{"title":"Merlin and the Volva","authors":"Philip Lavender","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.2.302021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.2.302021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"58 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116433408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The essay explores the well-known metaphor of referring to fate as something that is woven or spun and it attempts to explain why this metaphor works so well. Initially, a definition of what fate is is produced and the ways in which it operated in Old Norse tradition are discussed. Following this, an explanation of the technicalities of weaving is given. Finally, it is suggested that the interaction between the warp and weft on the loom is akin to the relationship between the given fate and the free choice of the individual, with the warp representing necessity and the weft possibility.
{"title":"Fate and Weaving: Justification of a Metaphor","authors":"Karen Bek-Pedersen","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.1.100672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.1.100672","url":null,"abstract":"The essay explores the well-known metaphor of referring to fate as something that is woven or spun and it attempts to explain why this metaphor works so well. Initially, a definition of what fate is is produced and the ways in which it operated in Old Norse tradition are discussed. Following this, an explanation of the technicalities of weaving is given. Finally, it is suggested that the interaction between the warp and weft on the loom is akin to the relationship between the given fate and the free choice of the individual, with the warp representing necessity and the weft possibility.","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132680643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article deals with the question of whether trading in rural areas in Scandinavia during the middle and late Viking period (c. 875-1050/75) was largely in the hands of elite groups in the society, or if a trading system more open to popular participation prevailed. Jamtland, a region in inland Mid-Scandinavia, is investigated here and constitutes an example of an area with a seemingly open system. On the basis primarily of grave finds, the author shows that many people living in Jamtland participated in buying and selling goods (e.g. furs) to such an extent that they had obtained scales and weights as tools of trade and used weighed silver as a means of payment. This widespread usage of silver as payment had arisen in spite of Jamtland’s remoteness from the major Scandinavian trading centres of the time. Several geographical, cultural, social, and economic factors that might explain this development in Jamtland are discussed.
{"title":"Trading in Viking-Period Scandinavia - A Business Only for a Few? The Jämtland Case","authors":"O. Holm","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.5.109600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.5.109600","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the question of whether trading in rural areas in Scandinavia during the middle and late Viking period (c. 875-1050/75) was largely in the hands of elite groups in the society, or if a trading system more open to popular participation prevailed. Jamtland, a region in inland Mid-Scandinavia, is investigated here and constitutes an example of an area with a seemingly open system. On the basis primarily of grave finds, the author shows that many people living in Jamtland participated in buying and selling goods (e.g. furs) to such an extent that they had obtained scales and weights as tools of trade and used weighed silver as a means of payment. This widespread usage of silver as payment had arisen in spite of Jamtland’s remoteness from the major Scandinavian trading centres of the time. Several geographical, cultural, social, and economic factors that might explain this development in Jamtland are discussed.","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134355617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By the fifteenth century, the heroic poems of the Edda had all but been forgotten except as they are recorded in prose in Volsunga saga. Since the twelfth century there had existed kappakvadi, a genre of poetry consisting of lists of champions, but they only listed figures from the Islendingasogur, Fornaldarsogur Norðurlanda, and riddarasogur. The lack of heroic poems was filled by new creations such as Krakumal and Volsungs rimur. Two eighteenth-century recreations of Eddic heroic poetry are translated and annotated: Gunnars slagur, by Gunnar Palsson (1714-91), text is taken from Thorlacius and others 1967; Valagaldur Kraku, by the rimur-poet Arni Boðvarsson (1713-76), text prepared by Haukur Þorgeirsson from MS Lbs. 636, 4to.
{"title":"‘Where Are All the Eddic Champions Gone?’ The Disappearance and Recovery of the Eddic Heroes in Late Medieval Icelandic Literature, 1400–1800","authors":"S. Hughes","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.1.103876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.1.103876","url":null,"abstract":"By the fifteenth century, the heroic poems of the Edda had all but been forgotten except as they are recorded in prose in Volsunga saga. Since the twelfth century there had existed kappakvadi, a genre of poetry consisting of lists of champions, but they only listed figures from the Islendingasogur, Fornaldarsogur Norðurlanda, and riddarasogur. The lack of heroic poems was filled by new creations such as Krakumal and Volsungs rimur. Two eighteenth-century recreations of Eddic heroic poetry are translated and annotated: Gunnars slagur, by Gunnar Palsson (1714-91), text is taken from Thorlacius and others 1967; Valagaldur Kraku, by the rimur-poet Arni Boðvarsson (1713-76), text prepared by Haukur Þorgeirsson from MS Lbs. 636, 4to.","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114132715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses the Old Norse term tafn. Several possible meanings for tafn have been proposed, including ‘carrion’, ‘corpse’, and ‘sacrifice’. This essay examines occurrences of tafn in pre-...
{"title":"Does Heilagt Tafn in Húsdrápa Mean ‘Holy Sacrifice’? Reassessing the Evidence","authors":"Kristen Mills","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.5.114354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.5.114354","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the Old Norse term tafn. Several possible meanings for tafn have been proposed, including ‘carrion’, ‘corpse’, and ‘sacrifice’. This essay examines occurrences of tafn in pre-...","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132202236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper re-examines the passage in Gisla saga Surssonar in which Gisli relates a pair of dream visions he has had regarding the killing of his brother-in-law Vesteinn. Gisli claims that the dreams point to the identity of Vesteinn’s murderer, who is traditionally viewed as being symbolized first by a viper (hǫggormr) and then a wolf (vargr), which bite Vesteinn to death. However, a close reading of the text reveals a number of incongruities, which suggest that the entire episode was composed and added on to an earlier version of the text, and that the reading of the viper and wolf as fetches, or representations of Vesteinn’s killer, was based on the misconstruing of a poetic fragment from another source.
{"title":"Lost in Transmission: Reconstituting Forgotten Verses in Gísla saga Súrssonar","authors":"E. Porter","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.1.103881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.1.103881","url":null,"abstract":"This paper re-examines the passage in Gisla saga Surssonar in which Gisli relates a pair of dream visions he has had regarding the killing of his brother-in-law Vesteinn. Gisli claims that the dreams point to the identity of Vesteinn’s murderer, who is traditionally viewed as being symbolized first by a viper (hǫggormr) and then a wolf (vargr), which bite Vesteinn to death. However, a close reading of the text reveals a number of incongruities, which suggest that the entire episode was composed and added on to an earlier version of the text, and that the reading of the viper and wolf as fetches, or representations of Vesteinn’s killer, was based on the misconstruing of a poetic fragment from another source.","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133986940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article the careers of four bishops who served in the diocese of Holar in the North of Iceland between 1201 and 1267 are examined. For the Church of Iceland this was a period of reform as t...
{"title":"Saints and Politicians: The Bishops of Hólar in Troubled Times","authors":"Sverrir Jakobsson","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.5.116395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.5.116395","url":null,"abstract":"In this article the careers of four bishops who served in the diocese of Holar in the North of Iceland between 1201 and 1267 are examined. For the Church of Iceland this was a period of reform as t...","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132718119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Viking in Shining Armour? Vikings and Chivalry in the Fornaldarsögur","authors":"C. Larrington","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.1.100315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.1.100315","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133518172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a cognitive model associated with the Old Norse concept of the niðingr. It is argued that the socially disruptive nature of the niðingr is associated with divine wrath, which again entails expulsion and misfortune. These ideas are primarily investigated in Egils saga Skalla-Grimssonar and the Christian legal formulas Tryggðamal and Griðamal, and it is suggested that the archaic ‘niðingr model’ was adapted to Christian frames of reference after the conversion.
{"title":"The Níðingr and the Wolf","authors":"B. Ø. Thorvaldsen","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.1.102621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.1.102621","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a cognitive model associated with the Old Norse concept of the niðingr. It is argued that the socially disruptive nature of the niðingr is associated with divine wrath, which again entails expulsion and misfortune. These ideas are primarily investigated in Egils saga Skalla-Grimssonar and the Christian legal formulas Tryggðamal and Griðamal, and it is suggested that the archaic ‘niðingr model’ was adapted to Christian frames of reference after the conversion.","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133400288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we utilize evolutionary theory, anthropological data, and historical sources to explore how marriage practices shaped social behaviours and attitudes towards gender in Viking-Age Scan...
{"title":"Polygyny, concubinage, and the social lives of women in Viking-Age Scandinavia","authors":"Ben Raffield, Neil Price, M. Collard","doi":"10.1484/J.VMS.5.114355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.5.114355","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we utilize evolutionary theory, anthropological data, and historical sources to explore how marriage practices shaped social behaviours and attitudes towards gender in Viking-Age Scan...","PeriodicalId":404438,"journal":{"name":"Viking and Medieval Scandinavia","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123598921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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