This article argues that some innovations in Viking-Age personal naming practices reflect differing attitudes towards the naming of male and female children. Gender imbalances in a number of innovative personal name deuterothemes which exist in both male and female versions (the latter developing from the former) suggest that deuterothemes indexing pre-Christian religious life were much more frequently applied to female children. This contrasts with the use of the so- called theophoric protothemes, which were more commonly used in naming males.
{"title":"The Role of Gender in Some Viking-Age Innovations in Personal Naming","authors":"P. Shaw","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.1.102620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.1.102620","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that some innovations in Viking-Age personal naming practices reflect differing attitudes towards the naming of male and female children. Gender imbalances in a number of innovative personal name deuterothemes which exist in both male and female versions (the latter developing from the former) suggest that deuterothemes indexing pre-Christian religious life were much more frequently applied to female children. This contrasts with the use of the so- called theophoric protothemes, which were more commonly used in naming males.","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128148069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The geographical position of Denmark, a state occupying Jutland and several islands in the Baltic Sea, lies on the axes north-south and east-west. But as envisaged in Knýtlinga saga, a text covering Danish history from the tenth to the early thirteenth centuries and written down in the mid-thirteenth century, the entire space of Denmark appears to be rotated 90 degrees counter-clockwise. Analysis of all the available source material leads to the conclusion that the world picture of the early North-Germanic peoples contained the idea of the Danish lands divided into southern areas (Jutland) and northern areas (Fyn, Zealand, and Skane). In this paper the author discusses the theory of ‘Scandinavian shifted orientation’ and proposes a hypothetical explanation of how the picture of Denmark described above could have become embodied in Knýtlinga saga.
{"title":"Spatial Orientation in Knýtlinga saga","authors":"T. Jackson","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.5.114349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.5.114349","url":null,"abstract":"The geographical position of Denmark, a state occupying Jutland and several islands in the Baltic Sea, lies on the axes north-south and east-west. But as envisaged in Knýtlinga saga, a text covering Danish history from the tenth to the early thirteenth centuries and written down in the mid-thirteenth century, the entire space of Denmark appears to be rotated 90 degrees counter-clockwise. Analysis of all the available source material leads to the conclusion that the world picture of the early North-Germanic peoples contained the idea of the Danish lands divided into southern areas (Jutland) and northern areas (Fyn, Zealand, and Skane). In this paper the author discusses the theory of ‘Scandinavian shifted orientation’ and proposes a hypothetical explanation of how the picture of Denmark described above could have become embodied in Knýtlinga saga.","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"1930 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128019263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ekphrasis: Its ‘Prolonged Echoes’ in Scandinavia","authors":"R. Poole","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.2.302726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.2.302726","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115955572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Skaldic Verse-Making in Thirteenth-Century Iceland: The Case of the Sauðafellsferðarvísur","authors":"Jonathan Grove","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.1.100307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.1.100307","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115803714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A group of similar stories in the saga literature deals with the Norse god Oðinn visiting two ‘founding father’ kings of early medieval Norway, Olafr Tryggvason and Olafr Haraldsson. This leads us to investigate the political importance of storytelling during times of political fragility. The stories were first written down in the late twelfth century but are likely to have much older antecedents preserved in oral tradition. We interpret these stories as a creation of an alternative way of transferring the legitimate authority of legendary rulers to new kings with weak inheritance rights. Oðinn, as a representative of the past, accepts the founding-father kings and gives legitimacy to fragile state formation attempts in a historical context of rivalry between pretenders to the throne. We explore the relationship between storytelling and the symbolic foundation of a community. The stories appear to be Norse manifestations of a common European tradition of using the past as a political instrument of power.
{"title":"Óðinn Visiting Christian Kings: Storytelling and the Construction of Royal Authority in Medieval Norway","authors":"Arnfrid Opedal, Endre Elvestad","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.5.112422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.5.112422","url":null,"abstract":"A group of similar stories in the saga literature deals with the Norse god Oðinn visiting two ‘founding father’ kings of early medieval Norway, Olafr Tryggvason and Olafr Haraldsson. This leads us to investigate the political importance of storytelling during times of political fragility. The stories were first written down in the late twelfth century but are likely to have much older antecedents preserved in oral tradition. We interpret these stories as a creation of an alternative way of transferring the legitimate authority of legendary rulers to new kings with weak inheritance rights. Oðinn, as a representative of the past, accepts the founding-father kings and gives legitimacy to fragile state formation attempts in a historical context of rivalry between pretenders to the throne. We explore the relationship between storytelling and the symbolic foundation of a community. The stories appear to be Norse manifestations of a common European tradition of using the past as a political instrument of power.","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114444041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arabic sources of the ninth and tenth centuries are valuable yet poorly studied material on the expansion of Scandinavians, called Rus by these writers, into Eastern Europe. While these sources have usually been introduced as auxiliary material for other witnesses, such as the Slavonic Primary Chronicle and Old Norse and Byzantine writings, there are ample grounds to examine their accounts as an independent body of information. A comparison of Arabic and non-Arabic accounts on the Rus reveals important geographical, social, and cultural differences in their descriptions, opening up a new perspective on this chapter of the Viking Age.
{"title":"New Perspectives on Eastern Vikings/Rus in Arabic Sources","authors":"Thorir Jonsson Hraundal","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.5.105213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.5.105213","url":null,"abstract":"Arabic sources of the ninth and tenth centuries are valuable yet poorly studied material on the expansion of Scandinavians, called Rus by these writers, into Eastern Europe. While these sources have usually been introduced as auxiliary material for other witnesses, such as the Slavonic Primary Chronicle and Old Norse and Byzantine writings, there are ample grounds to examine their accounts as an independent body of information. A comparison of Arabic and non-Arabic accounts on the Rus reveals important geographical, social, and cultural differences in their descriptions, opening up a new perspective on this chapter of the Viking Age.","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126908059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Power over Men and Power over Words: The Poet-King Ragnarr Loðbrók","authors":"Anna Solovyeva","doi":"10.1484/j.vms.5.121524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/j.vms.5.121524","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124103537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the ways in which the skald Eilifr Goðrunarson shapes mythological material in Þorsdrapa to create a poetic encomium for Þorr. After discussing the textual and generic issues surrounding Þorsdrapa, I ground this difficult tenth-century composition within a wider poetic tradition. Following a close analysis of Eilifr’s presentation of Þorr and his treatment of the divine world in the poem, I suggest that he represents Þorr as a leader of troops in response to the increasing military threat posed by Christian kings to the south. It will become apparent that Þorsdrapa is best grouped with the other polemical pagan poems composed in the late conversion era.
本文探讨了skald Eilifr go - runarson如何在Þorsdrapa中塑造神话材料，为Þorr创造诗意的颂扬。在讨论了围绕Þorsdrapa的文本和一般问题之后，我将这个困难的十世纪作品置于更广泛的诗歌传统中。在仔细分析了Eilifr对Þorr的描述以及他在诗中对神圣世界的处理之后，我认为他代表了Þorr作为军队的领导者，来应对基督教国王对南方日益增长的军事威胁。很明显，Þorsdrapa最好与其他在后期皈依时代创作的论战性异教徒诗歌组合在一起。
{"title":"Þórr the War God: Polemicizing Myth in Eilífr Goðrúnarson’s Þórsdrápa","authors":"Tom Grant","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.5.112417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.5.112417","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the ways in which the skald Eilifr Goðrunarson shapes mythological material in Þorsdrapa to create a poetic encomium for Þorr. After discussing the textual and generic issues surrounding Þorsdrapa, I ground this difficult tenth-century composition within a wider poetic tradition. Following a close analysis of Eilifr’s presentation of Þorr and his treatment of the divine world in the poem, I suggest that he represents Þorr as a leader of troops in response to the increasing military threat posed by Christian kings to the south. It will become apparent that Þorsdrapa is best grouped with the other polemical pagan poems composed in the late conversion era.","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124337152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is concerned with a number of historiated initials that introduce one specific chapter of the widely copied Icelandic law code Jonsbok, the so-called Þjofabalkr. The overall aim is to show that the content of a single historiated initial in a widely copied and illuminated vernacular law text is more subject to change than the text itself, while still being partly dependent on the relation of the individual text to other texts. The minimal word and content changes to be found in the text generally relate to the content of the painted image. Accordingly, the first part of this article will give a brief overview and introduction to these visual motifs and an investigation of the various text-image relations. In the second part of this article, the initials are compared with a historiated initial from an early fourteenth-century East Anglian canon law manuscript, followed by a discussion of the historical circumstances for the establishment and creation of the different initials.
{"title":"The Illuminated Þjófabálkr in Fourteenth-Century Icelandic Jónsbók Manuscripts","authors":"S. Drechsler","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.5.112416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.5.112416","url":null,"abstract":"This article is concerned with a number of historiated initials that introduce one specific chapter of the widely copied Icelandic law code Jonsbok, the so-called Þjofabalkr. The overall aim is to show that the content of a single historiated initial in a widely copied and illuminated vernacular law text is more subject to change than the text itself, while still being partly dependent on the relation of the individual text to other texts. The minimal word and content changes to be found in the text generally relate to the content of the painted image. Accordingly, the first part of this article will give a brief overview and introduction to these visual motifs and an investigation of the various text-image relations. In the second part of this article, the initials are compared with a historiated initial from an early fourteenth-century East Anglian canon law manuscript, followed by a discussion of the historical circumstances for the establishment and creation of the different initials.","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"75 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120904871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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