Pub Date : 2010-04-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902365
E. Baranyai, L. G.-Tóth
P1anktonie organisms 1ive in the pe1agie zone of open waters and are adapted to survive in this turbu1ent environment. Some experimenta1 resu1ts supported that a moderate turbu1ent intensity is benefieia1 for the funetion o f the zoop1ankton (SAIZ & ALCARAZ 1991, 1992, WISSER & STIPS 2002); however, above a eritiea1 turbu1enee va1ue some organisms may suffer. Some researeh has hypothesized that the maximum body size of a p1anktonie organism eannot be 1arger than ha1f the diameter o f the smallest eddies oeeurring in a downward easeade o f propagating eddies or organisms would get broken by the shear forees (MARGALEF 1978, REYNOLDS 1992, 1998, O'BRIEN 2002). Lake Balaton is the 1argest shallow 1ake in Central Europe, and the vertiea1 spaee for the kinetie energy dissipation is very 1imited by its 3.25-m water eolumn. Therefore, the estimated (MAcKENZIE & LEGGERT 1993) energy dissipation rate is high and the diameter ofthe smallest eddies are very small (6.19 10-5 em see-3 and 0.33 mm, respeetively, at the 3.2 em seemean wind veloeity in the 1ake area). The transient eharaeter ofthe vertica1 strueture of zoop1ankton assemb1ages in Lake Ba1aton suggests that small-seale turbu1enee ean be a major environmental faetor for the vertieal distribution and migration of the organisms in this kinetie lake. The aim of our study was to deteet first the effeet of the RMS turbulenee (root-mean-square of the time series ofthe 3-D individual veloeity magnitude values) on the vertieal segregation and diumal migration ofzooplankton assemblages in the lake.
{"title":"The influence of turbulence on vertical distribution of zooplankton in shallow, kinetic Lake Balaton (Hungary)","authors":"E. Baranyai, L. G.-Tóth","doi":"10.1080/03680770.2009.11902365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2009.11902365","url":null,"abstract":"P1anktonie organisms 1ive in the pe1agie zone of open waters and are adapted to survive in this turbu1ent environment. Some experimenta1 resu1ts supported that a moderate turbu1ent intensity is benefieia1 for the funetion o f the zoop1ankton (SAIZ & ALCARAZ 1991, 1992, WISSER & STIPS 2002); however, above a eritiea1 turbu1enee va1ue some organisms may suffer. Some researeh has hypothesized that the maximum body size of a p1anktonie organism eannot be 1arger than ha1f the diameter o f the smallest eddies oeeurring in a downward easeade o f propagating eddies or organisms would get broken by the shear forees (MARGALEF 1978, REYNOLDS 1992, 1998, O'BRIEN 2002). Lake Balaton is the 1argest shallow 1ake in Central Europe, and the vertiea1 spaee for the kinetie energy dissipation is very 1imited by its 3.25-m water eolumn. Therefore, the estimated (MAcKENZIE & LEGGERT 1993) energy dissipation rate is high and the diameter ofthe smallest eddies are very small (6.19 10-5 em see-3 and 0.33 mm, respeetively, at the 3.2 em seemean wind veloeity in the 1ake area). The transient eharaeter ofthe vertica1 strueture of zoop1ankton assemb1ages in Lake Ba1aton suggests that small-seale turbu1enee ean be a major environmental faetor for the vertieal distribution and migration of the organisms in this kinetie lake. The aim of our study was to deteet first the effeet of the RMS turbulenee (root-mean-square of the time series ofthe 3-D individual veloeity magnitude values) on the vertieal segregation and diumal migration ofzooplankton assemblages in the lake.","PeriodicalId":404196,"journal":{"name":"Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125924816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902337
L. Kamp-Nielsen, N. Kongshøj
During this century the Intergovemmental Panel on elimate ehange (IPeC) predicts the global climate to change significantly with temperature increases o f 3 to 5 oe in the Danish region, with highest increases in winter (HouGHTON et al. 2001). ehanges in wind climate and hydrology and their effects on temperature and mixing regimes must be modelled to present a complete picture of consequences of climate changes. We focused on the direct effects of temperature on key process rates. In general, the rates of physical, chemical, and biological processes increase with temperature. ehemical equilibrium studies describe temperature influence on process rates as: Q10 = (~1/~2) <2-ei) (VAN'T HOFF 1884), where ~1 and Jl2 are process rates at 2 temperatures 8 1 and 8 2, respectively; or by a more theoretically founded expression and introduction of an activation energy: kT = Ae-Ea/RT (ARRHENIUS 1889), where kT is a rate constant at the absolute temperature T, A is a frequency factor, Ea is an activation energy, and R is the gas constant. These equations, however, are only valid over small temperature intervals. Strong deviations occur at low temperatures and especially at high temperatures, where the proteins of enzymes are denaturised. In many studies these exponential equations have been routinely applied, although careful inspections have shown a temperature dependence not statistically different from a simple linear response (COUSSINS & BOWLER 1987, MONTAIGNES et al. 2003). To study the effect of climate changes on the nutrient metabolism in lakes we measured nitrification and denitrification rates over the temperature range 0-60 oe in sediment sarnples from Frederiksborg eastle Lake and applied a number of temperature models to the data. The most predictive model was used to describe the acclimatisation o f the processes, and the model was calibrated and verified on sediments from a series of mesocosms run with various climate scenarios.
{"title":"Temperature models for nitrification and denitrification in lake sediments","authors":"L. Kamp-Nielsen, N. Kongshøj","doi":"10.1080/03680770.2009.11902337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2009.11902337","url":null,"abstract":"During this century the Intergovemmental Panel on elimate ehange (IPeC) predicts the global climate to change significantly with temperature increases o f 3 to 5 oe in the Danish region, with highest increases in winter (HouGHTON et al. 2001). ehanges in wind climate and hydrology and their effects on temperature and mixing regimes must be modelled to present a complete picture of consequences of climate changes. We focused on the direct effects of temperature on key process rates. In general, the rates of physical, chemical, and biological processes increase with temperature. ehemical equilibrium studies describe temperature influence on process rates as: Q10 = (~1/~2) <2-ei) (VAN'T HOFF 1884), where ~1 and Jl2 are process rates at 2 temperatures 8 1 and 8 2, respectively; or by a more theoretically founded expression and introduction of an activation energy: kT = Ae-Ea/RT (ARRHENIUS 1889), where kT is a rate constant at the absolute temperature T, A is a frequency factor, Ea is an activation energy, and R is the gas constant. These equations, however, are only valid over small temperature intervals. Strong deviations occur at low temperatures and especially at high temperatures, where the proteins of enzymes are denaturised. In many studies these exponential equations have been routinely applied, although careful inspections have shown a temperature dependence not statistically different from a simple linear response (COUSSINS & BOWLER 1987, MONTAIGNES et al. 2003). To study the effect of climate changes on the nutrient metabolism in lakes we measured nitrification and denitrification rates over the temperature range 0-60 oe in sediment sarnples from Frederiksborg eastle Lake and applied a number of temperature models to the data. The most predictive model was used to describe the acclimatisation o f the processes, and the model was calibrated and verified on sediments from a series of mesocosms run with various climate scenarios.","PeriodicalId":404196,"journal":{"name":"Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125183650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902336
M. Maruo, K. Tate, K. Ohta, K. Hayakawa, H. Obata
Iron speciation in freshwater is largely regulated by pH, dissolved oxygen and characteristics of dissolved organic compounds that coexist in the water. Solubility of iron(III) is very low in neutral pH, but some organic compounds serve as chelators with iron(III) to form dissolved stable complexes. In Lake Biwa, Japan, dissolved iron concentration is very high (mean 84 nmol L -l, median 28 nmol L -l in the north basin; Mrro et al. 2004). However, when taking into account iron complexation, the labile iron concentration is very low and may serve as a co-limiting factor of primary production, as seen in the eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura, Japan (NAGAI et al. 2006). Iron(II) is a minor component in oxic circumneutral freshwater because it is immediately oxidized to iron(III) species., It has high potential bioavailability for primary production, however, because of its high solubility and low complexation compared with iron(III) that sometimes form a stable organic complex unavailable to phytoplankton (IMAI et al. 1999). According to SIVAN et al. (1998), iron(II) exists in the epilimnion ofthe oxic freshwater Lake Kinneret in the order oftens o f nmol L -• While iron(II) is oxidized by Oz, 0 2·and H20 2 in water, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), such as humic substances, serves as a mediator o f photoreduction o f iron(III) to iron(II) at the lake surface (EMMENEGGER et al. 200 l). We analyzed the vertical profiles of iron(II) in summer and autumn in Lake Biwa. Because the concentration of iron(II) is estimated to be low, solid phase extraction of iron(II)ferrozine complex was investigated using a modified method ofYI et al. (1992). To verify the photoreductive formation of iron(II) at the lake surface, the water of Lake Biwa was irradiated by sunlight.
淡水中铁的形态在很大程度上受pH值、溶解氧和水中共存的溶解有机化合物特征的调节。铁(III)在中性pH下溶解度很低，但一些有机化合物与铁(III)起螯合剂作用，形成溶解稳定的配合物。日本琵琵湖的溶解铁浓度非常高，盆地北部平均84 nmol L -l，中位数28 nmol L -l;Mrro et al. 2004)。然而，当考虑到铁络合作用时，不稳定铁浓度非常低，可能成为初级生产的共同限制因素，如在日本富营养化的Kasumigaura湖(NAGAI et al. 2006)所见。铁(II)在氧环中性淡水中是一个次要成分，因为它立即被氧化成铁(III)种。然而，由于与铁(III)相比，它具有高溶解度和低络合性，因此在初级生产中具有很高的潜在生物利用度，而铁(III)有时会形成浮游植物无法获得的稳定有机复合物(IMAI等，1999)。据息汪月et al .(1998)、铁(II)中存在的变温层氧化的淡水湖加里利海的顺序通常nmol L - o f•当铁(II)氧化Oz, 0 2·h2o 2水,有色溶解有机物(CDOM),如腐殖质物质,作为中介o光致还原作用o f铁(III)铁(II)在湖泊表面(EMMENEGGER et al . 200 L)。我们分析了垂直的铁(II)在日本琵琶湖的夏季和秋季。由于估计铁(II)的浓度很低，因此采用yi等人(1992)的改进方法研究了铁(II)铁锌络合物的固相萃取。为了验证铁(II)在湖表面的光还原形成，用阳光照射琵琶湖的水。
{"title":"Vertical distribution of iron(II) and its relation to organic substances in Lake Biwa, Japan","authors":"M. Maruo, K. Tate, K. Ohta, K. Hayakawa, H. Obata","doi":"10.1080/03680770.2009.11902336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2009.11902336","url":null,"abstract":"Iron speciation in freshwater is largely regulated by pH, dissolved oxygen and characteristics of dissolved organic compounds that coexist in the water. Solubility of iron(III) is very low in neutral pH, but some organic compounds serve as chelators with iron(III) to form dissolved stable complexes. In Lake Biwa, Japan, dissolved iron concentration is very high (mean 84 nmol L -l, median 28 nmol L -l in the north basin; Mrro et al. 2004). However, when taking into account iron complexation, the labile iron concentration is very low and may serve as a co-limiting factor of primary production, as seen in the eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura, Japan (NAGAI et al. 2006). Iron(II) is a minor component in oxic circumneutral freshwater because it is immediately oxidized to iron(III) species., It has high potential bioavailability for primary production, however, because of its high solubility and low complexation compared with iron(III) that sometimes form a stable organic complex unavailable to phytoplankton (IMAI et al. 1999). According to SIVAN et al. (1998), iron(II) exists in the epilimnion ofthe oxic freshwater Lake Kinneret in the order oftens o f nmol L -• While iron(II) is oxidized by Oz, 0 2·and H20 2 in water, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), such as humic substances, serves as a mediator o f photoreduction o f iron(III) to iron(II) at the lake surface (EMMENEGGER et al. 200 l). We analyzed the vertical profiles of iron(II) in summer and autumn in Lake Biwa. Because the concentration of iron(II) is estimated to be low, solid phase extraction of iron(II)ferrozine complex was investigated using a modified method ofYI et al. (1992). To verify the photoreductive formation of iron(II) at the lake surface, the water of Lake Biwa was irradiated by sunlight.","PeriodicalId":404196,"journal":{"name":"Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129012189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902326
V. Chanudet, J. Loizeau, J. Druart, Régis Kottelat, D. Vignati, J. Dominik
Colloids play an important role in trace metal cycling in lakes(Morel & Gschwend 1987) due to their high sorptioncapacity and long residence times. Indeed, because of Brow-nian motion, colloids do not settle individually, even in stillwater; however, they can aggregate into larger particles andstart to settle entraining bound or embedded compounds.Aggregation, and ultimately colloid removal rates, canstrongly be enhanced during a phytoplankton bloom, particu-larly through the production of sticking exopolymers (Pas-sow 2002) released by phytoplankton (Jackson & Burd1998). Sticking exopolymers are also known to promote dia-tom aggregation in both marine (Alldregde & Jackson1995 and other references in this special issue) and freshwa-ter systems (Hoffman et al. 2001).In an international project aiming to assess trace metalremoval in Lake Geneva during a phytoplanktonic bloom,colloids were extensively studied during 3field campaignsbefore, during, and after the 2006 spring bloom. Changes insize, concentration, composition, and aggregation rate of col-loids with time will be extensively presented elsewhere (V.Chanudet, unpubl.). Here we present specifically the resultsof the second campaign (bloom), in which phytoplankton wasexpected to most influence the colloidal particle size distri-bution and play a significant role in the aggregation process.To verify this assumption, we carried out experiments on col-loid aggregation using a single particle counter (SPC), aunique tool allowing measurements of colloids in the sizerange 0.1–2µm at natural concentrations. We were able todemonstrate that during an early phase of bloom in lakes,small centric diatoms settle individually rather than as aggre-gates, possibly because of a low concentration of exopoly-mers.
{"title":"Characterization of colloids before, during, and after a phytoplanktonic bloom in Lake Geneva (Switzerland/France)","authors":"V. Chanudet, J. Loizeau, J. Druart, Régis Kottelat, D. Vignati, J. Dominik","doi":"10.1080/03680770.2009.11902326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2009.11902326","url":null,"abstract":"Colloids play an important role in trace metal cycling in lakes(Morel & Gschwend 1987) due to their high sorptioncapacity and long residence times. Indeed, because of Brow-nian motion, colloids do not settle individually, even in stillwater; however, they can aggregate into larger particles andstart to settle entraining bound or embedded compounds.Aggregation, and ultimately colloid removal rates, canstrongly be enhanced during a phytoplankton bloom, particu-larly through the production of sticking exopolymers (Pas-sow 2002) released by phytoplankton (Jackson & Burd1998). Sticking exopolymers are also known to promote dia-tom aggregation in both marine (Alldregde & Jackson1995 and other references in this special issue) and freshwa-ter systems (Hoffman et al. 2001).In an international project aiming to assess trace metalremoval in Lake Geneva during a phytoplanktonic bloom,colloids were extensively studied during 3field campaignsbefore, during, and after the 2006 spring bloom. Changes insize, concentration, composition, and aggregation rate of col-loids with time will be extensively presented elsewhere (V.Chanudet, unpubl.). Here we present specifically the resultsof the second campaign (bloom), in which phytoplankton wasexpected to most influence the colloidal particle size distri-bution and play a significant role in the aggregation process.To verify this assumption, we carried out experiments on col-loid aggregation using a single particle counter (SPC), aunique tool allowing measurements of colloids in the sizerange 0.1–2µm at natural concentrations. We were able todemonstrate that during an early phase of bloom in lakes,small centric diatoms settle individually rather than as aggre-gates, possibly because of a low concentration of exopoly-mers.","PeriodicalId":404196,"journal":{"name":"Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130467310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902354
A. C. M. Oliveira, L. Martinelli, M. Moreira, J. Cyrino
Tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum ), a native Amazonian species, is one of the principal fish harvested in the region and is of great economical importance in the Central Amazon. In recent years, however, it has suffered a decrease in fish landings, most likely due to overfishing (lsAAc & RuFINO 1996). The primary autotrophic energy sources for tambaqui in its natural habitats have been investigated using the isotopic method, allowing for new perspectives regarding the trophic ecology of this species (FoRSBERG et al. 1993, ARAÚJO-LIMA et al. 1998, BENEDITO-CECILIO et al. 2000, ÜLIVEIRA et al. 2006). Tambaqui is an omnivorous fish species with a diet composed of a variety of food items originating from c4 and c3 plant sources, including phytoplankton, whose importance to maintaining the biomass of fish stocks varies in relation to the hydrological cycle (ÜLIVEIRA et al. 2006). The results of previous studies looking at the autotrophic energy sources o f tambaqui were interpreted from isotopic ecology research of animals from temperate ecosystems that utilize aquatic habitats with different characteristics and complexity than that ofthe Amazon. Until now, no laboratory study has ever been done with tambaqui to evaluate possible differences in the isotopic values present in its tissues due to physiological effects, and specifically with respect to diet changes (HoBSON et al. 1993). Because the carbon in animal tissues is constantly being renewed, it is of fundamental importance to establish the timeline necessary for incorporation and replacement of varying carbon sources in the tissues of any given species. The period in which the ratio of C/C in the tissues reflects the isotopic value of a diet depends, in part, on the animal 's rate of movement (HoBSON & CLARK 1992). The isotopic change, defined as isotopic tumover, is due to the growth rate and metabo1ic replacement within the tissues, which is associated with diet change (MAcAvov et al. 2001). A fast or slow tumover can be characteristic o f the animal 's general growth rate or the speed of metabolic replacement within individual tissues (FRY & ARNOLD 1982, HESSLEIN et al. 1993). For tambaqui, the isotopic tumover rate in muscle tissue or how different carbon sources are distributed and stored in this type of tissue is unknown. To try and clarify these questions, the present work investigated the incorporation dynamics of carbon (C) and dietary nitrogen (N) in the muscle tissue of tambaqui fingerlings through calculation of a complete e and N tumover of C3 and C4 sources, which ultimately contributes to a better understanding of the importance of these sources in maintaining tambaqui stocks.
Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum)是一种亚马逊本地物种，是该地区主要捕捞的鱼类之一，在亚马逊中部具有重要的经济意义。然而，近年来，很可能由于过度捕捞，它的渔获量有所减少(lsAAc和RuFINO, 1996年)。使用同位素方法研究了自然栖息地中tambaqui的主要自养能量来源，为该物种的营养生态学提供了新的视角(FoRSBERG等人，1993年，ARAÚJO-LIMA等人，1998年，BENEDITO-CECILIO等人，2000年，ÜLIVEIRA等人，2006年)。Tambaqui是一种杂食性鱼类，其饮食由来自c4和c3植物来源的各种食物组成，包括浮游植物，其对维持鱼类种群生物量的重要性因水循环而异(ÜLIVEIRA et al. 2006)。之前关于坦巴奎自养能量来源的研究结果是通过对温带生态系统动物的同位素生态学研究来解释的，这些生态系统利用的水生栖息地具有不同于亚马逊的特征和复杂性。到目前为止，还没有对坦巴基鱼进行过实验室研究，以评估其组织中存在的同位素值可能由于生理影响而产生的差异，特别是与饮食变化有关的差异(HoBSON等，1993)。由于动物组织中的碳是不断更新的，因此建立任何特定物种组织中不同碳源的整合和替换所需的时间表是至关重要的。组织中碳/碳比值反映饮食同位素值的周期部分取决于动物的运动速率(HoBSON & CLARK 1992)。同位素变化被定义为同位素变化，是由于生长速度和组织内的代谢替代，这与饮食变化有关(MAcAvov et al. 2001)。快速或缓慢的肿瘤转移可能是动物总体生长速度或单个组织内代谢替代速度的特征(FRY & ARNOLD 1982, HESSLEIN et al. 1993)。对于tambaqui来说，肌肉组织中的同位素转移率或不同的碳源如何分布和储存在这种类型的组织中是未知的。为了澄清这些问题，本研究通过计算C3和C4来源的完整e和N迁移量，研究了碳(C)和饲料氮(N)在tambaqui鱼种肌肉组织中的结合动态，最终有助于更好地了解这些来源在维持tambaqui种群中的重要性。
{"title":"C3 and C4 source incorporation in Amazonian fish: contribution to dietary ecology studies","authors":"A. C. M. Oliveira, L. Martinelli, M. Moreira, J. Cyrino","doi":"10.1080/03680770.2009.11902354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2009.11902354","url":null,"abstract":"Tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum ), a native Amazonian species, is one of the principal fish harvested in the region and is of great economical importance in the Central Amazon. In recent years, however, it has suffered a decrease in fish landings, most likely due to overfishing (lsAAc & RuFINO 1996). The primary autotrophic energy sources for tambaqui in its natural habitats have been investigated using the isotopic method, allowing for new perspectives regarding the trophic ecology of this species (FoRSBERG et al. 1993, ARAÚJO-LIMA et al. 1998, BENEDITO-CECILIO et al. 2000, ÜLIVEIRA et al. 2006). Tambaqui is an omnivorous fish species with a diet composed of a variety of food items originating from c4 and c3 plant sources, including phytoplankton, whose importance to maintaining the biomass of fish stocks varies in relation to the hydrological cycle (ÜLIVEIRA et al. 2006). The results of previous studies looking at the autotrophic energy sources o f tambaqui were interpreted from isotopic ecology research of animals from temperate ecosystems that utilize aquatic habitats with different characteristics and complexity than that ofthe Amazon. Until now, no laboratory study has ever been done with tambaqui to evaluate possible differences in the isotopic values present in its tissues due to physiological effects, and specifically with respect to diet changes (HoBSON et al. 1993). Because the carbon in animal tissues is constantly being renewed, it is of fundamental importance to establish the timeline necessary for incorporation and replacement of varying carbon sources in the tissues of any given species. The period in which the ratio of C/C in the tissues reflects the isotopic value of a diet depends, in part, on the animal 's rate of movement (HoBSON & CLARK 1992). The isotopic change, defined as isotopic tumover, is due to the growth rate and metabo1ic replacement within the tissues, which is associated with diet change (MAcAvov et al. 2001). A fast or slow tumover can be characteristic o f the animal 's general growth rate or the speed of metabolic replacement within individual tissues (FRY & ARNOLD 1982, HESSLEIN et al. 1993). For tambaqui, the isotopic tumover rate in muscle tissue or how different carbon sources are distributed and stored in this type of tissue is unknown. To try and clarify these questions, the present work investigated the incorporation dynamics of carbon (C) and dietary nitrogen (N) in the muscle tissue of tambaqui fingerlings through calculation of a complete e and N tumover of C3 and C4 sources, which ultimately contributes to a better understanding of the importance of these sources in maintaining tambaqui stocks.","PeriodicalId":404196,"journal":{"name":"Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen","volume":"668 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122965828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902333
Z. Tadesse
Tilapia are generally known to be warm water fish widely distributed across the tropics. In particular, the matemal mouth brooding tilapia of the genera Saroterodon and Oreochromis have successfully adapted to a wide range o f water bodies because of their plastic feeding habits and wide tolerance to varying environmental conditions (TREWAVAS 1982). The Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus occurs in almost all rivers and lakes ofEthiopia. It is the most important commercial fish, constituting over 60% of the commercial catch o f the capture fishery in the country (REYNTJENS & WUDINEH 1998). Investigations on the fatty acid composition and lipid quality of fishes have been well documented mainly from marine and freshwater systems of the temperate regions (PUUSTINEN et al. 1985, AHLGREN et al. 1994, 1996). Most studies can be broadly examined either from an ecological point ofview or in relation to hurnan health. From the medical point o f view, two o f the ro3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ro3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ro3) common in fish and fish oil have several biochemical effects on hurnan metabolism. Fish oil ri eh in EPA and DHA can lower blood lipid and reduce the risk of getting coronary heart disease (MEDIORUS et al. 2007). From an ecological view point, it is important to know the origin ofthese important PUFA in fish and other animals at higher trophic levels. Information on the transfer of fatty acids from the lower trophic levels beginning from the phytoplankton can be obtained by quantifying the levels of important fatty acids across the food chain. These fatty acids can serve as biomarkers to elucidate the transfer and conversion of individual fatty acids (NAPOLITANO 1999). Marine fish have been reported to have higher PUFA content than their freshwater counterparts (NAPOLITANO 1999); however, AHLGREN et al. (1994) and references therein think that the difference between marine and freshwater fish is related to other factors, such as feeding and type of fish, rather than the difference in salinity. In our earlier work we also found that tropical fish can be equally important to temperate fish in terms ofPUFA content (ZENEBE et al. 1998a). D ata on the fatty acid content o f tropical fish are scarce and are mostly limited to fish from South America (CLEMENT & LOVELL 1994, ANDRADE et al. 1995). In our earlier study we reported the fatty acid composition of O. niloticus collected from the rift valley lakes located at lower altitudes (ZENEBE et al. 1998a, 1998b ). In this study I report the fatty acid composition of the same fish taken mainly from the highland lakes located outside the Rift system ofEthiopia. This information will provide broad comparisons and more comprehensive data on the fatty acid contents of O. niloticus collected from the wild in Ethiopian lakes
罗非鱼通常被认为是广泛分布在热带地区的温水鱼。特别是，沙罗齿鱼属和Oreochromis属的母口孵罗非鱼，由于它们的塑料摄食习性和对不同环境条件的广泛耐受性，已经成功地适应了广泛的水体(TREWAVAS 1982)。尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)几乎出现在埃塞俄比亚所有的河流和湖泊中。它是最重要的商业鱼类，占该国捕捞渔业商业捕鱼量的60%以上(REYNTJENS & WUDINEH, 1998年)。关于鱼类脂肪酸组成和脂质质量的研究已经有了很好的记录，主要来自温带地区的海洋和淡水系统(puusstinen et al. 1985, AHLGREN et al. 1994, 1996)。大多数研究可以从生态学的角度或与人类健康有关的角度进行广泛的审查。从医学角度来看，鱼类和鱼油中常见的两种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)，二十碳五烯酸(EPA, 20:5ro3)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA, 22:6ro3)对人体代谢具有多种生化作用。富含EPA和DHA的鱼油可以降低血脂，降低患冠心病的风险(MEDIORUS等，2007)。从生态学的角度来看，了解这些重要的多聚脂肪酸在鱼类和其他高营养水平动物中的来源是很重要的。通过量化整个食物链中重要脂肪酸的水平，可以获得有关从浮游植物开始的较低营养水平的脂肪酸转移的信息。这些脂肪酸可以作为生物标志物来阐明单个脂肪酸的转移和转化(NAPOLITANO 1999)。据报道，海鱼的多聚脂肪酸含量高于淡水鱼类(NAPOLITANO 1999);然而，AHLGREN等(1994)及其参考文献认为，海鱼和淡水鱼的差异与其他因素有关，如摄食和鱼类类型，而不是盐度的差异。在我们早期的工作中，我们还发现热带鱼在pufa含量方面与温带鱼类同样重要(ZENEBE et al. 1998a)。关于热带鱼脂肪酸含量的数据很少，而且大多局限于南美洲的鱼类(CLEMENT & LOVELL 1994, ANDRADE et al. 1995)。在我们早期的研究中，我们报道了从位于低海拔的裂谷湖泊中采集的O. niloticus的脂肪酸组成(ZENEBE et al. 1998a, 1998b)。在这项研究中，我报告了主要取自埃塞俄比亚裂谷系统外的高原湖泊的同一鱼类的脂肪酸组成。这一信息将提供广泛的比较和更全面的数据，从埃塞俄比亚湖泊的野生niloticus收集的脂肪酸含量
{"title":"Diet composition impacts the fatty acid contents of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., in Ethiopian highland lakes","authors":"Z. Tadesse","doi":"10.1080/03680770.2009.11902333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2009.11902333","url":null,"abstract":"Tilapia are generally known to be warm water fish widely distributed across the tropics. In particular, the matemal mouth brooding tilapia of the genera Saroterodon and Oreochromis have successfully adapted to a wide range o f water bodies because of their plastic feeding habits and wide tolerance to varying environmental conditions (TREWAVAS 1982). The Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus occurs in almost all rivers and lakes ofEthiopia. It is the most important commercial fish, constituting over 60% of the commercial catch o f the capture fishery in the country (REYNTJENS & WUDINEH 1998). Investigations on the fatty acid composition and lipid quality of fishes have been well documented mainly from marine and freshwater systems of the temperate regions (PUUSTINEN et al. 1985, AHLGREN et al. 1994, 1996). Most studies can be broadly examined either from an ecological point ofview or in relation to hurnan health. From the medical point o f view, two o f the ro3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ro3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ro3) common in fish and fish oil have several biochemical effects on hurnan metabolism. Fish oil ri eh in EPA and DHA can lower blood lipid and reduce the risk of getting coronary heart disease (MEDIORUS et al. 2007). From an ecological view point, it is important to know the origin ofthese important PUFA in fish and other animals at higher trophic levels. Information on the transfer of fatty acids from the lower trophic levels beginning from the phytoplankton can be obtained by quantifying the levels of important fatty acids across the food chain. These fatty acids can serve as biomarkers to elucidate the transfer and conversion of individual fatty acids (NAPOLITANO 1999). Marine fish have been reported to have higher PUFA content than their freshwater counterparts (NAPOLITANO 1999); however, AHLGREN et al. (1994) and references therein think that the difference between marine and freshwater fish is related to other factors, such as feeding and type of fish, rather than the difference in salinity. In our earlier work we also found that tropical fish can be equally important to temperate fish in terms ofPUFA content (ZENEBE et al. 1998a). D ata on the fatty acid content o f tropical fish are scarce and are mostly limited to fish from South America (CLEMENT & LOVELL 1994, ANDRADE et al. 1995). In our earlier study we reported the fatty acid composition of O. niloticus collected from the rift valley lakes located at lower altitudes (ZENEBE et al. 1998a, 1998b ). In this study I report the fatty acid composition of the same fish taken mainly from the highland lakes located outside the Rift system ofEthiopia. This information will provide broad comparisons and more comprehensive data on the fatty acid contents of O. niloticus collected from the wild in Ethiopian lakes","PeriodicalId":404196,"journal":{"name":"Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132358718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902349
S. Ueda, K. Kondo, Yuki Chikuchi
Brackish lakes and estuaries are strongly affected by both terrestrial and oceanic factors because ofthe complex mixing of fresh water and seawater, and their characteristic fluctuations in water quality differ from those o f freshwater lakes or the oceans (McLusKY 1989). In brackish water areas, there are large fluctuations in salinity with the tides and freshwater discharge, which play a key role in establishing the distribution and dynamics ofthe physico-chemical water quality. Fluctuations of salinity influence the distribution of biological species. When a strong halocline forms in brackish waters, the vertical mixing of substances between the water layers above and below is limited (LouGEE et al. 2002, DEDA et al. 2005). Therefore, water quality and characterization of an ecosystem in a brackish lake differ in its upper and lower layers. Brackish Lake Obuchi in Rokkasho, Japan, is bordered by a nuclear spent-fuel reprocessing plant. Small amounts of radionuclides (such as Kr, H, C, and I) are released from the reprocessing plant and may enter this lake from the ocean by means of tides, from the land via rivers, and from the atmosphere by fallout. The behavior of these radionuclides is strongly influenced by environmental factors in the lake ecosystem. Therefore, the impact of radioactive substances released from the reprocessing plant must be evaluated to assess the safety of the surrounding environment and to develop a radionuclide transfer model for this lake. We developed the transfer model for radionuclides to evaluate the physical-biological interactions in terms of an estuarine lower-trophic (phytoplankton and zooplankton) ecosystem (UEDA et al. 2006); however, the calculated precision of a primary production of phytoplankton is slightly low. To improve the reproducibility of our model, the parameter related to a primary production of phytoplankton in the field must be obtained. In this study we clarified the vertical distributions of primary production ofphytoplankton and environmental factors (such as water quality, water temperature, salinity, and irradiance) in Lake Obuchi to obtain the parameter related to a primary production in the field. Moreover, we investigated the relationship between photosynthesis and the irradiance (P-I curve) curve in the upper and lower layers by the C technique.
由于淡水和海水的复杂混合，咸淡水湖泊和河口受到陆地和海洋因素的强烈影响，其水质的特征波动不同于淡水湖或海洋(McLusKY 1989)。在咸淡水地区，盐度随潮汐和淡水流量的变化有较大的波动，这对建立理化水质的分布和动态起着关键作用。盐度的波动影响生物种类的分布。当咸淡水中形成强烈的盐斜层时，上下水层之间物质的垂直混合受到限制(LouGEE et al. 2002, DEDA et al. 2005)。因此，咸淡湖的水质和生态系统的特征在上层和下层是不同的。位于日本六所所的小渊湖(Lake Obuchi)周围是一座核燃料再处理厂。少量的放射性核素(如Kr、H、C和I)从后处理工厂释放出来，可能通过潮汐从海洋进入这个湖，通过河流从陆地进入这个湖，通过沉降物从大气进入这个湖。这些放射性核素的行为受到湖泊生态系统环境因素的强烈影响。因此，必须对后处理工厂释放的放射性物质的影响进行评估，以评估周围环境的安全性，并为该湖建立放射性核素转移模型。我们开发了放射性核素转移模型，以评估河口低营养(浮游植物和浮游动物)生态系统的物理-生物相互作用(UEDA等人，2006年);然而，浮游植物初级产量的计算精度略低。为了提高模型的可重复性，必须获得与野外浮游植物初级产量有关的参数。在本研究中，我们明确了小渊湖浮游植物初级产量的垂直分布和环境因子(如水质、水温、盐度和辐照度)，以获得与野外初级产量相关的参数。此外，我们还利用C技术研究了光合作用与上层和下层辐照度(P-I曲线)曲线的关系。
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Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902325
L. Reid, T. Lisle
In 1962, the U. S. Forest Service and the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection established the 8.9-km Caspar Creek Experimental Watersheds in northwest California, United States, to study the influence of logging on flow, sediment, and aquatic habitat. Caspar Creek is located on uplifted marine terraces carved from Paleocene to Eocene sandstone and shale. Average rainfall is 1170 mm/yr, with 95% falling from October through May. Old-growth redwood forests were logged between 1860 and 1905, and by 1962 the watersheds supported mature second-growth stands dominated by coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The first watershed-scale experiment evaluated effects of tractor-yarded logging in the 4.2-km South Fork watershed using the 4.7-km North Fork as a control. Flow, suspended sediment concentration, and pond infill were monitored at weirs constructed in 1962 in each watershed. The calibration period ended in 1967 with riparian road construction along the mainstem, followed by 4 more years of monitoring before the watershed underwent a 61% volume selection cut in 1971-1973. Lags-to-peak decreased slightly after road construction, and dry-season flows appear to have increased slightly. Other hydrologic responses were not evident; however, sediment loads increased markedly, in part from failure of an old crib dam below a road crossing. After logging, water yield increased 15 %, with 90% of the increase occurring during the wet season. Yield had not fully recovered by 1985, when the experiment was terminated by the initiation of logging within the control watershed. Dry-season flows also increased and then reattained pretreatment values in about 8 years. Initial conflicting results for peakflows were found simply to reflect differing analysis periods: large winter peaks increased an average of 13 % for 8 years after logging, and lags-to-peak decreased. A preliminary reanalysis of sediment loads suggests that sediment yield during and after logging averaged 2-3 times that expected on the basis ofpretreatment regressions. Sediment yield reattained pretreatment levels by 1980. The second experiment was designed to quantify cumulative impacts on downstream sediment and flow from cable-yarded clearcut logging in the North Fork watershed. In 1985, stream gages were constructed on 8 tributaries and at 5 additional downstream sites, allowing responses to be tracked downstream. In 1985-1986, 13 % o f the downstream watershed was logged; this was not considered part o f the treatment. About 39% o f the watershed was then logged in 1989-1992, with 3 tributaries left as controls. All gages were monitored until 1995, and monitoring continues at 8. Ancillary studies were carried out to eva1uate mechanisms for observed changes (ZIEMER 1998). Abou t 22 %o f rain was foun d to be intercepted by forest canopies even during large storms. Reduced transpiration and interception after logging are sufficient to expla
1962年，美国林务局和加州林业和消防部在美国加州西北部建立了8.9公里长的卡斯帕河实验流域，研究伐木对水流、沉积物和水生栖息地的影响。卡斯帕溪位于由古新世至始新世砂岩和页岩雕刻而成的隆起的海相阶地上。平均降雨量为1170毫米/年，其中95%的降雨量来自10月至5月。原始红木林在1860年至1905年间被砍伐，到1962年，流域支持以海岸红木(Sequoia sempervirens)和花旗松(Pseudotsuga menziesii)为主的成熟次生林。第一个流域尺度试验以4.7公里的北福克流域为对照，评估了在4.2公里的南福克流域进行拖拉机场伐木的效果。在1962年在每个流域修建的堰上监测流量、悬浮泥沙浓度和池塘填充物。校准期于1967年结束，沿主干线修建了河岸道路，随后又进行了4年的监测，直到1971-1973年分水岭的水量减少了61%。道路建设后，滞峰率略有下降，旱季流量略有增加。其他水文反应不明显;然而，泥沙负荷明显增加，部分原因是十字路口下面的旧坝坍塌。采伐后，产水量增加了15%，其中90%的增加发生在雨季。到1985年产量还没有完全恢复，当时试验因在对照流域内开始采伐而终止。旱季流量也有所增加，8年后恢复到预处理值。峰流量的最初相互矛盾的结果被发现只是反映了不同的分析时期:在伐木后的8年里，冬季的大峰平均增加了13%，峰滞后减少了。对沉积物负荷的初步再分析表明，在测井期间和之后的产沙量平均是根据预处理回归预测的2-3倍。到1980年，产沙量恢复到预处理水平。第二个实验旨在量化北福克流域电缆场采伐对下游沉积物和水流的累积影响。1985年，我们在8条支流和另外5个下游地点设置了水闸，以便追踪下游的情况。1985-1986年，13%的下游流域被砍伐;这并不是治疗的一部分。1989-1992年间，约39%的流域被砍伐，剩下3条支流作为对照。在1995年以前一直监测所有仪表，并在8年继续监测。进行了辅助研究以评估观察到的变化的机制(ZIEMER 1998)。研究发现，即使在大风暴期间，大约22%的雨水也会被森林冠层拦截。砍伐后蒸腾和截留量的减少足以解释在未砍伐的支流中观测到的冬季大峰值流量增加27% (REID & LEWIS 2007)。下游堰的平均产水量比1989-1997年的预期增加了15%，2006年的产水量和最小流量仍然高于预期。1989年至1995年期间，该堰的悬沙产量平均增加了89%，并在大约10年内恢复到接近背景水平。5条完全测井的支流中，有4条增加了120260%，而第5条则减少了，这可能是由近河道塌陷相关的沉积引起的。下游河段也出现了与从缓冲带吹下来的原木有关的淤积。滑坡是产沙量增加的部分原因，但嵌套测量显示，一些新的沉积物来自采伐地区下游的未采伐河段，这可能是由于径流增加加速了沟道侵蚀。
{"title":"The Caspar Creek watershed studies: long-term research in a temperate, rain-dominated forest","authors":"L. Reid, T. Lisle","doi":"10.1080/03680770.2009.11902325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2009.11902325","url":null,"abstract":"In 1962, the U. S. Forest Service and the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection established the 8.9-km Caspar Creek Experimental Watersheds in northwest California, United States, to study the influence of logging on flow, sediment, and aquatic habitat. Caspar Creek is located on uplifted marine terraces carved from Paleocene to Eocene sandstone and shale. Average rainfall is 1170 mm/yr, with 95% falling from October through May. Old-growth redwood forests were logged between 1860 and 1905, and by 1962 the watersheds supported mature second-growth stands dominated by coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The first watershed-scale experiment evaluated effects of tractor-yarded logging in the 4.2-km South Fork watershed using the 4.7-km North Fork as a control. Flow, suspended sediment concentration, and pond infill were monitored at weirs constructed in 1962 in each watershed. The calibration period ended in 1967 with riparian road construction along the mainstem, followed by 4 more years of monitoring before the watershed underwent a 61% volume selection cut in 1971-1973. Lags-to-peak decreased slightly after road construction, and dry-season flows appear to have increased slightly. Other hydrologic responses were not evident; however, sediment loads increased markedly, in part from failure of an old crib dam below a road crossing. After logging, water yield increased 15 %, with 90% of the increase occurring during the wet season. Yield had not fully recovered by 1985, when the experiment was terminated by the initiation of logging within the control watershed. Dry-season flows also increased and then reattained pretreatment values in about 8 years. Initial conflicting results for peakflows were found simply to reflect differing analysis periods: large winter peaks increased an average of 13 % for 8 years after logging, and lags-to-peak decreased. A preliminary reanalysis of sediment loads suggests that sediment yield during and after logging averaged 2-3 times that expected on the basis ofpretreatment regressions. Sediment yield reattained pretreatment levels by 1980. The second experiment was designed to quantify cumulative impacts on downstream sediment and flow from cable-yarded clearcut logging in the North Fork watershed. In 1985, stream gages were constructed on 8 tributaries and at 5 additional downstream sites, allowing responses to be tracked downstream. In 1985-1986, 13 % o f the downstream watershed was logged; this was not considered part o f the treatment. About 39% o f the watershed was then logged in 1989-1992, with 3 tributaries left as controls. All gages were monitored until 1995, and monitoring continues at 8. Ancillary studies were carried out to eva1uate mechanisms for observed changes (ZIEMER 1998). Abou t 22 %o f rain was foun d to be intercepted by forest canopies even during large storms. Reduced transpiration and interception after logging are sufficient to expla","PeriodicalId":404196,"journal":{"name":"Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122178406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902335
M. Lund, C. Mccullough, David M. Galeotti
Worldwide human-induced acidification and the commonly associated metal-metalloid toxicity is one of the top issues affecting inland waterbodies (e. g., DENT & PoNs 1995). Ihree key processes are responsible for the acidification: acid rain, acid mine drainage (AMD), and exposure of acid sulphate soils. Reduced forms of sulphate are oxidised to produce sulphuric acid in all processes, and the resulting low pH mobilises metals and metalloids. Ihe extent and significance of acid sulphate soils are only now starting to be recognised in Australia (SAMMUT & LINES-KELLY 2000, RusSELL & HELMKE 2002), and particularly in Westem Australia (WA; SOMMER & HORWITZ 2001, APPLEYARD et al. 2004, 2006). In Perth (state capital of WA), the appearance of a number of localised acid sulphate soil issues in the City of Stirling, around canal developments along the Peel Harvey estuary and in Lake Jandabup have largely caught govemment agencies by surprise. Although acid sulphate soil issues associated with developments around estuaries are relatively common in Australia (SAMMUT et al. 1995, 1996), the acidification o f a large conservation status lake north of Perth following a drying event highlighted risks associated with drought-induced acidification in the State. Perth has experienced a trend of declining rainfall since the 1970s, coupled with increasing demand for scheme water that cannot be met through dams, and has seen substantive use of groundwater resources ( domestically for watering gardens, drinking via scheme water, and agriculture ). Declining groundwater tables expose potential acid sulphate soils to oxidation, a problem compounded by urban development, which is also dewatering areas and excavating potential acid sulphate soils in areas where oxidation can occur. Ihese acid sulphate soil issues have been initially presented as largely contamination of groundwater, which is then expressed in groundwaterdependant wetlands, in drains, or in groundwater wells used to water gardens. Ihis latter use is of particular concem because in many areas the acidity is generated from arsenopyrites, exposing residents to arsenic through consumption of home-grown food crops (HINWOOD et al. 2006). A number oftechniques have been deve1oped to remediate anthropogenic acidification, AMD in particular (see McCULLOUGH 2007). Many AMD treatment technologies are now starting to be transferred to acid sulphate soil issues, including water management approaches to prevent further oxidation, neutralising technologies (typically requiring active management), and "passive remediation" technologies that require limited maintenance. Nevertheless, the nature of these technologies has generally seen them applied in agricultural rather than urban settings. Perth is situated on the Swan Coastal Plain (SCP), which consists o f a series of sand dune systems o f varying ages running parallel to the coastline. Ihis situation poses some unusual problems for acidification problems because freque
在世界范围内，人类引起的酸化和通常相关的金属-类金属毒性是影响内陆水体的首要问题之一(例如，DENT & PoNs 1995)。酸雨、酸性矿井排水(AMD)和酸性硫酸盐土壤的暴露是造成酸化的三个关键过程。硫酸盐的还原形式在所有过程中被氧化产生硫酸，由此产生的低pH值调动金属和类金属。在澳大利亚，酸性硫酸盐土壤的范围和重要性现在才开始被认识到(SAMMUT & LINES-KELLY 2000, RusSELL & HELMKE 2002)，特别是在西澳大利亚州(WA;SOMMER & HORWITZ 2001, APPLEYARD et al. 2004, 2006)。在珀斯(西澳首府)，斯特林市(City of Stirling)、皮尔哈维河口(Peel Harvey estuary)和詹达普湖(Lake Jandabup)附近的运河开发项目周围出现了一些局部硫酸土壤问题，这在很大程度上令政府机构感到意外。尽管与河口周边开发相关的酸性硫酸盐土壤问题在澳大利亚相对常见(SAMMUT等人，1995,1996)，但珀斯以北的一个大型保护状态湖在干旱事件后酸化，突显了该州干旱引起酸化的风险。自20世纪70年代以来，珀斯经历了降雨量下降的趋势，加上对大坝无法满足的计划水需求的增加，地下水资源的大量使用(国内用于灌溉花园，通过计划水饮用和农业)。不断下降的地下水位使潜在的酸性硫酸盐土壤受到氧化，城市发展也使这个问题更加严重，城市发展也使地区脱水，并在可能发生氧化的地区挖掘潜在的酸性硫酸盐土壤。这些酸性硫酸盐土壤问题最初主要表现为地下水的污染，然后在依赖地下水的湿地、排水沟或用于浇灌花园的地下水井中表现出来。后一种用途尤其令人担忧，因为在许多地区，酸性是由毒砂产生的，居民通过食用自家种植的粮食作物而暴露于砷中(HINWOOD et al. 2006)。已经开发了许多技术来修复人为酸化，特别是AMD(见McCULLOUGH 2007)。许多AMD处理技术现在开始转移到酸性硫酸盐土壤问题，包括防止进一步氧化的水管理方法，中和技术(通常需要主动管理)，以及需要有限维护的“被动修复”技术。然而，这些技术的性质通常是在农业而不是城市环境中应用。珀斯位于天鹅海岸平原(Swan Coastal Plain, SCP)上，该平原由一系列不同年龄的沙丘系统组成，与海岸线平行。这种情况给酸化问题带来了一些不寻常的问题，因为地下水而不是地表水经常受到污染，地下水不适合大多数标准的酸硫酸盐土壤修复技术。我们报告了一个低成本的试点处理系统的排放物的影响，该系统用于处理酸性硫酸盐土壤，使用一系列常用的技术来处理AMD。用处理后的水对水质和大型无脊椎动物群落的影响来评估该系统的成功。
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Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03680770.2009.11902334
H. Mitamura, Y. Mitsunaga, N. Arai, Yukiko Yamagishi, Metha Khachaphichat, Thavee Viputhanumas
Greater knowledge of the relationship between movement patterns of the target speeies and the environmental eonditions (e.g., temperature and dissolved oxygen) is needed for effeetive fisheries management and eonservation (BRILL 1994, CARTAMIL & LOWE 2004). The Mekong giant eatfish Pangasianodon gigas is one of the largest freshwater fishes in the world, measuring up to 3 m in length and weighing in exeess of 300 kg. The eatfish is one o f the most important fisheries speeies ofthe Mekong River Basin in the Southeast Asia; however, the eateh number of wild eatfish in the Mekong River has deelined due to development o f the river and over-fishing (HOGAN 2004) and the eatfish eurrently is listed in CITES Appendix I and on the IUCN Red List of threatened speeies as a Critieally Endangered Speeies. Hatehery-reared juvenile and young immature eatfish were released into lakes and reservoirs as well as the Mekong River to enhanee the stoek (MEYNELL 2003). The behavior, movement patterns, and survival rate of these eatfish after release into natural eonditions remains largely unknown (MEYNELL 2003), although that information is quite useful for fishery management and eonservation deeision making (LOWE et al. 2003, HUMSTON et al. 2005). W e started to investiga te the movementpatterns ofthe eatfish using aeoustie telemetry in 2001 (ARAI et al. 2005). To assess the movement patterns ofthe eatfish during the rainy season in 2003, 8 fish tagged with aeoustie transmitters were released in Mae Peum reservoir, northern Thailand in 2003 (MITAMURA et al. 2008). Although 7 of 8 tagged fish had expelled the transmitters duringthe study period (8 -136 days ), the remaining one fish was monitored for more than 14 mo during both the dry and rainy seasons, whieh provided the movement patterns in relation to the seasonal environmental eondition. There are not so many studies that eontinuously monitored the same fish over a year due to the same diffieulties, sueh as fish mobility, vastness ofthe study si te, an d transmitter detaehment (LucAs 1989). The objeetive ofthis study was to report the seasonal movements of one eatfish in relation to environmental eonditions.
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