Pub Date : 2025-06-24Epub Date: 2025-05-19DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.002
Santosh K. Das , Juan M. Torres-Rincon , Ralf Rapp
Heavy quarks, and the hadrons containing them, are excellent probes of the QCD medium formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions, as they provide essential information on the transport properties of the medium and how quarks color-neutralize into hadrons. Large theoretical and phenomenological efforts have been dedicated thus far to assess the diffusion of charm and bottom quarks in the quark–gluon plasma and their subsequent hadronization into heavy-flavor (HF) hadrons. However, the fireball formed in heavy-ion collisions also features an extended hadronic phase, and therefore any quantitative analysis of experimental observables needs to account for the rescattering of charm and bottom hadrons. This is further reinforced by the presence of a QCD cross-over transition and the notion that the interaction strength is maximal in the vicinity of the pseudo-critical temperature. We review existing approaches for evaluating the interactions of open HF hadrons in a hadronic heat bath and the pertinent results for scattering amplitudes, spectral functions and transport coefficients. While most of the work to date has focused on -mesons, we also discuss excited states as well as HF baryons and the bottom sector. Both the HF hadro-chemistry and bottom observables will play a key role in future experimental measurements. We also conduct a survey of transport calculations in heavy-ion collisions that have included effects of hadronic HF diffusion and assess its impact on various observables.
{"title":"Charm and bottom hadrons in hot hadronic matter","authors":"Santosh K. Das , Juan M. Torres-Rincon , Ralf Rapp","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heavy quarks, and the hadrons containing them, are excellent probes of the QCD medium formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions, as they provide essential information on the transport properties of the medium and how quarks color-neutralize into hadrons. Large theoretical and phenomenological efforts have been dedicated thus far to assess the diffusion of charm and bottom quarks in the quark–gluon plasma and their subsequent hadronization into heavy-flavor (HF) hadrons. However, the fireball formed in heavy-ion collisions also features an extended hadronic phase, and therefore any quantitative analysis of experimental observables needs to account for the rescattering of charm and bottom hadrons. This is further reinforced by the presence of a QCD cross-over transition and the notion that the interaction strength is maximal in the vicinity of the pseudo-critical temperature. We review existing approaches for evaluating the interactions of open HF hadrons in a hadronic heat bath and the pertinent results for scattering amplitudes, spectral functions and transport coefficients. While most of the work to date has focused on <span><math><mi>D</mi></math></span>-mesons, we also discuss excited states as well as HF baryons and the bottom sector. Both the HF hadro-chemistry and bottom observables will play a key role in future experimental measurements. We also conduct a survey of transport calculations in heavy-ion collisions that have included effects of hadronic HF diffusion and assess its impact on various observables.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1129 ","pages":"Pages 1-53"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-18Epub Date: 2025-05-15DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.001
Pratik Nandy , Apollonas S. Matsoukas-Roubeas , Pablo Martínez-Azcona , Anatoly Dymarsky , Adolfo del Campo
The dynamics of quantum systems unfolds within a subspace of the state space or operator space, known as the Krylov space. This review presents the use of Krylov subspace methods to provide an efficient description of quantum evolution and quantum chaos, with emphasis on nonequilibrium phenomena of many-body systems with a large Hilbert space. It provides a comprehensive update of recent developments, focused on the quantum evolution of operators in the Heisenberg picture as well as pure and mixed states. It further explores the notion of Krylov complexity and associated metrics as tools for quantifying operator growth, their bounds by generalized quantum speed limits, the universal operator growth hypothesis, and its relation to quantum chaos, scrambling, and generalized coherent states. A comparison of several generalizations of the Krylov construction for open quantum systems is presented. A closing discussion addresses the application of Krylov subspace methods in quantum field theory, holography, integrability, quantum control, and quantum computing, as well as current open problems.
{"title":"Quantum dynamics in Krylov space: Methods and applications","authors":"Pratik Nandy , Apollonas S. Matsoukas-Roubeas , Pablo Martínez-Azcona , Anatoly Dymarsky , Adolfo del Campo","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamics of quantum systems unfolds within a subspace of the state space or operator space, known as the Krylov space. This review presents the use of Krylov subspace methods to provide an efficient description of quantum evolution and quantum chaos, with emphasis on nonequilibrium phenomena of many-body systems with a large Hilbert space. It provides a comprehensive update of recent developments, focused on the quantum evolution of operators in the Heisenberg picture as well as pure and mixed states. It further explores the notion of Krylov complexity and associated metrics as tools for quantifying operator growth, their bounds by generalized quantum speed limits, the universal operator growth hypothesis, and its relation to quantum chaos, scrambling, and generalized coherent states. A comparison of several generalizations of the Krylov construction for open quantum systems is presented. A closing discussion addresses the application of Krylov subspace methods in quantum field theory, holography, integrability, quantum control, and quantum computing, as well as current open problems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1125 ","pages":"Pages 1-82"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143947997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-05Epub Date: 2025-05-10DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2025.04.001
A. Albert , S. Alves , M. André , M. Ardid , S. Ardid , J.- J. Aubert , J. Aublin , B. Baret , S. Basa , Y. Becherini , B. Belhorma , F. Benfenati , V. Bertin , S. Biagi , J. Boumaaza , M. Bouta , M.C. Bouwhuis , H. Brânzaş , R. Bruijn , J. Brunner , J. Zúñiga
Interest for studying cosmic neutrinos using deep-sea detectors has increased after the discovery of a diffuse flux of cosmic neutrinos by the IceCube collaboration and the possibility of wider multi-messenger studies with the observations of gravitational waves. The ANTARES detector was the first neutrino telescope in seawater, operating successfully in the Mediterranean Sea for more than a decade and a half. All challenges related to the operation in the deep sea were accurately addressed by the collaboration. Deployment and connection operations became smoother over time; data taking and constant re-calibration of the detector due to the variable environmental conditions were fully automated. A wealth of results on the subject of astroparticle physics, particle physics and multi-messenger astronomy have been obtained, despite the relative modest size of the detector, paving the way to a new generation of larger undersea detectors. This review summarizes the efforts by the ANTARES collaboration that made the possibility to operate neutrino telescopes in seawater a reality and the results obtained in this endeavor.
{"title":"The ANTARES detector: Two decades of neutrino searches in the Mediterranean Sea","authors":"A. Albert , S. Alves , M. André , M. Ardid , S. Ardid , J.- J. Aubert , J. Aublin , B. Baret , S. Basa , Y. Becherini , B. Belhorma , F. Benfenati , V. Bertin , S. Biagi , J. Boumaaza , M. Bouta , M.C. Bouwhuis , H. Brânzaş , R. Bruijn , J. Brunner , J. Zúñiga","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interest for studying cosmic neutrinos using deep-sea detectors has increased after the discovery of a diffuse flux of cosmic neutrinos by the IceCube collaboration and the possibility of wider multi-messenger studies with the observations of gravitational waves. The ANTARES detector was the first neutrino telescope in seawater, operating successfully in the Mediterranean Sea for more than a decade and a half. All challenges related to the operation in the deep sea were accurately addressed by the collaboration. Deployment and connection operations became smoother over time; data taking and constant re-calibration of the detector due to the variable environmental conditions were fully automated. A wealth of results on the subject of astroparticle physics, particle physics and multi-messenger astronomy have been obtained, despite the relative modest size of the detector, paving the way to a new generation of larger undersea detectors. This review summarizes the efforts by the ANTARES collaboration that made the possibility to operate neutrino telescopes in seawater a reality and the results obtained in this endeavor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1121 ","pages":"Pages 1-46"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-11Epub Date: 2025-04-17DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2025.03.001
Anas Ghannam , Ahmad Chehade , Muhammad Mustafa Generous , Anas Alazzam , Clement Kleinstreuer , Goodarz Ahmadi , Eiyad Abu-Nada
<div><div>Understanding the profound complexity of particle-laden flows is critical to advances across multiple disciplines. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding these multiphase systems, addressing both their fundamental physics and diverse modeling approaches. By beginning with effective single-phase models that are characterized by their homogeneous mixture properties, the review sets a foundation for exploring more advanced techniques.</div><div>The presentation then transitions to multiphase models, where advancements seek to overcome the limitations of single-phase approaches. The mixture model, valued for its simplicity and computational efficiency, struggles to capture detailed interphase interactions. This challenge leads to the multiphase Eulerian models, which treat fluid and particle phases as interpenetrating continua. The Eulerian–Lagrangian approach emerges to address the need for higher fidelity, enabling detailed tracking of individual particles, whether point-like or resolved, in the fluid. Fully Lagrangian models further refine the focus on particle dynamics, offering specialized insights despite significant computational demands.</div><div>The dynamics of particle-laden flows are shaped by the interplay of forces among particles, fluids, and surfaces. Forces such as drag, lift, Magnus, and Brownian, along with thermophoretic, van der Waals, and electrostatic interactions, govern the individual particle motions. External influences, including acoustic radiation, Lorentz forces, and gravity, add complexity to these interactions. Scaling analyses provide clarity by identifying dominant dynamics across varying spatial and temporal scales.</div><div>Benchmark studies play a pivotal role in validating these models. Classical test cases, ranging from single-particle sedimentation to particle–particle dynamics, thermal migration, and Brownian motion, highlight the challenges of integrating particle transport phenomena across scales. Heat transfer mechanisms in particle-laden flows introduce another layer of complexity. Conduction, convection, and radiation interact with particle motion to shape the thermal behavior of particle–fluid suspension. At higher speeds, the multiphase mixture transitions to turbulent flow, and turbulence modeling approaches are used to analyze the chaotic flow regimes.</div><div>The techniques described in this article deepen the understanding of the complex hydrodynamic and thermal behavior of particle-laden systems, which are critical in numerous engineering and scientific applications. In addition, the review systematically explores the applications of particle-laden flows, identifying commonly used modeling approaches for various conditions. It further highlights the key forces influencing specific applications, offering critical insights into their significance and practical implications.</div><div>Ultimately, this review attempts to provide an essential and thorough g
{"title":"A comprehensive review of particle-laden flows modeling: Single/multiphase modeling approaches, benchmarks, heat transfer, intermolecular interactions, recent advances and future directions","authors":"Anas Ghannam , Ahmad Chehade , Muhammad Mustafa Generous , Anas Alazzam , Clement Kleinstreuer , Goodarz Ahmadi , Eiyad Abu-Nada","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the profound complexity of particle-laden flows is critical to advances across multiple disciplines. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding these multiphase systems, addressing both their fundamental physics and diverse modeling approaches. By beginning with effective single-phase models that are characterized by their homogeneous mixture properties, the review sets a foundation for exploring more advanced techniques.</div><div>The presentation then transitions to multiphase models, where advancements seek to overcome the limitations of single-phase approaches. The mixture model, valued for its simplicity and computational efficiency, struggles to capture detailed interphase interactions. This challenge leads to the multiphase Eulerian models, which treat fluid and particle phases as interpenetrating continua. The Eulerian–Lagrangian approach emerges to address the need for higher fidelity, enabling detailed tracking of individual particles, whether point-like or resolved, in the fluid. Fully Lagrangian models further refine the focus on particle dynamics, offering specialized insights despite significant computational demands.</div><div>The dynamics of particle-laden flows are shaped by the interplay of forces among particles, fluids, and surfaces. Forces such as drag, lift, Magnus, and Brownian, along with thermophoretic, van der Waals, and electrostatic interactions, govern the individual particle motions. External influences, including acoustic radiation, Lorentz forces, and gravity, add complexity to these interactions. Scaling analyses provide clarity by identifying dominant dynamics across varying spatial and temporal scales.</div><div>Benchmark studies play a pivotal role in validating these models. Classical test cases, ranging from single-particle sedimentation to particle–particle dynamics, thermal migration, and Brownian motion, highlight the challenges of integrating particle transport phenomena across scales. Heat transfer mechanisms in particle-laden flows introduce another layer of complexity. Conduction, convection, and radiation interact with particle motion to shape the thermal behavior of particle–fluid suspension. At higher speeds, the multiphase mixture transitions to turbulent flow, and turbulence modeling approaches are used to analyze the chaotic flow regimes.</div><div>The techniques described in this article deepen the understanding of the complex hydrodynamic and thermal behavior of particle-laden systems, which are critical in numerous engineering and scientific applications. In addition, the review systematically explores the applications of particle-laden flows, identifying commonly used modeling approaches for various conditions. It further highlights the key forces influencing specific applications, offering critical insights into their significance and practical implications.</div><div>Ultimately, this review attempts to provide an essential and thorough g","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1118 ","pages":"Pages 1-96"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stars have been recognized as optimal laboratories to probe axion properties. In the last decades there have been significant advances in this field due to a better modeling of stellar systems and accurate observational data. In this work we review the current status of constraints on axions from stellar physics. We focus in particular on the Sun, globular cluster stars, white dwarfs and (proto)-neutron stars.
{"title":"Axion astrophysics","authors":"Pierluca Carenza , Maurizio Giannotti , Jordi Isern , Alessandro Mirizzi , Oscar Straniero","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stars have been recognized as optimal laboratories to probe axion properties. In the last decades there have been significant advances in this field due to a better modeling of stellar systems and accurate observational data. In this work we review the current status of constraints on axions from stellar physics. We focus in particular on the Sun, globular cluster stars, white dwarfs and (proto)-neutron stars.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1117 ","pages":"Pages 1-102"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-22Epub Date: 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.001
ATLAS Collaboration
The Higgs boson was discovered by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations in 2012 using data from Run 1 of the Large Hadron Collider (20102012). In Run 2 (20152018), about 140 fb−1 of proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV were collected by the ATLAS experiment. This review presents the most important Run 2 results obtained by the ATLAS Collaboration regarding the properties of the Higgs boson and its interactions with other particles. The performed studies significantly enhance the understanding of the Higgs boson, while hunting for deviations from the predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics.
{"title":"Characterising the Higgs boson with ATLAS data from the LHC Run-2","authors":"ATLAS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Higgs boson was discovered by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations in 2012 using data from Run 1 of the Large Hadron Collider (2010<span><math><mo>−</mo></math></span>2012). In Run 2 (2015<span><math><mo>−</mo></math></span>2018), about 140 fb<sup>−1</sup> of proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV were collected by the ATLAS experiment. This review presents the most important Run 2 results obtained by the ATLAS Collaboration regarding the properties of the Higgs boson and its interactions with other particles. The performed studies significantly enhance the understanding of the Higgs boson, while hunting for deviations from the predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1116 ","pages":"Pages 4-56"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-22Epub Date: 2024-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2024.10.001
ATLAS Collaboration
This report presents a comprehensive collection of searches for new physics performed by the ATLAS Collaboration during the Run 2 period of data taking at the Large Hadron Collider, from 2015 to 2018, corresponding to about 140 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data. These searches cover a variety of beyond-the-standard model topics such as dark matter candidates, new vector bosons, hidden-sector particles, leptoquarks, or vector-like quarks, among others. Searches for supersymmetric particles or extended Higgs sectors are explicitly excluded as these are the subject of separate reports by the Collaboration. For each topic, the most relevant searches are described, focusing on their importance and sensitivity and, when appropriate, highlighting the experimental techniques employed. In addition to the description of each analysis, complementary searches are compared, and the overall sensitivity of the ATLAS experiment to each type of new physics is discussed. Summary plots and statistical combinations of multiple searches are included whenever possible.
{"title":"Exploration at the high-energy frontier: ATLAS Run 2 searches investigating the exotic jungle beyond the Standard Model","authors":"ATLAS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This report presents a comprehensive collection of searches for new physics performed by the ATLAS Collaboration during the Run 2 period of data taking at the Large Hadron Collider, from 2015 to 2018, corresponding to about 140 fb<sup>−1</sup> of <span><math><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>13</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>TeV</mi></mrow></math></span> proton–proton collision data. These searches cover a variety of beyond-the-standard model topics such as dark matter candidates, new vector bosons, hidden-sector particles, leptoquarks, or vector-like quarks, among others. Searches for supersymmetric particles or extended Higgs sectors are explicitly excluded as these are the subject of separate reports by the Collaboration. For each topic, the most relevant searches are described, focusing on their importance and sensitivity and, when appropriate, highlighting the experimental techniques employed. In addition to the description of each analysis, complementary searches are compared, and the overall sensitivity of the ATLAS experiment to each type of new physics is discussed. Summary plots and statistical combinations of multiple searches are included whenever possible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1116 ","pages":"Pages 301-385"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-22Epub Date: 2025-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2024.12.004
ATLAS Collaboration
The large amount of data recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to 140 fb−1 of collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of , has brought our knowledge of the top quark to a higher level. The measurement of the top–antitop quark pair-production cross-section has reached a precision of 1.8% and the cross-section was measured differentially up to several TeV in multiple observables including the top-quark transverse momentum and top-quark-pair invariant mass. Single-top-quark production was studied in all production modes. Rare production processes where the top quark is associated with a vector boson, and four-top-quark production, have become accessible and cross-section measurements for several of these processes have reached uncertainties of around 10% or smaller. Innovative measurements of the top-quark mass and properties have also emerged, including the observation of quantum entanglement in the top-quark sector and tests of lepton-flavour universality using top-quark decays. Searches for flavour-changing neutral currents in the top-quark sector have been significantly improved, reaching branching-ratio exclusion limits ranging from to . Many of these analyses have been used to set limits on Wilson coefficients within the effective field theory framework.
{"title":"Climbing to the Top of the ATLAS 13 TeV data","authors":"ATLAS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The large amount of data recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to 140 fb<sup>−1</sup> of <span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></math></span> collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of <span><math><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>13</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>TeV</mi></mrow></math></span>, has brought our knowledge of the top quark to a higher level. The measurement of the top–antitop quark pair-production cross-section has reached a precision of 1.8% and the cross-section was measured differentially up to several TeV in multiple observables including the top-quark transverse momentum and top-quark-pair invariant mass. Single-top-quark production was studied in all production modes. Rare production processes where the top quark is associated with a vector boson, and four-top-quark production, have become accessible and cross-section measurements for several of these processes have reached uncertainties of around 10% or smaller. Innovative measurements of the top-quark mass and properties have also emerged, including the observation of quantum entanglement in the top-quark sector and tests of lepton-flavour universality using top-quark decays. Searches for flavour-changing neutral currents in the top-quark sector have been significantly improved, reaching branching-ratio exclusion limits ranging from <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. Many of these analyses have been used to set limits on Wilson coefficients within the effective field theory framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1116 ","pages":"Pages 127-183"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-22Epub Date: 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.002
This report reviews the published results of searches for possible additional scalar particles and exotic decays of the Higgs boson performed by the ATLAS Collaboration using up to 140 fb−1 of 13 TeV proton–proton collision data collected during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider. Key results are examined, and observed excesses, while never statistically compelling, are noted. Constraints are placed on parameters of several models which extend the Standard Model, for example by adding one or more singlet or doublet fields, or offering exotic Higgs boson decay channels. Summaries of new searches as well as extensions of previous searches are discussed. These new results have a wider reach or attain stronger exclusion limits. New experimental techniques that were developed for these searches are highlighted. Search channels which have not yet been examined are also listed, as these provide insight into possible future areas of exploration.
{"title":"ATLAS searches for additional scalars and exotic Higgs boson decays with the LHC Run 2 dataset","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This report reviews the published results of searches for possible additional scalar particles and exotic decays of the Higgs boson performed by the ATLAS Collaboration using up to 140 fb<sup>−1</sup> of 13 TeV proton–proton collision data collected during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider. Key results are examined, and observed excesses, while never statistically compelling, are noted. Constraints are placed on parameters of several models which extend the Standard Model, for example by adding one or more singlet or doublet fields, or offering exotic Higgs boson decay channels. Summaries of new searches as well as extensions of previous searches are discussed. These new results have a wider reach or attain stronger exclusion limits. New experimental techniques that were developed for these searches are highlighted. Search channels which have not yet been examined are also listed, as these provide insight into possible future areas of exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1116 ","pages":"Pages 184-260"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-22Epub Date: 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.010
ATLAS Collaboration
The search for supersymmetry with the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider intensified after the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012. The search programme expanded in both breadth and depth, profiting from the increased integrated luminosity and higher centre-of-mass energy for the collision data collected between 2015 and 2018, and gaining new sensitivity to unexplored areas of supersymmetry parameter space through the use of novel experimental signatures and innovative analysis techniques. This report summarises the supersymmetry searches at ATLAS using up to 140 fb−1 of collisions at , including the limits set on the production of gluinos, squarks, and electroweakinos for scenarios with or without R-parity conservation, and including models where some of the supersymmetric particles are long-lived.
{"title":"The quest to discover supersymmetry at the ATLAS experiment","authors":"ATLAS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The search for supersymmetry with the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider intensified after the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012. The search programme expanded in both breadth and depth, profiting from the increased integrated luminosity and higher centre-of-mass energy for the collision data collected between 2015 and 2018, and gaining new sensitivity to unexplored areas of supersymmetry parameter space through the use of novel experimental signatures and innovative analysis techniques. This report summarises the supersymmetry searches at ATLAS using up to 140 fb<sup>−1</sup> of <span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></math></span> collisions at <span><math><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>13</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>TeV</mi></mrow></math></span>, including the limits set on the production of gluinos, squarks, and electroweakinos for scenarios with or without R-parity conservation, and including models where some of the supersymmetric particles are long-lived.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1116 ","pages":"Pages 261-300"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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