A prevailing need in biblical studies is a comprehensive set of valid arguments for determining the direction of dependence once a literary relationship between two texts in the Hebrew Bible is reasonably established. This study takes a step toward addressing this lacuna by inductively cataloguing, illustrating, and evaluating eight criteria used to substantiate a proposed direction of borrowing in cases of inner-biblical allusion in Isaianic scholarship. These criteria provide a working list of plausible arguments that can be used when claiming the direction of influence in other cases of inner-biblical allusion throughout the Hebrew Bible. Such a list encourages both methodological clarity due to the increased precision of defined categories and scholarly creativity by suggesting multiple viable means to argue for the direction of dependence.
{"title":"Inner-Biblical Allusion and the Direction of Dependence: Toward a Comprehensive List of Criteria","authors":"Cooper Smith","doi":"10.5508/jhs29632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs29632","url":null,"abstract":"A prevailing need in biblical studies is a comprehensive set of valid arguments for determining the direction of dependence once a literary relationship between two texts in the Hebrew Bible is reasonably established. This study takes a step toward addressing this lacuna by inductively cataloguing, illustrating, and evaluating eight criteria used to substantiate a proposed direction of borrowing in cases of inner-biblical allusion in Isaianic scholarship. These criteria provide a working list of plausible arguments that can be used when claiming the direction of influence in other cases of inner-biblical allusion throughout the Hebrew Bible. Such a list encourages both methodological clarity due to the increased precision of defined categories and scholarly creativity by suggesting multiple viable means to argue for the direction of dependence.","PeriodicalId":40485,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hebrew Scriptures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44292653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article argues that the depiction of Amos in 7:10–17 reflects the post-exilic scribal turn in prophecy and was meant to legitimize this new mode of prophecy for Yehudite audiences. Much of the scholarship on 7:10–17 focuses on what Amos’s words meant to Amaziah and vice versa, but the addressees within the text are not the same as its actual audience. Within the text Amos’s words are addressed to Amaziah, but this article argues that their real audience consisted of rural Yehudites, who were meant to “overhear” the conversation and accept its new scribal version of Amos.
{"title":"Amos Overheard: Amos 7:10–17, Its Addressees, and Its Audience","authors":"A. Davis","doi":"10.5508/jhs29606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs29606","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that the depiction of Amos in 7:10–17 reflects the post-exilic scribal turn in prophecy and was meant to legitimize this new mode of prophecy for Yehudite audiences. Much of the scholarship on 7:10–17 focuses on what Amos’s words meant to Amaziah and vice versa, but the addressees within the text are not the same as its actual audience. Within the text Amos’s words are addressed to Amaziah, but this article argues that their real audience consisted of rural Yehudites, who were meant to “overhear” the conversation and accept its new scribal version of Amos.","PeriodicalId":40485,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hebrew Scriptures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47500447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The so-called Succession Narrative abounds in references to locales and architectural structures used by royals and their aides to their advantage in matters of private and national interests. This article considers two episodes, which feature individuals lamenting near entrance ways: in 2 Sam 13:1–20 Tamar, David’s daughter, laments on either side of the door to Amnon’s private quarters; and in 2 Sam 18:33–19:1–4, David laments over the city gate. Using studies on the intersection of place, ideology, and behaviour and analysing the bolted door and the chambered gate within their immediate contexts and a wider narrative space (i.e., the Absalom crisis), this article discusses the role these structures play in the construction of David’s reign.
{"title":"2 Samuel and the Architecture of Poetic Justice","authors":"Ekaterina E. Kozlova","doi":"10.5508/jhs29603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs29603","url":null,"abstract":"The so-called Succession Narrative abounds in references to locales and architectural structures used by royals and their aides to their advantage in matters of private and national interests. This article considers two episodes, which feature individuals lamenting near entrance ways: in 2 Sam 13:1–20 Tamar, David’s daughter, laments on either side of the door to Amnon’s private quarters; and in 2 Sam 18:33–19:1–4, David laments over the city gate. Using studies on the intersection of place, ideology, and behaviour and analysing the bolted door and the chambered gate within their immediate contexts and a wider narrative space (i.e., the Absalom crisis), this article discusses the role these structures play in the construction of David’s reign.","PeriodicalId":40485,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hebrew Scriptures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46110856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The goal of this article is to address introductory issues concerning the origin, function, and relevance of the Masoretic accentuation. First, it describes the recent scholarly attitude towards Masoretic accentuation. Then it clarifies some of the terminology involved and shows in which texts the Masoretic accents were used in addition to the Hebrew Bible. Finally, it offers a discussion of the original purpose and function of the Masoretic accentuation.
{"title":"The System of Masoretic Accentuation: Some Introductory Issues","authors":"R. D. de Hoop, P. Sanders","doi":"10.5508/jhs29622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs29622","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this article is to address introductory issues concerning the origin, function, and relevance of the Masoretic accentuation. First, it describes the recent scholarly attitude towards Masoretic accentuation. Then it clarifies some of the terminology involved and shows in which texts the Masoretic accents were used in addition to the Hebrew Bible. Finally, it offers a discussion of the original purpose and function of the Masoretic accentuation.","PeriodicalId":40485,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hebrew Scriptures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43234025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
“Magic” is a term that continues to feature in popular and scholarly circles, yet scholars continue to disagree vehemently about its definition and utility. This article uses the various definitions of magic as lenses through which to compare the ritual texts of the Priestly Pentateuch, ancient Egypt, and ancient Mesopotamia. The results offered illumine both the texts and the scholars who interpret them. Regardless of the definition employed, the biblical and other ANE ritual texts are quite similar, leading to the conclusion that magic should not be used as a dividing line between biblical Priestly and other ANE ritual texts.
{"title":"Is There Magic in the Text? Ritual in the Priestly Pentateuch and Other Ancient Near Eastern Literature","authors":"Michael B. Hundley","doi":"10.5508/jhs29576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs29576","url":null,"abstract":"“Magic” is a term that continues to feature in popular and scholarly circles, yet scholars continue to disagree vehemently about its definition and utility. This article uses the various definitions of magic as lenses through which to compare the ritual texts of the Priestly Pentateuch, ancient Egypt, and ancient Mesopotamia. The results offered illumine both the texts and the scholars who interpret them. Regardless of the definition employed, the biblical and other ANE ritual texts are quite similar, leading to the conclusion that magic should not be used as a dividing line between biblical Priestly and other ANE ritual texts.","PeriodicalId":40485,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hebrew Scriptures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44057156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The expression lip̄nē, literally "to the face of," is commonly translated as "before." In combination with the root ngp ("inflict/defeat"), this leads to awkward English translations; e.g., "Israel was defeated before the Philistines" (1 Sam 4:2). What exactly is the role of the Philistines in this event? In recent years, some scholars have used grammaticalization theory to argue that lip̄nē in this context is an Agent marker: "Israel was defeated by the Philistines." However, this view is untenable in the face of arguments from narratology, syntactic-semantic restrictions, grammaticalization theory, and language typology. In present-day English, the near-literal translation "in the face of" is a better alternative: lip̄nē is a simple Locative prepositional expression, but the element "face" has the connotation that Israel is threatened by the Philistines. In other words, Israel is in the "realm of influence" of the Philistines. The actual Agent of ngp is Yahweh, who determines the result of battles, as can be seen in the active voice: "Yahweh defeated Benjamin in the face of Israel" (Judg 20:35). In fact, the meaning of the Hebrew expression is cross-linguistically common; the only problem is that the meaning of the English preposition "before" has shifted, so that the original translation came to be misunderstood.
lip̄nē，字面意思是“面对”，通常被翻译为“之前”。与词根ngp（“施加/失败”）结合使用，这导致了尴尬的英语翻译；例如，“以色列在非利士人面前被打败了”（撒上书4:2）。非利士人在这次事件中究竟扮演了什么角色？近年来，一些学者利用语法化理论认为，在这种情况下，lip̄nē是一个Agent标记：“以色列被非利士人打败了。”然而，面对叙事学、句法语义限制、语法化理论和语言类型学的争论，这种观点是站不住脚的。在今天的英语中，接近字面的翻译“In the face of”是一个更好的选择：lip̄nē是一个简单的位置介词表达，但“face”元素具有以色列受到非利士人威胁的含义。换句话说，以色列处于非利士人的“势力范围”。ngp的实际代理人是耶和华，他决定了战斗的结果，这可以从积极的声音中看出：“耶和华在以色列面前击败了本杰明”（判决书20:35）。事实上，希伯来语表达的含义是跨语言通用的；唯一的问题是英语介词“before”的意思发生了变化，从而导致了对原译文的误解。
{"title":"Lip̄nē ‘in the face of’: A Locative Preposition with a Threatening Connotation","authors":"Camil Staps","doi":"10.5508/jhs29582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs29582","url":null,"abstract":"The expression lip̄nē, literally \"to the face of,\" is commonly translated as \"before.\" In combination with the root ngp (\"inflict/defeat\"), this leads to awkward English translations; e.g., \"Israel was defeated before the Philistines\" (1 Sam 4:2). What exactly is the role of the Philistines in this event? In recent years, some scholars have used grammaticalization theory to argue that lip̄nē in this context is an Agent marker: \"Israel was defeated by the Philistines.\" However, this view is untenable in the face of arguments from narratology, syntactic-semantic restrictions, grammaticalization theory, and language typology. In present-day English, the near-literal translation \"in the face of\" is a better alternative: lip̄nē is a simple Locative prepositional expression, but the element \"face\" has the connotation that Israel is threatened by the Philistines. In other words, Israel is in the \"realm of influence\" of the Philistines. The actual Agent of ngp is Yahweh, who determines the result of battles, as can be seen in the active voice: \"Yahweh defeated Benjamin in the face of Israel\" (Judg 20:35). In fact, the meaning of the Hebrew expression is cross-linguistically common; the only problem is that the meaning of the English preposition \"before\" has shifted, so that the original translation came to be misunderstood.","PeriodicalId":40485,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hebrew Scriptures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45543422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article redefines the theme, structure, and ideology of Amos 3:1–8. First, the article demonstrates the essential relationship between the unit’s boundaries, structure, content, and theme through a comprehensive research review. Next, the article offers a unique approach to the questions that remain open-ended to date. The article argues that Amos 3:1–8 should be regarded as a single unit comprised of three sub-units linked by one element. It considers the unit’s structure and the verses in their entirety as the foundation for understanding the unit’s complex content.
{"title":"\"Do Two Walk Together Unless They Have Made an Appointment?\" Complementary Contradictions in Amos 3:1–8","authors":"Yisca Zimran","doi":"10.5508/jhs29602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs29602","url":null,"abstract":"This article redefines the theme, structure, and ideology of Amos 3:1–8. First, the article demonstrates the essential relationship between the unit’s boundaries, structure, content, and theme through a comprehensive research review. Next, the article offers a unique approach to the questions that remain open-ended to date. The article argues that Amos 3:1–8 should be regarded as a single unit comprised of three sub-units linked by one element. It considers the unit’s structure and the verses in their entirety as the foundation for understanding the unit’s complex content.","PeriodicalId":40485,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hebrew Scriptures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46445170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article argues for the identification of three separate protagonists in the book of Nehemiah. The first is an unnamed wine steward who was appointed to rebuild Jerusalem’s city wall in the twentieth year of Artaxerxes I. The second is a governor of Judah, who was appointed to that role in the same year. According to what may be his actual seal, however, this governor’s name is Yehoʿezer, not Nehemiah. A third protagonist was the head of the temple priesthood, but at the time of the temple’s dedication in 516, not during the reign of any Artaxerxes. Only he was called Nehemiah, however, his full name being Nehemiah Attršiātā ben Hacaliah.
{"title":"Who Was Nehemiah ben Hacaliah?","authors":"L. Fried","doi":"10.5508/jhs29600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs29600","url":null,"abstract":"The article argues for the identification of three separate protagonists in the book of Nehemiah. The first is an unnamed wine steward who was appointed to rebuild Jerusalem’s city wall in the twentieth year of Artaxerxes I. The second is a governor of Judah, who was appointed to that role in the same year. According to what may be his actual seal, however, this governor’s name is Yehoʿezer, not Nehemiah. A third protagonist was the head of the temple priesthood, but at the time of the temple’s dedication in 516, not during the reign of any Artaxerxes. Only he was called Nehemiah, however, his full name being Nehemiah Attršiātā ben Hacaliah.","PeriodicalId":40485,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hebrew Scriptures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43373141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article deals with some of the core issues in the study of Psalm 45. It describes the current state of research and critically reviews two relatively recent interpretations, those by Simon Chi-Chung Cheung and James Trotter. Both interpretations have methodological problems. The article concludes that the aim of Ps 45 was to praise a historical near-divine king on the occasion of an addition to his harem. Any "deeper" theological meanings and messianic readings stem from a later age.
{"title":"Singing for a King: The Message of Psalm 45","authors":"Diederik Blankesteijn","doi":"10.5508/jhs29599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs29599","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with some of the core issues in the study of Psalm 45. It describes the current state of research and critically reviews two relatively recent interpretations, those by Simon Chi-Chung Cheung and James Trotter. Both interpretations have methodological problems. The article concludes that the aim of Ps 45 was to praise a historical near-divine king on the occasion of an addition to his harem. Any \"deeper\" theological meanings and messianic readings stem from a later age.","PeriodicalId":40485,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hebrew Scriptures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42600055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines how the Chronicler’s aim to promote the temple affects his presentation of the law. The books of Kings assert that Israel and its kings were obeying the law if they worshiped Yahweh alone and not in addition to foreign gods. The Chronicler, on the other hand, evaluates a king’s adherence to the law based on the king's efforts to facilitate proper worship at the temple.
{"title":"The Temple Context for the Law in Chronicles","authors":"Troy D. Cudworth","doi":"10.5508/jhs29591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs29591","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how the Chronicler’s aim to promote the temple affects his presentation of the law. The books of Kings assert that Israel and its kings were obeying the law if they worshiped Yahweh alone and not in addition to foreign gods. The Chronicler, on the other hand, evaluates a king’s adherence to the law based on the king's efforts to facilitate proper worship at the temple.","PeriodicalId":40485,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hebrew Scriptures","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43018092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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