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The role of line profile asymmetry in precision spectroscopy 线轮廓不对称在精密光谱学中的作用
IF 23.9 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-04-13 Epub Date: 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2025.02.001
Dmitry A. Solovyev , Timur A. Zalialiutdinov , Aleksei A. Anikin , Leonti N. Labzowsky
In this review, we have investigated the asymmetry of the line profile in precision one- and two-photon spectroscopy of hydrogen and helium atoms within the framework of a rigorous QED approach. A detailed analysis of the angular correlations of the quantum interference effect has been carried out using various examples. Nonresonant effects are also considered in relation to some astrophysical problems. In particular, a rigorous QED derivation of the nonresonant extension for the Lorentz line profile is given using the Ly α transition as an example; such a QED derivation has been lacking in the literature.
在这篇综述中,我们在严格的QED方法框架内研究了氢和氦原子的精确单光子和双光子光谱中的线轮廓的不对称性。通过实例对量子干涉效应的角相关性进行了详细的分析。非共振效应也与一些天体物理问题有关。特别地,以Ly α跃迁为例,给出了洛伦兹线轮廓的非共振扩展的严格QED推导;这样的QED推导在文献中是缺乏的。
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引用次数: 0
Modelling multiscale infectious disease in complex systems 复杂系统中多尺度传染病的建模
IF 23.9 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-04-09 Epub Date: 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2025.01.006
Jiajun Xian , Minghui Liu , Xuan Cheng , Meiyi Yang , Tianshu Xie , Xiaomin Wang , Ming Liu , Yi-Cheng Zhang , Dan Yang , Gui-Quan Sun , Jinlin Ye
The infectious diseases spreading in real-world complex systems are exceptionally rapid and present rich spatiotemporal evolution patterns and critical phenomena at different scales. Using mathematical modelling approaches to study multiscale infectious diseases is crucial for understanding the rules of infectious diseases. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest advancements in multiscale infectious disease modelling, including microcosmic, mesoscopic and macroscopic scales, respectively, describing the infectious disease spreading in fact-to-fact contact (e.g., conference), metropolitan areas and globally. This review mainly presents the recent progress of the modelling approaches, the effects of complex systems scale, and the critical phenomena associated with them at the three scales. Finally, the challenges and the open issues for future studies for multiscale infectious disease modelling are also discussed.
传染病在现实世界复杂系统中的传播速度异常迅速,在不同尺度上呈现出丰富的时空演化模式和关键现象。利用数学建模方法研究多尺度传染病是理解传染病规律的关键。本文综述了传染病多尺度建模的最新进展,包括微观、中观和宏观尺度,分别描述了传染病在事实-事实接触(如会议)、大都市地区和全球范围内的传播。本文主要介绍了模拟方法的最新进展、复杂系统尺度的影响以及在三个尺度上与之相关的关键现象。最后,讨论了多尺度传染病模型研究面临的挑战和有待解决的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Bubble injection for heat transfer enhancement: From physics to applications 增强传热的气泡注入:从物理到应用
IF 23.9 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-04-03 Epub Date: 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.008
Ahmad Zarei , Liya Hooshyari , Sohrab Zaboli , Marzie Babaie Rabiee , Saeed Akhavan , Sadegh Seddighi , Mehrdad Mesgarpour , Somchai Wongwises , Michael Schlüter , Goodarz Ahmadi , Christos N. Markides , Yonghai Zhang , Jianzhong Lin , Omid Mahian
This article presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in bubble-induced heat transfer enhancement, with a primary focus on understanding the fundamental underlying physics. Accordingly, this review first highlights recent novel concepts and techniques developed to enhance heat transfer through bubble injection, followed by explaining the essential physical aspects of this development. It attempts to clarify the impact of bubble injection on heat transfer by examining key mechanisms in two-phase bubbly flow. The factors that influence heat transfer and fluid flow, including mechanisms of bubble ascent, bubble breakage, and coalescence, as well as the impact of bubble size and shape, are examined. Furthermore, the review explores the use of bubble injection in different types of heat exchangers in addition to other applications, including solar collectors, hydrogen production, internal combustion engines, and energy storage systems. Furthermore, the article identifies current research gaps and existing challenges and suggests potential directions for future research in bubble-induced heat transfer enhancement.
这篇文章提出了一个全面的审查最近的进展,在气泡诱导的传热增强,主要集中在理解基本的潜在物理。因此,这篇综述首先强调了最近发展的新概念和技术,通过气泡注入来增强传热,然后解释了这一发展的基本物理方面。它试图通过研究两相气泡流的关键机制来阐明气泡注入对传热的影响。研究了影响传热和流体流动的因素,包括气泡上升、气泡破裂和聚并的机制,以及气泡大小和形状的影响。此外,本文还探讨了气泡喷射在不同类型的热交换器中的应用,以及其他应用,包括太阳能集热器、制氢、内燃机和储能系统。此外,本文还指出了当前研究的空白和存在的挑战,并提出了未来气泡诱导传热增强研究的潜在方向。
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引用次数: 0
Optimal control of spatial diseases spreading in networked reaction–diffusion systems 网络反应扩散系统中疾病空间传播的最优控制
IF 23.9 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-03-30 Epub Date: 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2025.01.005
Gui-Quan Sun , Runzi He , Li-Feng Hou , Xiaofeng Luo , Shupeng Gao , Lili Chang , Yi Wang , Zi-Ke Zhang
Infectious diseases have long been acknowledged as significant public health menaces by both the general public and health authorities, emphatically underscoring the crucial necessity for highly efficacious prevention and control strategies. Within the realm of statistical physics and complex systems, optimal control theory emerges as a fundamental and indispensable framework for formulating these preventive measures. Simultaneously, networked reaction–diffusion systems have emerged as essential tools for comprehensively understanding the complex dynamics of infectious disease transmission. These systems integrate diverse and essential aspects of human spatial behavior, including habitat distribution, small-world network properties, and large-scale movement patterns, key elements in the in-depth study of complex systems. Consequently, there is a rapidly burgeoning interest in exploring the optimal control problems associated with these reaction–diffusion equations. However, study on the complex dynamics and optimal control of network infectious disease models remains limited, especially in the context of higher-order networks that introduce additional layers of complexity. This article reviews recent advances in the dynamics and optimal control of networked reaction–diffusion systems, underscoring their vital and irreplaceable role in disease prevention and control. We deep dive into the dynamics within both regular and complex networks, investigating how network structure and diffusion parameters influence disease transmission. Furthermore, we comprehensively expound upon several optimal control strategies, including sparse and local optimal control, and propose a comprehensive approach that integrates both reaction and diffusion terms. Finally, we outline future research directions, emphasizing the great potential of integrated strategies to effectively tackle spatial disease transmission, thereby providing a solid theoretical foundation and practical guidance for related fields within the expansive domain of statistical physics and complex systems.
长期以来,传染病一直被公众和卫生当局视为严重的公共卫生威胁,这强调了制定高效预防和控制战略的关键必要性。在统计物理和复杂系统领域,最优控制理论成为制定这些预防措施的基本和不可或缺的框架。同时,网络反应扩散系统已成为全面了解传染病传播复杂动力学的重要工具。这些系统整合了人类空间行为的多种基本方面,包括栖息地分布、小世界网络特性和大规模运动模式,这些都是深入研究复杂系统的关键要素。因此,人们对探索与这些反应扩散方程相关的最优控制问题迅速产生了兴趣。然而,对网络传染病模型的复杂动力学和最优控制的研究仍然有限,特别是在引入额外复杂性层的高阶网络的背景下。本文综述了网络反应扩散系统动力学和最优控制的最新进展,强调了它们在疾病预防和控制中的重要和不可替代的作用。我们深入研究了规则和复杂网络中的动力学,研究了网络结构和扩散参数如何影响疾病传播。此外,我们全面阐述了几种最优控制策略,包括稀疏和局部最优控制,并提出了一种集成反应和扩散项的综合方法。最后,展望了未来的研究方向,强调了有效应对疾病空间传播的综合策略的巨大潜力,从而为统计物理和复杂系统领域的相关领域提供了坚实的理论基础和实践指导。
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引用次数: 0
Topological foundations of ferroelectricity 铁电性的拓扑基础
IF 23.9 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-03-24 Epub Date: 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2025.01.002
Igor A. Lukyanchuk , Anna G. Razumnaya , Svitlana Kondovych , Yuri A. Tikhonov , Boris Khesin , Valerii M. Vinokur
The 21st century has witnessed a revolutionary shift in the understanding of properties of matter driven by the application of topological principles. While the traditional approach to material science has been focusing on local interactions, topology introduces a global, non-local description in which the geometry of a material profoundly influences its properties. Ferroelectric materials, with their spontaneous electric polarization, have long been essential for understanding fundamental physical phenomena, which have led to numerous practical applications. Recent discoveries have revealed that nanostructured ferroelectrics host a wealth of fundamental topological states, which effectively enrich the landscape of ferroelectric research. This Review explores the topological foundation of ferroelectricity, rooted in the electrostatic essence of these materials. Drawing upon the analogy between the hydrodynamics of incompressible fluids and the electrostatics of polarization fields, we establish a comprehensive framework for classifying the complex topological states observed in ferroelectrics. We demonstrate that the rich diversity of polarization structures can be exhaustively described using the advanced topological approach. By extending fundamental topological concepts such as helicity, fibration, foliation, and ergodicity, we offer a systematic analysis of the topological textures in ferroelectrics. This work provides a coherent framework for understanding and manipulating topological structures in nanostructured ferroelectrics, paving the way for innovations in materials science and technology.
21世纪,拓扑学原理的应用推动了对物质性质的理解发生了革命性的转变。虽然材料科学的传统方法一直专注于局部相互作用,但拓扑学引入了一种全局的、非局部的描述,在这种描述中,材料的几何形状会深刻地影响其性质。铁电材料具有自发电极化,长期以来一直是理解基本物理现象的必要条件,这导致了许多实际应用。最近的发现表明,纳米结构的铁电体具有丰富的基本拓扑状态,这有效地丰富了铁电研究的领域。本综述探讨了铁电的拓扑基础,植根于这些材料的静电本质。利用不可压缩流体的流体力学与极化场的静电学之间的类比,我们建立了一个综合的框架来分类铁电体中观察到的复杂拓扑状态。我们证明了极化结构的丰富多样性可以用先进的拓扑方法详尽地描述。通过扩展基本的拓扑概念,如螺旋、纤维化、叶理和遍历性,我们提供了铁电体拓扑织构的系统分析。这项工作为理解和操纵纳米结构铁电体的拓扑结构提供了一个连贯的框架,为材料科学和技术的创新铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
The symmetry approach to quark and lepton masses and mixing 夸克和轻子质量和混合的对称方法
IF 23.9 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-03-19 Epub Date: 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2024.12.005
Gui-Jun Ding , José W.F. Valle
The Standard Model lacks an organizing principle to describe quark and lepton “flavours”. Neutrino oscillation experiments show that leptons mix very differently from quarks, adding a major challenge to the flavour puzzle. We briefly sketch the seesaw and the dark-matter-mediated “scotogenic” neutrino mass generation approaches. We discuss the limitations of popular neutrino mixing patterns and examine the possibility that they arise from symmetry, giving a bottom-up approach to residual flavour and CP symmetries. We show how such family and/or CP symmetries can yield novel, viable and predictive mixing patterns. Model-independent ways to predict lepton mixing and neutrino mass sum rules are reviewed. We also discuss UV-complete flavour theories in four and more space–time dimensions. As benchmark examples we present an A4 scotogenic construction with trimaximal mixing pattern TM2 and another with S4 flavour symmetry and generalized CP symmetry. Higher-dimensional flavour completions are also briefly discussed, such as 5-D warped flavordynamics with a T symmetry yielding a TM1 mixing pattern, detectable neutrinoless double beta decay rates and a very good global fit of flavour observables. We also mention 6-D orbifolds as a way to fix the structure of the 4-D family symmetry. We give a scotogenic benchmark orbifold model predicting the “golden” quark–lepton mass relation, stringent neutrino oscillation parameter regions, and an excellent global flavour fit, including quark observables. Finally, we discuss promising recent progress in tackling the flavour issue through the use of modular symmetries.
标准模型缺乏一个组织原理来描述夸克和轻子的“味道”。中微子振荡实验表明,轻子与夸克的混合非常不同,这给味道之谜增加了一个重大挑战。我们简要概述了跷跷板和暗物质介导的“scotogenic”中微子质量产生方法。我们讨论了流行的中微子混合模式的局限性,并检查了它们产生于对称性的可能性,给出了一种自下而上的方法来研究残余味道和CP对称性。我们展示了这种家族和/或CP对称性如何产生新颖、可行和可预测的混合模式。回顾了与模型无关的预测轻子混合和中微子质量和规则的方法。我们还讨论了在四个或更多的时空维度上的紫外线完全风味理论。作为基准,我们提出了一个具有三极大混合模式TM2的A4型分型结构和一个具有S4味对称和广义CP对称的分型结构。本文还简要讨论了高维风味补全,例如具有T '对称的5维扭曲风味动力学,产生TM1混合模式,可检测的中微子双β衰变率以及非常好的风味观测值的全局拟合。我们还提到了6维轨道,作为一种固定4维族对称结构的方法。我们给出了一个预测“黄金”夸克-轻子质量关系的基准轨道模型,严格的中微子振荡参数区域,以及一个优秀的全局味拟合,包括夸克观测值。最后,我们讨论了通过使用模块化对称来解决风味问题的有希望的最新进展。
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引用次数: 0
Three ways to decipher the nature of exotic hadrons: Multiplets, three-body hadronic molecules, and correlation functions 破译奇异强子性质的三种方法:多重态、三体强子分子和相关函数
IF 23.9 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-03-12 Epub Date: 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2024.12.001
Ming-Zhu Liu , Ya-Wen Pan , Zhi-Wei Liu , Tian-Wei Wu , Jun-Xu Lu , Li-Sheng Geng
<div><div>In the past two decades, a plethora of hadronic states beyond the conventional quark model of <span><math><mrow><mi>q</mi><mover><mrow><mi>q</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>̄</mo></mrow></mover></mrow></math></span> mesons and <span><math><mrow><mi>q</mi><mi>q</mi><mi>q</mi></mrow></math></span> baryons have been observed experimentally, which motivated extensive studies to understand their nature and the non-perturbative strong interaction. Since most of these exotic states are located near the mass thresholds of a pair of conventional hadrons, the prevailing picture is that they are primarily hadronic molecules. In principle, one can verify the molecular nature of these states by thoroughly comparing their masses, decay widths, and production rates in a particular picture with experimental data. However, this is difficult or impossible. First, quantum mechanics allows for mixing configurations permitted by symmetries and quantum numbers. Second, data are relatively scarce because of their small production rates and the many difficulties in the experimental measurements. As a result, other alternatives need to be explored. This review summarizes three such approaches that can help disentangle the nature of the many exotic hadrons discovered.</div><div>In the first approach, based on the molecular interpretations for some exotic states, we study the likely existence of multiplets of hadronic molecules related by various symmetries, such as isospin symmetry, SU(3)-flavor symmetry, heavy quark spin/flavor symmetry, and heavy antiquark diquark symmetry, which are known to be approximately satisfied and can be employed to relate the underlying hadron–hadron interactions responsible for the formation of hadronic molecules. The masses of these multiplets of hadronic molecules can then be obtained by solving the Lippmann–Schwinger equation. Their decay and production patterns are also related. As a result, experimental discoveries of such multiplets and confirmations of the predicted patterns will be invaluable to understanding the nature of these hadronic molecular states.</div><div>In the second approach, starting from some hadronic molecular candidates, one can derive the underlying hadron–hadron interactions. With these interactions, one can study related three-body systems and check whether three-body bound states/resonances exist. The existence of such three-body molecules can directly verify the molecular nature of exotic hadrons of interest.</div><div>In the third approach, one can turn to the femtoscopy technique to derive the hadron–hadron interactions, hence inaccessible. This technique provided an unprecedented opportunity to understand the interactions between unstable hadrons. Although the past focus was mainly on the light quark sector, we have seen increasing theoretical activities in the heavy quark sector in recent years. We review relevant studies and point out future directions where more effort is needed.</div><div>Finally, to provid
在过去的二十年中,大量的强子态超出了传统的qqq介子和qqq重子的夸克模型,这激发了广泛的研究,以了解它们的性质和非微扰强相互作用。由于这些奇异态大多位于一对传统强子的质量阈值附近,因此普遍认为它们主要是强子分子。原则上,人们可以通过彻底比较它们的质量、衰变宽度和特定图像中的生成速率与实验数据来验证这些状态的分子性质。然而,这是困难的或不可能的。首先,量子力学允许对称和量子数所允许的混合构型。其次,由于其产量小,实验测量困难重重,数据相对较少。因此,需要探索其他替代方案。这篇综述总结了三种这样的方法,可以帮助解开许多发现的外来强子的性质。在第一种方法中,基于对一些奇异态的分子解释,我们研究了与各种对称性相关的强子分子多重重态的可能存在性,如同位旋对称、SU(3)-flavor对称、重夸克自旋/flavor对称和重反夸克二夸克对称,这些对称性已知是近似满足的,可以用来联系导致强子分子形成的潜在强子-强子相互作用。这些重子分子的质量可以通过求解李普曼-施温格方程得到。它们的衰变和生产模式也有关系。因此,这种多重态的实验发现和预测模式的确认对于理解这些强子分子状态的本质将是无价的。在第二种方法中,从一些强子候选分子开始,人们可以推导出潜在的强子-强子相互作用。通过这些相互作用,可以研究相关的三体系统,并检查是否存在三体束缚态/共振。这种三体分子的存在可以直接验证所研究的外来强子的分子性质。在第三种方法中,人们可以转向飞镜技术来推导强子-强子相互作用,因此无法实现。这项技术为了解不稳定强子之间的相互作用提供了前所未有的机会。虽然过去的焦点主要集中在轻夸克领域,但近年来我们看到在重夸克领域的理论活动越来越多。我们回顾了相关研究,并指出了未来需要进一步努力的方向。最后,为了给现在和将来的实验提供有价值的信息,我们用有效的拉格朗日方法估计和讨论了这些多重体和三体强子分子的衰变宽度和产生速率。
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引用次数: 0
Network alignment 网络对齐
IF 23.9 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-03-05 Epub Date: 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.006
Rui Tang , Ziyun Yong , Shuyu Jiang , Xingshu Chen , Yaofang Liu , Yi-Cheng Zhang , Gui-Quan Sun , Wei Wang
Complex networks are frequently employed to model physical or virtual complex systems. When certain entities exist across multiple systems simultaneously, unveiling their corresponding relationships across the networks becomes crucial. This problem, known as network alignment, holds significant importance. It enhances our understanding of complex system structures and behaviours, facilitates the validation and extension of theoretical physics research about studying complex systems, and fosters diverse practical applications across various fields. However, due to variations in the structure, characteristics, and properties of complex networks across different fields, the study of network alignment is often isolated within each domain, with even the terminologies and concepts lacking uniformity. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest advancements in network alignment research, focusing on analysing network alignment characteristics and progress in various domains such as social network analysis, bioinformatics, computational linguistics and privacy protection. It provides a detailed analysis of various methods’ implementation principles, processes, and performance differences, including structure consistency-based methods, network embedding-based methods, and graph neural network-based (GNN-based) methods. Additionally, the methods for network alignment under different conditions, such as in attributed networks, heterogeneous networks, directed networks, and dynamic networks, are presented. Furthermore, the challenges and the open issues for future studies are also discussed.
复杂网络经常用于物理或虚拟复杂系统的建模。当某些实体同时存在于多个系统中时,揭示它们在网络中的对应关系就变得至关重要。这个问题被称为网络对齐,非常重要。它增强了我们对复杂系统结构和行为的理解,促进了复杂系统理论物理研究的验证和扩展,并促进了不同领域的实际应用。然而,由于复杂网络在不同领域的结构、特征和性质的差异,网络对齐的研究往往在每个领域内是孤立的,甚至术语和概念也缺乏一致性。本文全面总结了网络对齐研究的最新进展,重点分析了网络对齐的特征及其在社会网络分析、生物信息学、计算语言学和隐私保护等各个领域的进展。详细分析了各种方法的实现原理、过程和性能差异,包括基于结构一致性的方法、基于网络嵌入的方法和基于图神经网络(gnn)的方法。此外,还介绍了在不同条件下的网络对齐方法,如在属性网络、异构网络、有向网络和动态网络中。在此基础上,对未来研究面临的挑战和有待解决的问题进行了讨论。
{"title":"Network alignment","authors":"Rui Tang ,&nbsp;Ziyun Yong ,&nbsp;Shuyu Jiang ,&nbsp;Xingshu Chen ,&nbsp;Yaofang Liu ,&nbsp;Yi-Cheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Gui-Quan Sun ,&nbsp;Wei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Complex networks are frequently employed to model physical or virtual complex systems. When certain entities exist across multiple systems simultaneously, unveiling their corresponding relationships across the networks becomes crucial. This problem, known as network alignment, holds significant importance. It enhances our understanding of complex system structures and behaviours, facilitates the validation and extension of theoretical physics research about studying complex systems, and fosters diverse practical applications across various fields. However, due to variations in the structure, characteristics, and properties of complex networks across different fields, the study of network alignment is often isolated within each domain, with even the terminologies and concepts lacking uniformity. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest advancements in network alignment research, focusing on analysing network alignment characteristics and progress in various domains such as social network analysis, bioinformatics, computational linguistics and privacy protection. It provides a detailed analysis of various methods’ implementation principles, processes, and performance differences, including structure consistency-based methods, network embedding-based methods, and graph neural network-based (GNN-based) methods. Additionally, the methods for network alignment under different conditions, such as in attributed networks, heterogeneous networks, directed networks, and dynamic networks, are presented. Furthermore, the challenges and the open issues for future studies are also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1107 ","pages":"Pages 1-45"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143161367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Remote detection optical magnetometry 远程探测光学磁强计
IF 23.9 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-02-26 Epub Date: 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.004
Alexander M. Akulshin , Dmitry Budker , Felipe Pedreros Bustos , Tong Dang , Emmanuel Klinger , Simon M. Rochester , Arne Wickenbrock , Rui Zhang
Sensitive magnetometers have been applied in a wide range of research fields, including geophysical exploration, bio-magnetic field detection, ultralow-field nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. Commonly, magnetometers are directly placed at the position where the magnetic field is to be measured. However, in some situations, for example in near space or harsh environments, near nuclear reactors or particle accelerators, it is hard to place a magnetometer directly there. If the magnetic field can be detected remotely, i.e., via stand-off detection, this problem can be solved. As optical magnetometers are based on optical readout, they are naturally promising for stand-off detection. We review various approaches to optical stand-off magnetometry proposed and developed over the years, culminating in recent results on measuring magnetic fields in the mesosphere using laser guide stars, magnetometry with mirrorless-lasing readout, and proposals for satellite-assisted interrogation of atmospheric sodium.
灵敏磁力计已被广泛应用于地球物理勘探、生物磁场探测、超低场核磁共振等研究领域。通常,磁强计直接放置在需要测量磁场的位置。然而,在某些情况下,例如在近太空或恶劣环境中,在核反应堆或粒子加速器附近,很难将磁力计直接放置在那里。如果可以远程检测磁场,即通过隔离检测,这个问题就可以得到解决。由于光学磁强计是基于光学读出的,因此自然有望实现远程检测。我们回顾了多年来提出和发展的各种光学远程磁强计方法,包括利用激光导星测量中间层磁场的最新成果、采用无镜激光读出的磁强计,以及卫星辅助探测大气钠的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Lattice Boltzmann simulations for soft flowing matter 软流动物质的晶格玻尔兹曼模拟
IF 23.9 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-02-19 Epub Date: 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.002
Adriano Tiribocchi , Mihir Durve , Marco Lauricella , Andrea Montessori , Jean-Michel Tucny , Sauro Succi
Over the last decade, the Lattice Boltzmann method has found major scope for the simulation of a large spectrum of problems in soft matter, from multiphase and multi-component microfluidic flows, to foams, emulsions, colloidal flows, to name but a few. Crucial to many such applications is the role of supramolecular interactions which occur whenever mesoscale structures, such as bubbles or droplets, come in close contact, say of the order of tens of nanometers. Regardless of their specific physico-chemical origin, such near-contact interactions are vital to preserve the coherence of the mesoscale structures against coalescence phenomena promoted by capillarity and surface tension, hence the need of including them in Lattice Boltzmann schemes. Strictly speaking, this entails a complex multiscale problem, covering about six spatial decades, from centimeters down to tens of nanometers, and almost twice as many in time. Such a multiscale problem can hardly be taken by a single computational method, hence the need for coarse-grained models for the near-contact interactions. In this review, we shall discuss such coarse-grained models and illustrate their application to a variety of soft flowing matter problems, such as soft flowing crystals, strongly confined dense emulsions, flowing hierarchical emulsions, soft granular flows, as well as the transmigration of active droplets across constrictions. Finally, we conclude with a few considerations on future developments in the direction of quantum-nanofluidics, machine learning, and quantum computing for soft flows applications.
在过去的十年中,格子玻尔兹曼方法在模拟软物质的大量问题中发挥了重要作用,这些问题包括多相和多组分微流体流动、泡沫、乳液、胶体流动等等。超分子相互作用对许多此类应用至关重要,每当气泡或液滴等中尺度结构密切接触(例如数十纳米级)时,就会发生超分子相互作用。无论其具体的物理化学起源如何,这种近距离接触的相互作用对于保持中尺度结构的连贯性,防止毛细管和表面张力引起的凝聚现象至关重要,因此有必要将其纳入格点玻尔兹曼方案。严格来说,这需要解决一个复杂的多尺度问题,涵盖从厘米到几十纳米的大约六个空间尺度,以及几乎两倍的时间尺度。这种多尺度问题很难用单一计算方法解决,因此需要为近距离接触相互作用建立粗粒度模型。在这篇综述中,我们将讨论这种粗粒度模型,并说明它们在各种软流动物质问题中的应用,如软流动晶体、强约束致密乳状液、流动分层乳状液、软颗粒流动以及活性液滴跨越约束的迁移。最后,我们就量子纳米流体学、机器学习和量子计算在软流动应用领域的未来发展方向提出了几点思考。
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