-nave\u0000Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran, but the Lateran Palace was given as a present to Bishop of Rome for his residence. Perimeter building blocks set up the building complex. In Europe, during the 6th–9th centuries numerous rulers proclaimed Christianity as the only religion in the country. The Church strengthened its impact on the society and governmental administration. In Rome, like in Jerusalem, a religious centre was created,\u0000but in the middle of the 8th century, a city-state Vatican was founded, and on one of hills, the Pope’s residence was placed. Christians organized structures governed by Bishops and founded Catholic church-states – bishoprics. In the late 12th century, subjugation of the lands populated by the Balts and the Finno-Ugric tribes began. Bishoprics and cult centres were founded, and residences for Bishops and Canonical Chapters were envisaged. The bishopric main building was the cathedral. In Europe during lots of centuries evolution of the cathedral building-type happened. In the Balts and Finno-Ugric lands cathedrals were affected by local building traditions. The origins of the Riga Cathedral (Latvian: Rīgas Doms) can be found in 1201–1202, when the bishopric centre\u0000from Üxküll was moved to the newly-founded Riga, where the Bishop’s residence was built on a geopolitically and strategically convenient place. The most important centres to look for inspirations were Braunschweig, Westfalen, Köln, Lübeck, Ratzeburg, Bremen, Hamburg. Research problem: interpretations of sacral building typology and terminology application cause difficulties in the research of historical building plans. Research topicality: evolution of the cathedral building-type and impact of cathedral building complexes on formation and planning of medieval urban structures during the 13th and\u000014th century. Goal of the research: analyse planning of historical structure in urban centres of bishoprics to determine significance of cathedrals as architectural dominances in spatial composition of towns. Research novelty: this research is based on Latvian historians and archaeologists’ former studies. Nevertheless, opportunities provided by the analysis of urban planning and cartographic materials have been used, and created building due to local construction traditions has been assessed in the European context. Results: study of architecture, layout formation and structure of cathedrals on the southern Baltic Seacoast lands during the 13th and 14th centuries. Main methods applied: this study is based on research and analysis of archive documents, projects and cartographic materials of urban planning, as well as study of published literature and inspection of buildings in nature.","PeriodicalId":40393,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Art","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45156046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-16DOI: 10.22616/J.LANDARCHART.2019.14.03
S. Ozola
The oldest Catholic cathedral is the five-nave Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran erected in Rome, but the Lateran Palace (Latin: Palatium Apostolicum Lateranense) was given as a present to Bishop (Latin: episcopus) of Rome for his residence (from 4th until 14th cent.). The perimeter building set up the structural complex of L-shaped layout where the Lateran Castle and the Archbasilica were included. In Western Europe largest cities were also archbishoprics’ centres, in which neighbourhood Catholic church-states, or bishoprics were founded. Local conditions and relationships between the ruler and inhabitants determined the development of Christianity centres. Its main structural objects included in the fortified building complex were the Catholic cathedral which altarpiece (Latin: presbyterium) by the main altar was turned toward the east facing the rising sun, headquarters of the Canonical Chapter (German: Domkapitel) and Bishop's strong fortified residence resembled a lower tower, or a palace separated from the town, or built outside the town. In the late 12th century, bishoprics began to establish on the Baltic Sea southern coast at subjugated lands of the Balts and the Baltic Finns. At bishoprics’ centres Bishops’ fortified yards (German: der Bischofshof) were formed. A housing combined with a sacral structure was included in the perimeter building around the spacious court and integrated into the unified defensive system of the structural complex. In Riga, the Germans established centres of secular and spiritual power, as well as the main military economic base for the Baltics’ expansion. The political and economic dualism was created. The representation of civil authority became the third alternative force. Each of centres characterized by its own structural elements. The main cult building for city inhabitants was the church of citizen’s parish. Research problem: the development of the Catholic cathedral building-type in bishoprics’ towns on the southern bank of the Baltic Sea during the 13th – 14th centuries has been studied insufficiently. Research topicality: the impact of cathedral building complexes on formation of medieval urban structures on the Baltic Sea south coastal lands during the 13th – 14th centuries. Research goal: analysis of the structure and layout of Catholic cathedrals in Livonia and the Prussians’ lands to determine common and diverse features. Research novelty: evolution of the layout and structure of Catholic cathedrals on lands inhabited by the Baltic ethnic groups have been analysed in regional and European context. Results: study formation of the Catholic cathedrals’ layout and structure on the Baltic Sea south coastal lands during the 13th – 14th centuries. Main methods: inspection of cathedrals in nature, analysis of archive documents, projects, cartographic materials.
{"title":"The Development of the Catholic Cathedral Building-type at Bishoprics’ Towns on the Baltic Sea Southern Coast during the 13th – 14th Centuries","authors":"S. Ozola","doi":"10.22616/J.LANDARCHART.2019.14.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/J.LANDARCHART.2019.14.03","url":null,"abstract":"The oldest Catholic cathedral is the five-nave Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran erected in Rome, but the Lateran Palace (Latin: Palatium Apostolicum Lateranense) was given as a present to Bishop (Latin: episcopus) of Rome for his residence (from 4th until 14th cent.). The perimeter building set up the structural complex of L-shaped layout where the Lateran Castle and the Archbasilica were included. In Western Europe largest cities were also archbishoprics’ centres, in which neighbourhood Catholic church-states, or bishoprics were founded. Local conditions and relationships between the ruler and inhabitants determined the development of Christianity centres. Its main structural objects included in the fortified building complex were the Catholic cathedral which altarpiece (Latin: presbyterium) by the main altar was turned toward the east facing the rising sun, headquarters of the Canonical Chapter (German: Domkapitel) and Bishop's strong fortified residence resembled a lower tower, or a palace separated from the town, or built outside the town. In the late 12th century, bishoprics began to establish on the Baltic Sea southern coast at subjugated lands of the Balts and the Baltic Finns. At bishoprics’ centres Bishops’ fortified yards (German: der Bischofshof) were formed. A housing combined with a sacral structure was included in the perimeter building around the spacious court and integrated into the unified defensive system of the structural complex. In Riga, the Germans established centres of secular and spiritual power, as well as the main military economic base for the Baltics’ expansion. The political and economic dualism was created. The representation of civil authority became the third alternative force. Each of centres characterized by its own structural elements. The main cult building for city inhabitants was the church of citizen’s parish. Research problem: the development of the Catholic cathedral building-type in bishoprics’ towns on the southern bank of the Baltic Sea during the 13th – 14th centuries has been studied insufficiently. Research topicality: the impact of cathedral building complexes on formation of medieval urban structures on the Baltic Sea south coastal lands during the 13th – 14th centuries. Research goal: analysis of the structure and layout of Catholic cathedrals in Livonia and the Prussians’ lands to determine common and diverse features. Research novelty: evolution of the layout and structure of Catholic cathedrals on lands inhabited by the Baltic ethnic groups have been analysed in regional and European context. Results: study formation of the Catholic cathedrals’ layout and structure on the Baltic Sea south coastal lands during the 13th – 14th centuries. Main methods: inspection of cathedrals in nature, analysis of archive documents, projects, cartographic materials.","PeriodicalId":40393,"journal":{"name":"Landscape Architecture and Art","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46297187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：