Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2022.02.05
D. Bibikov
The funeral in boats was widespread in Northern Europe from Iceland to the Volga region during the Viking Age. But in the works devoted to this rite the materials of Southern Rus are practically ignored though being studied worst. The remains of small boats which can be recorded very rarely are survived in two or three burials. Ship rivets were found in six burials. Despite the insufficient number of these mounts in two cases we can also talk about the use of full-fledged funeral boats. In the other four assemblages the rivets placed on the grave acted as a symbol of the ship which replaced the whole. Available materials allow us to attribute the existence of the rite in Southern Rus to the second half of the tenth century. It probably ceased to be practiced after the introduction of Christianity in 988. In the territory of Southern Rus the burial in boats can be considered as an ethnic indicator of the presence of Scandinavians, probably — natives of Central Sweden. A relatively small number of such burials reflects a change in the usual way of life of the Normans in the new conditions. Although in Scandinavia since the ninth century the significant simplification and «democratization» of the rite could be observed, in Eastern Europe it remains to be elitist. In all burials of Southern Rus the composition of the grave goods indicates the burial of men. Most of them contained weapons or whole sets of them, often the remains of a horse and rider’s equipment, attributes of trade — weights, fragments of scales, coins. At the same time these materials demonstrate a clear social hierarchy of the dead — from ordinary soldiers to the princely class. Chorna Mohyla barrow in Chernihiv was the largest and richest Old Rus mound where a local prince was probably buried. The ship rivets were also found among the materials from this barrow 120 years later excavation.
{"title":"BOATS AND THEIR SYMBOLS IN THE FUNERAL RITE ON THE LANDS OF SOUTHERN RUS","authors":"D. Bibikov","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.02.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.02.05","url":null,"abstract":"The funeral in boats was widespread in Northern Europe from Iceland to the Volga region during the Viking Age. But in the works devoted to this rite the materials of Southern Rus are practically ignored though being studied worst. \u0000The remains of small boats which can be recorded very rarely are survived in two or three burials. Ship rivets were found in six burials. Despite the insufficient number of these mounts in two cases we can also talk about the use of full-fledged funeral boats. In the other four assemblages the rivets placed on the grave acted as a symbol of the ship which replaced the whole. Available materials allow us to attribute the existence of the rite in Southern Rus to the second half of the tenth century. It probably ceased to be practiced after the introduction of Christianity in 988. \u0000In the territory of Southern Rus the burial in boats can be considered as an ethnic indicator of the presence of Scandinavians, probably — natives of Central Sweden. A relatively small number of such burials reflects a change in the usual way of life of the Normans in the new conditions. \u0000Although in Scandinavia since the ninth century the significant simplification and «democratization» of the rite could be observed, in Eastern Europe it remains to be elitist. In all burials of Southern Rus the composition of the grave goods indicates the burial of men. Most of them contained weapons or whole sets of them, often the remains of a horse and rider’s equipment, attributes of trade — weights, fragments of scales, coins. At the same time these materials demonstrate a clear social hierarchy of the dead — from ordinary soldiers to the princely class. Chorna Mohyla barrow in Chernihiv was the largest and richest Old Rus mound where a local prince was probably buried. The ship rivets were also found among the materials from this barrow 120 years later excavation.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121780444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2022.02.06
Yevheniia Arkhypova
The earliest Kyiv reliefs with figurative images correlate with temples built in the second half of the 11th — early 12th centuries. The iconography and dating of Ovruch pyrophyllite slate reliefs with secular or indefinite plots has been the subject of research by more than one generation of scholars. The reliefs have been found already damaged or reused, so their original placement in the interior or faзade, as well in the temple or palace also remains a matter of debate. The study of the images of these reliefs in the context of the development of Byzantine art shows that the Kyiv artists copied a Christian patterns that combined secular, mythological and biblical plots, the formation of which took place under the influence of the Classic heritage. According to the conditions of discovery, iconography and style, these are the works of the second half of the 11th — early 12th centuries. The typological and stylistic similarity of four such reliefs permit to suggest that they were made for the same building, although they were found in different parts of the city. They depict the biblical character Samson or David, the mythological character Cybele or the Great Mother of the Gods, a warrior fighting the lion and a fragment of the animal head — a goat or a lioness. Fragments of two other reliefs depict the animal looks like a lion with the rider on its back, possibly Samson or David. The depiction of a man riding a beast is the motif of oriental origin that became widespread in Byzantine and Romanesque art of the 12th century, including in Rus. Two fragments of slabs depicting the griffin in high relief come from the exterior decor. In the art of the 10th—12th centuries, the griffin as a vigilant guard of the sacred place was depicted on the facades of churches in the type of «solemn procession». The Kyiv’s griffin was probably included in the heraldic composition. The question of the placement of the slabs — in a palace or a temple — is still disputable.
{"title":"SOURCES OF KYIV RELIEFS WITH «SECULAR» PLOTS: ISSUE OF ATTRIBUTION AND DATING","authors":"Yevheniia Arkhypova","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.02.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.02.06","url":null,"abstract":"The earliest Kyiv reliefs with figurative images correlate with temples built in the second half of the 11th — early 12th centuries. The iconography and dating of Ovruch pyrophyllite slate reliefs with secular or indefinite plots has been the subject of research by more than one generation of scholars. The reliefs have been found already damaged or reused, so their original placement in the interior or faзade, as well in the temple or palace also remains a matter of debate. \u0000The study of the images of these reliefs in the context of the development of Byzantine art shows that the Kyiv artists copied a Christian patterns that combined secular, mythological and biblical plots, the formation of which took place under the influence of the Classic heritage. According to the conditions of discovery, iconography and style, these are the works of the second half of the 11th — early 12th centuries. The typological and stylistic similarity of four such reliefs permit to suggest that they were made for the same building, although they were found in different parts of the city. They depict the biblical character Samson or David, the mythological character Cybele or the Great Mother of the Gods, a warrior fighting the lion and a fragment of the animal head — a goat or a lioness. Fragments of two other reliefs depict the animal looks like a lion with the rider on its back, possibly Samson or David. The depiction of a man riding a beast is the motif of oriental origin that became widespread in Byzantine and Romanesque art of the 12th century, including in Rus. Two fragments of slabs depicting the griffin in high relief come from the exterior decor. In the art of the 10th—12th centuries, the griffin as a vigilant guard of the sacred place was depicted on the facades of churches in the type of «solemn procession». The Kyiv’s griffin was probably included in the heraldic composition. The question of the placement of the slabs — in a palace or a temple — is still disputable.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130765405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2022.02.07
S. Biliaieva
The study of fortresses on the territory of the Kyiv area in the Lithuanian period is one of the actual tasks of the formation of a new look on the Ukrainian history. As it is known it was the stage of the castell tower system of fortification, taking not only defense, but social and political, economic position, status of administrative centers and places of living of the social elite. In the course of the Lithuanian period, the following stages of the development of system of castell constructing are fixed: At the end of 14th — at the beginning of 15th century the castell tower system of fortification had been formed; On the second stage at the middle of 15th — in the second half of 16th century — the period of adaptation of the castell tower system to the artillery and the appearance of the system of basteja. In the Kyiv area two types of fortress constructing were fixed. The North and central parts of the area: the continuation of Old Rus traditions of the fortification on the base of wooden and earth constructions with two or three flour wooden towers. The transmission to the arm stage on the base of artillery took place. Planning structure: triangle and rectangular forms. On the South — the transition to the stone tower system, fortificated with wooden-earth constructions and stone counterforts, two or three flour towers, distribution of European types artillery. Planning structure: triangle and rectangular forms. For example: the Kyiv Castle which became the center of statehood in the time of Vladimir Olgerdovich; the system of castles in the rest of the territory; the creation of the fortification system of the South by Prince Vytautas, which facilitated trade in Europe from Krakow to the Black Sea coast and composition of the new federal state.
{"title":"THE FORTRESSES OF THE GREAT LITHUANIAN PRINCIPALITY ON THE TERRITORY OF THE KIEVAN AREA (HISTORY OF RESEARCH)","authors":"S. Biliaieva","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.02.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.02.07","url":null,"abstract":"The study of fortresses on the territory of the Kyiv area in the Lithuanian period is one of the actual tasks of the formation of a new look on the Ukrainian history. As it is known it was the stage of the castell tower system of fortification, taking not only defense, but social and political, economic position, status of administrative centers and places of living of the social elite. \u0000In the course of the Lithuanian period, the following stages of the development of system of castell constructing are fixed: At the end of 14th — at the beginning of 15th century the castell tower system of fortification had been formed; \u0000On the second stage at the middle of 15th — in the second half of 16th century — the period of adaptation of the castell tower system to the artillery and the appearance of the system of basteja. \u0000In the Kyiv area two types of fortress constructing were fixed. The North and central parts of the area: the continuation of Old Rus traditions of the fortification on the base of wooden and earth constructions with two or three flour wooden towers. The transmission to the arm stage on the base of artillery took place. Planning structure: triangle and rectangular forms. \u0000On the South — the transition to the stone tower system, fortificated with wooden-earth constructions and stone counterforts, two or three flour towers, distribution of European types artillery. Planning structure: triangle and rectangular forms. \u0000For example: the Kyiv Castle which became the center of statehood in the time of Vladimir Olgerdovich; the system of castles in the rest of the territory; the creation of the fortification system of the South by Prince Vytautas, which facilitated trade in Europe from Krakow to the Black Sea coast and composition of the new federal state.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"296 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114381976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2022.02.24
G. A. Kozubovskyi
In the paper the attempt to identify the geographical toponyms and hydronyms of the 14th century is made. It contains an analysis of the hypotheses about the Beloberezhye site of the 14th century in the written sources. Based on the examination of the written, cartographic, archeological and numismatics sources the conception about connection of Beloberezhye with the bank of Southern Bug River is considered. Also, the information about origin of the river name since antiquity till nowadays — Bug (Boh, Bug, Boug, Bohus, Bohem and other), Hypanis, Kouβoũ (Kuvu), Vagosola, Bagossla, Aksu (White Waters) — is discussed. The conception, according to which the Turkik geographical names of the river (Ak Su — White Water) and its banks (Belobereshye — White Banks) were the territory of the traditional summer and winter nomads roamings has been substantiated. Also, the certain aspects of activity of the Tartars emirs Kutlu-Buha, Khadjibej, and Dmytro, and the landscapes of these regions are examined. Important stimulus for development of the trade routes in these regions were the saline in the lower reaches of the Southern Bug and in Black Sea region. Based on the analysis of numismatics sources the author concludes that in the first part — mid-14th century the trade route in Southern Bug basin was one of the main transit trade routes in the West territory of Golden Horde. The finds of the silver and copper coins of the mid-14th century marked the most important centers in the Bug River region. After the victories of Lithuanian Prince Olgerdas over the Hordes in 1362 at the Syny Vody (Gek-su) and Bili Vody (Ak-su) Rivers the economic resources of the Western Hordes were considerably reduced. According to archaeological and numismatic data, Torhovytsia on the Siniukha River was an important center in the mid-14th century but was destroyed in the beginning of the 1360s. The issues of historical geography, many of which can be solved by assistance of systematic archaeology research of the Golden Horde centers in the Southern Bug River basins are discussed in the paper.
本文试图对14世纪的地理地名和水合词进行辨析。它包含了对14世纪书面资料中关于Beloberezhye遗址的假设的分析。通过对文字资料、地图学资料、考古资料和钱币学资料的考证，提出了别罗别列热耶与南布格河两岸的联系概念。此外，还讨论了从古代到现在的河流名称的来源信息- Bug (Boh, Bug, Boug, Bohus, Bohem等)，Hypanis, kouβ omu (Kuvu)， Vagosola, Bagossla, Aksu(白水)。根据这条河(Ak Su -白水)及其河岸(Belobereshye -白岸)的突厥语地理名称是传统夏季和冬季游牧民族漫游的领土的概念已经得到证实。此外，还考察了鞑靼埃米尔库特鲁-布哈、卡吉别吉和德米特罗的某些活动，以及这些地区的景观。这些地区贸易路线发展的重要刺激因素是南臭虫下游和黑海地区的盐碱地。在对钱币学资料分析的基础上，作者认为，在14世纪中期，南布格盆地的贸易路线是金帐汗国西部地区的主要过境贸易路线之一。14世纪中期的银币和铜币的发现标志着布格河地区最重要的中心。1362年立陶宛王子奥尔热达斯在Syny Vody (Gek-su)和Bili Vody (Ak-su)河战胜了部落之后，西部部落的经济资源大大减少。根据考古和钱币资料，位于西纽哈河上的托尔霍维察在14世纪中期是一个重要的中心，但在13世纪60年代初被摧毁。本文对南布格河流域金帐汗国中心的系统考古研究可以解决的历史地理学问题进行了探讨。
{"title":"ON THE ISSUE OF ANNALISTIC BELOBEREZHYE OF THE 14th CENTURY","authors":"G. A. Kozubovskyi","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.02.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.02.24","url":null,"abstract":"In the paper the attempt to identify the geographical toponyms and hydronyms of the 14th century is made. It contains an analysis of the hypotheses about the Beloberezhye site of the 14th century in the written sources. Based on the examination of the written, cartographic, archeological and numismatics sources the conception about connection of Beloberezhye with the bank of Southern Bug River is considered. \u0000Also, the information about origin of the river name since antiquity till nowadays — Bug (Boh, Bug, Boug, Bohus, Bohem and other), Hypanis, Kouβoũ (Kuvu), Vagosola, Bagossla, Aksu (White Waters) — is discussed. The conception, according to which the Turkik geographical names of the river (Ak Su — White Water) and its banks (Belobereshye — White Banks) were the territory of the traditional summer and winter nomads roamings has been substantiated. Also, the certain aspects of activity of the Tartars emirs Kutlu-Buha, Khadjibej, and Dmytro, and the landscapes of these regions are examined. Important stimulus for development of the trade routes in these regions were the saline in the lower reaches of the Southern Bug and in Black Sea region. Based on the analysis of numismatics sources the author concludes that in the first part — mid-14th century the trade route in Southern Bug basin was one of the main transit trade routes in the West territory of Golden Horde. The finds of the silver and copper coins of the mid-14th century marked the most important centers in the Bug River region. After the victories of Lithuanian Prince Olgerdas over the Hordes in 1362 at the Syny Vody (Gek-su) and Bili Vody (Ak-su) Rivers the economic resources of the Western Hordes were considerably reduced. According to archaeological and numismatic data, Torhovytsia on the Siniukha River was an important center in the mid-14th century but was destroyed in the beginning of the 1360s. \u0000The issues of historical geography, many of which can be solved by assistance of systematic archaeology research of the Golden Horde centers in the Southern Bug River basins are discussed in the paper.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116808804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2022.02.08
B. Pryshchepa
Based on a comprehensive analysis of written, archaeological and architectural sources the article considers the main stages of Klevan castle development, and considers its planning and buildings. According to archeological sources, the site of the settlement of the Kyiv Rus period was used to build the castle. According to the written sources, there were three stages of the erection of the castle. In the first stage (the first quarter of the 16th century), Prince Fedir Mykhailovych Czartoryski began the construction of a castle on the old settlement site, where, perhaps, there had already been a farmstead. In the second stage (the second quarter of the 16th century), due to the conflict with Radziwills, the construction was stopped but the castle functioned and the settlement was developed. In the third stage (the 60s of the 16th century), Prince Ivan Fedorovych Czartoryski completed the construction of the castle. The Klevan castle consisted of two parts — a citadel and the adjacent settlement. The information on the castle planning is contained in the inventories of 1700 and 1709. The earliest description of 1609 describes the defense, housing, religious and economic facilities in the territory of the citadel. It was surrounded by a wall, had two brick towers and a wooden one. Most of the buildings were located on the perimeter of the fortifications; the central part housed the princes’ palace and a church. According to the inventories of 1700 and 1709, the settlement was located to the north and east of the citadel and occupied the territory on the hill where now the Church of the Nativity of Christ is located and, probably, the area occupied by estates on Horodyshche street. The citadel was surrounded by a rampart and oak fence; there was a chapel and a garden around it, outbuildings, the Greek-Catholic Church of the Nativity, and the entrance gate. The analysis of the planning, fortifications and buildings of the Klevan castle allows to conclude that in the last third of the 16th — early 17th century, it was one of the most powerful private castles in Volhynia.
{"title":"THE CASTLE OF CZARTORYSKI PRINCES IN KLEVAN: STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT, PLANNING AND BUILDINGS","authors":"B. Pryshchepa","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.02.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.02.08","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a comprehensive analysis of written, archaeological and architectural sources the article considers the main stages of Klevan castle development, and considers its planning and buildings. According to archeological sources, the site of the settlement of the Kyiv Rus period was used to build the castle. According to the written sources, there were three stages of the erection of the castle. In the first stage (the first quarter of the 16th century), Prince Fedir Mykhailovych Czartoryski began the construction of a castle on the old settlement site, where, perhaps, there had already been a farmstead. In the second stage (the second quarter of the 16th century), due to the conflict with Radziwills, the construction was stopped but the castle functioned and the settlement was developed. In the third stage (the 60s of the 16th century), Prince Ivan Fedorovych Czartoryski completed the construction of the castle. The Klevan castle consisted of two parts — a citadel and the adjacent settlement. The information on the castle planning is contained in the inventories of 1700 and 1709. The earliest description of 1609 describes the defense, housing, religious and economic facilities in the territory of the citadel. It was surrounded by a wall, had two brick towers and a wooden one. Most of the buildings were located on the perimeter of the fortifications; the central part housed the princes’ palace and a church. According to the inventories of 1700 and 1709, the settlement was located to the north and east of the citadel and occupied the territory on the hill where now the Church of the Nativity of Christ is located and, probably, the area occupied by estates on Horodyshche street. The citadel was surrounded by a rampart and oak fence; there was a chapel and a garden around it, outbuildings, the Greek-Catholic Church of the Nativity, and the entrance gate. The analysis of the planning, fortifications and buildings of the Klevan castle allows to conclude that in the last third of the 16th — early 17th century, it was one of the most powerful private castles in Volhynia.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124238290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2022.02.11
A. O. Sushko
Стаття присвячена комплексному аналізу та характеристиці колекції модерних керамічних освітлювальних приладів яка сформована в ході археологічних досліджень в урочищі Гончарі-Кожум’яки та знаходяться на збережені в фондах Музею історії міста Києва. Проведено морфологічний, технологічний та функціональний аналіз колекції. На основі якого вдалося виділити чотири основних типи засобів для освітлення. Встановлено, що вироби у формі мисочок з отворами або прорізом в гнізді універсальні, могли використовуватися і як свічники і як світильники. Освітлювальні прилади з суцільним гніздом використовувалися лише як свічники, а вироби без гнізда, скоріше за все — виключно як олійні світильники. Вироби виготовлялися місцевими гончарями та належать до продукції серійного виробництва. Таким чином, введено до наукового обігу дані, які вперше формують комплексне уявлення про склад, типові риси та особливості колекції керамічних освітлювальних приладів, які були виявлені під час археологічних досліджень на території гончарної слободи міста Києва та знаходяться на збережені в міському музеї.
{"title":"CASE STUDY OF CERAMIC LIGHTING FROM MATERIALS DISCOVERED AT THE HONCHARI-KOZHUMYAKI REGION","authors":"A. O. Sushko","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.02.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.02.11","url":null,"abstract":"Стаття присвячена комплексному аналізу та характеристиці колекції модерних керамічних освітлювальних приладів яка сформована в ході археологічних досліджень в урочищі Гончарі-Кожум’яки та знаходяться на збережені в фондах Музею історії міста Києва. Проведено морфологічний, технологічний та функціональний аналіз колекції. На основі якого вдалося виділити чотири основних типи засобів для освітлення. Встановлено, що вироби у формі мисочок з отворами або прорізом в гнізді універсальні, могли використовуватися і як свічники і як світильники. Освітлювальні прилади з суцільним гніздом використовувалися лише як свічники, а вироби без гнізда, скоріше за все — виключно як олійні світильники. Вироби виготовлялися місцевими гончарями та належать до продукції серійного виробництва. Таким чином, введено до наукового обігу дані, які вперше формують комплексне уявлення про склад, типові риси та особливості колекції керамічних освітлювальних приладів, які були виявлені під час археологічних досліджень на території гончарної слободи міста Києва та знаходяться на збережені в міському музеї.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"261 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124270629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2022.02.13
A. A. Chekanovski
The paper is devoted to clay tobacco pipes of the 17th — early 19th centuries, found in Kyiv. The two-part type of pipes of the so-called «eastern» type is analyzed, the most widespread in the territory of Ukraine and prevailing among finds from Kiev. The chibouk and the pipe body of such products are separate parts. Other types are one-piece pipes of the so-called «western» type (or «Dutch»), in which the chibouk and the bowl are one whole, and three-part pipes, in which the middle part (shank) served for connection of chibouk with a one-part pipe. They are extremely few among archaeological finds. The author collects two-part pipes into groups according to their external similarity. Within these groups, there are styles of items that have gained popularity over time. Parallels for Kyiv finds from Ukrainian lands and other territories are provided. The evolution of some styles during the 17th — early 19th centuries is examined. For the seventeenth — early eighteenth century pipes of small sizes of three types: bud-shaped, fluted, pot-shaped are characteristic. Each type was designed with several styles. They are distinguished by the design of the bowl. Bud-shaped pipes had a spherical, hemispherical, disk-shaped, with a petal division, with a frequent division, shell-like lower part. Pot-shaped pipes were both rounded and elongated in height. The most homogeneous were fluted pipes. They were varied by simple or more decorative designs. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries styles of pipes have changed. Bud-shaped pipes with a petal division of the lower part of bowl acquired of new styles: tall, slender pipes covered with colored glaze; pipes with a shell-shaped bowl became very similar to them; as a development of this style — pipes with a crest-keel under the lower part of the bowl; style of large, similar in height and length of pipes, which could be both glazed and terracotta. Pipes with a part of the lower part of bowl also evolved in a similar way: there were large low pipes with a wide bowl and pipes of vertical proportions. Among the pot-shaped pipes tall large items with rhymed geometric and floral ornaments up to 7—8 cm in size were spread. A variant of such pipes were products decorated on both sides of the bowl with a flower-shaped medallion. Along with large specimens in the eighteenth century similar items of smaller sizes continued to be used. Since the beginning of the eighteenth century imported «oriental» or «Turkish» styles are becoming more and more popular — Ottoman-chibouk, «narcissus», «lily», etc. Such pipes came from the Black Sea coast, their copies could be made in Ukrainian cities, including in Kyiv.
{"title":"THE STYLES OF TOBACCO PIPES OF THE 17th — EARLY 19th CENTURIES FROM KYIV EXCAVATION AND THEIR PARALLELS","authors":"A. A. Chekanovski","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.02.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.02.13","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is devoted to clay tobacco pipes of the 17th — early 19th centuries, found in Kyiv. The two-part type of pipes of the so-called «eastern» type is analyzed, the most widespread in the territory of Ukraine and prevailing among finds from Kiev. The chibouk and the pipe body of such products are separate parts. Other types are one-piece pipes of the so-called «western» type (or «Dutch»), in which the chibouk and the bowl are one whole, and three-part pipes, in which the middle part (shank) served for connection of chibouk with a one-part pipe. They are extremely few among archaeological finds. \u0000The author collects two-part pipes into groups according to their external similarity. Within these groups, there are styles of items that have gained popularity over time. Parallels for Kyiv finds from Ukrainian lands and other territories are provided. \u0000The evolution of some styles during the 17th — early 19th centuries is examined. For the seventeenth — early eighteenth century pipes of small sizes of three types: bud-shaped, fluted, pot-shaped are characteristic. Each type was designed with several styles. They are distinguished by the design of the bowl. Bud-shaped pipes had a spherical, hemispherical, disk-shaped, with a petal division, with a frequent division, shell-like lower part. Pot-shaped pipes were both rounded and elongated in height. The most homogeneous were fluted pipes. They were varied by simple or more decorative designs. \u0000In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries styles of pipes have changed. Bud-shaped pipes with a petal division of the lower part of bowl acquired of new styles: tall, slender pipes covered with colored glaze; pipes with a shell-shaped bowl became very similar to them; as a development of this style — pipes with a crest-keel under the lower part of the bowl; style of large, similar in height and length of pipes, which could be both glazed and terracotta. Pipes with a part of the lower part of bowl also evolved in a similar way: there were large low pipes with a wide bowl and pipes of vertical proportions. Among the pot-shaped pipes tall large items with rhymed geometric and floral ornaments up to 7—8 cm in size were spread. A variant of such pipes were products decorated on both sides of the bowl with a flower-shaped medallion. \u0000Along with large specimens in the eighteenth century similar items of smaller sizes continued to be used. Since the beginning of the eighteenth century imported «oriental» or «Turkish» styles are becoming more and more popular — Ottoman-chibouk, «narcissus», «lily», etc. Such pipes came from the Black Sea coast, their copies could be made in Ukrainian cities, including in Kyiv.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122233075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2022.02.23
Y. V. Volodarets-Urbanovіch
The paper presents consider of the functional use of two three-beam openwork badges from the Martynivka hoard (fig. 1). There are two points of view on the functional use of these products: 1) horse trappings; 2) details of the belt. An attempt is made to determine the range of possible analogies or prototypes of products. All analogies can be divided into two major groups: 1) on the general outlines; 2) on the «internal ornamentation». The first group. An almost complete analogy to the products from the Martynivka hoard is the decoration from grave 1, vault 238 of the Luchiste cemetery in the Crimea (fig. 2) — the last quarter of the 7th century. The other two analogies come from the Avar cemetery of Pécs-Köztemető, burial 45 (fig. 3), although they differ in greater finesse. This is the burial of a horse with trappings. A. Kissa dates this area of the cemetery within the end of 6th — middle of 7th century. More distant analogies are two finds (almost completely identical to each other) from the Luchiste cemetery, from vault 65, grave 2 — the second half of the 7th century (figs. 4—6) and vault 113 — the first half of the 7th century (fig. 8: 7). A similar badge depicting a man in the center comes from Cherkasy or Chyhyryn counties (fig. 8: 8). This find, together with products from Luchiste, on formal grounds belongs to type IV according to E. Garam. On the territory of the Avar Khanate, similar ornaments are known (figs. 7; 8: 9—12) — Tiszafüred, grave 166 and 262, Tiszaderzs, grave 14 and an accidental find from Hungary. Second group. Prototypes or analogies for this group are determined by internal ornamentation. They can be found among the bronze belt openwork badges of a number of cemeteries of the Avar Khanate. The first subgroup — badges with three rays departing from the central shamrock (fig. 8: 13). The second subgroup — badges with a triangle in the centre with three groups of double rays diverging from it in different directions (fig. 8: 14). The third subgroup — badges with а circle in the centre and three radial rays (fig. 8: 15). So, in the second group you can find similar products, they are very diverse, differ in the design of interior decoration. There is a difference from the presence of eyelets. Although finds from Avar cemeteries sometimes have one eyelet. In the Avars, the beginning of the existence of such products falls on the Early Avar period — the second half of 6th — early 7th century, although most of them in the Late Avar period — 8th century. E. Garam believes that these products appear in the Avars from the middle of the 7th century and continue to exist in the 8th century. Thus, the three-beam openwork badges from the Martynivka hoard could have two uses: as details of a horse harness and details of belt ornaments of a woman’s suit.
{"title":"THREE-BEAM TRACERY BADGES FROM MARTYNIVKA HOARD: FUNCTIONS AND USE","authors":"Y. V. Volodarets-Urbanovіch","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.02.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.02.23","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents consider of the functional use of two three-beam openwork badges from the Martynivka hoard (fig. 1). There are two points of view on the functional use of these products: 1) horse trappings; 2) details of the belt. \u0000An attempt is made to determine the range of possible analogies or prototypes of products. All analogies can be divided into two major groups: 1) on the general outlines; 2) on the «internal ornamentation». \u0000The first group. An almost complete analogy to the products from the Martynivka hoard is the decoration from grave 1, vault 238 of the Luchiste cemetery in the Crimea (fig. 2) — the last quarter of the 7th century. \u0000The other two analogies come from the Avar cemetery of Pécs-Köztemető, burial 45 (fig. 3), although they differ in greater finesse. This is the burial of a horse with trappings. A. Kissa dates this area of the cemetery within the end of 6th — middle of 7th century. \u0000More distant analogies are two finds (almost completely identical to each other) from the Luchiste cemetery, from vault 65, grave 2 — the second half of the 7th century (figs. 4—6) and vault 113 — the first half of the 7th century (fig. 8: 7). A similar badge depicting a man in the center comes from Cherkasy or Chyhyryn counties (fig. 8: 8). This find, together with products from Luchiste, on formal grounds belongs to type IV according to E. Garam. On the territory of the Avar Khanate, similar ornaments are known (figs. 7; 8: 9—12) — Tiszafüred, grave 166 and 262, Tiszaderzs, grave 14 and an accidental find from Hungary. \u0000Second group. Prototypes or analogies for this group are determined by internal ornamentation. They can be found among the bronze belt openwork badges of a number of cemeteries of the Avar Khanate. \u0000The first subgroup — badges with three rays departing from the central shamrock (fig. 8: 13). The second subgroup — badges with a triangle in the centre with three groups of double rays diverging from it in different directions (fig. 8: 14). The third subgroup — badges with а circle in the centre and three radial rays (fig. 8: 15). \u0000So, in the second group you can find similar products, they are very diverse, differ in the design of interior decoration. There is a difference from the presence of eyelets. Although finds from Avar cemeteries sometimes have one eyelet. \u0000In the Avars, the beginning of the existence of such products falls on the Early Avar period — the second half of 6th — early 7th century, although most of them in the Late Avar period — 8th century. E. Garam believes that these products appear in the Avars from the middle of the 7th century and continue to exist in the 8th century. \u0000Thus, the three-beam openwork badges from the Martynivka hoard could have two uses: as details of a horse harness and details of belt ornaments of a woman’s suit.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128728004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2022.02.09
L. І. Bilynska, Y. V. Volodarets-Urbanovіch
This paper contains the information about new finds of hoards of the early Middle Ages (Martynivka circle), which were discovered recently in the Sumy region. Until recently, only two similar assemblages were known in this area — Nyzhnya Syrovatka (fig. 1) and Velyki Budky (fig. 2). However, recently their number has increased significantly. Some of them got to the museum institutions of Sumy region (fig. 10). In 2011, the Shevchenkove hoard was transferred to the Putivl State Historical and Cultural Reserve. The assemblages contained the decoration of women’s and men’s clothing and a number of household and handicraft items. In recent years, Mykilske (fig. 3: A), Myropillya (fig. 4) and Pozhnya (fig. 5), Mohrytsya (fig. 6) and Kamyanka hoards have been transferred to the Sumy Regional Museum of Local Lore. Parts of finds from the Rusanivka (fig. 7) and Mala Rybytsya assemblages were transferred to this museum also. Some of the finds from the First Parkhomivka and Dobryanske — Sydorova Yaruha hoards, and almost the entire Second Parkhomivka hoard, have been transferred to the Trostyanetsky Museum and Exhibition assemblage. Preliminary archaeological research has been carried out at the site of some of the assemblages. As a result of these works, it was possible to find out quite accurately the location of the Mykilske (fig. 3: B; 8: A; 9: 1), Pozhnya and Parkhomivka hoards. Similar finds have been recorded in the prospect trench. The exact location of the Mogritsky assemblage has not yet been determined. Although archaeological research has been in the microregion (fig. 8: B—G; 9: 2, 3). All newly discovered assemblages described above belong to the hoards of Martynivka circle. Jewelry from their composition dates from the second half of 6th — the end of 7th century. And «concealment» occurs in the middle — third quarter of 7th century. The appearance of treasures is connected with the military-political tribal association of Slavs in the Middle Dnieper and the Dnieper Left Bank. The archaeological equivalent of this formation could be parts of the carriers of the Penkivka and Kolochyn cultures. Further research of the hoards is planned in the following areas: 1) survey of the sites and the surrounding area to more accurately determine the ethnocultural situation; 2) analysis of jewelry from the composition of assemblages; 3) attempt to reconstruct the outfit; 4) conducting research on the elemental composition of things with the involvement of modern nuclear-physical research methods; 5) compiling a catalog of early Slavic monuments in the Sumy region and writing a general ethnocultural history of the region. Work in these areas has only just begun.
{"title":"EARLY MEDIEVAL HOARD FROM SUMY REGION: NEW ARRIVALS AND RESEARCH PROSPECTS","authors":"L. І. Bilynska, Y. V. Volodarets-Urbanovіch","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.02.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.02.09","url":null,"abstract":"This paper contains the information about new finds of hoards of the early Middle Ages (Martynivka circle), which were discovered recently in the Sumy region. Until recently, only two similar assemblages were known in this area — Nyzhnya Syrovatka (fig. 1) and Velyki Budky (fig. 2). \u0000However, recently their number has increased significantly. Some of them got to the museum institutions of Sumy region (fig. 10). \u0000In 2011, the Shevchenkove hoard was transferred to the Putivl State Historical and Cultural Reserve. The assemblages contained the decoration of women’s and men’s clothing and a number of household and handicraft items. \u0000In recent years, Mykilske (fig. 3: A), Myropillya (fig. 4) and Pozhnya (fig. 5), Mohrytsya (fig. 6) and Kamyanka hoards have been transferred to the Sumy Regional Museum of Local Lore. Parts of finds from the Rusanivka (fig. 7) and Mala Rybytsya assemblages were transferred to this museum also. \u0000Some of the finds from the First Parkhomivka and Dobryanske — Sydorova Yaruha hoards, and almost the entire Second Parkhomivka hoard, have been transferred to the Trostyanetsky Museum and Exhibition assemblage. \u0000Preliminary archaeological research has been carried out at the site of some of the assemblages. As a result of these works, it was possible to find out quite accurately the location of the Mykilske (fig. 3: B; 8: A; 9: 1), Pozhnya and Parkhomivka hoards. Similar finds have been recorded in the prospect trench. The exact location of the Mogritsky assemblage has not yet been determined. Although archaeological research has been in the microregion (fig. 8: B—G; 9: 2, 3). \u0000All newly discovered assemblages described above belong to the hoards of Martynivka circle. Jewelry from their composition dates from the second half of 6th — the end of 7th century. And «concealment» occurs in the middle — third quarter of 7th century. The appearance of treasures is connected with the military-political tribal association of Slavs in the Middle Dnieper and the Dnieper Left Bank. The archaeological equivalent of this formation could be parts of the carriers of the Penkivka and Kolochyn cultures. \u0000Further research of the hoards is planned in the following areas: 1) survey of the sites and the surrounding area to more accurately determine the ethnocultural situation; 2) analysis of jewelry from the composition of assemblages; 3) attempt to reconstruct the outfit; 4) conducting research on the elemental composition of things with the involvement of modern nuclear-physical research methods; 5) compiling a catalog of early Slavic monuments in the Sumy region and writing a general ethnocultural history of the region. Work in these areas has only just begun.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117101734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2022.02.22
M. Sergeeva
The work presents the results of the author’s observations on the peculiarities of processing of raw materials and blanks for details of composite combs from the settlement of Velyka Snitynka 2 (Chernyakhiv culture, Fastiv district of Kyiv region). The paper continues and complements the publication of the bone-carving complex by B. V. Magomedov (1992). It is not a republication. The basis of the work is a collection from this complex containing about 16,500 artifacts from antler, which is stored in the Museum of Local Lore in Fastiv. The samples were examined visually, including with a magnifying glass. The complete predominance of deer antlers was revealed in the composition of raw materials. The main way to obtain raw materials is to collect naturally discarded antler (38 against 8 specimens taken from killed animals). Examination of samples of antler artifacts revealed traces of tools used by local craftsmen. Traces of universal tools (ax, adze, knife and utility saw) and specialized ones (at least two types of saws with small teeth, possibly special cutting tools, drill for small holes, possibly patterns for forming the backs of combs) have been watched. Presence of a heating device in the building and some processing features indicate that the antler was heat-treated to soften it. Saws were used to transverse dissection of the antler. Functional differences between different types of saws were not found. Splitting of sawn blanks along could be done with an ax or a knife-cutter. Traces of planning of side faces to give the workpiece a rough primary shape have also been watched. Different stages of comb making are represented by blanks (parts of beams), semi-finished products with untreated rough surface, specimens with characteristic traces of surface treatment with a cutting tool and specimens with abrasive-treated surface. Judging by the ornamentation of the pyramidal pendants, local craftsmen also used special tools for making circular circles with a diameter of 3 and 4 mm and concentric circles with a diameter of 3 and 6 mm.
{"title":"PROCESSING OF ANTLER RAW MATERIALS FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VELYKA SNITYNKA 2: SOME OBSERVATIONS","authors":"M. Sergeeva","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.02.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.02.22","url":null,"abstract":"The work presents the results of the author’s observations on the peculiarities of processing of raw materials and blanks for details of composite combs from the settlement of Velyka Snitynka 2 (Chernyakhiv culture, Fastiv district of Kyiv region). The paper continues and complements the publication of the bone-carving complex by B. V. Magomedov (1992). It is not a republication. The basis of the work is a collection from this complex containing about 16,500 artifacts from antler, which is stored in the Museum of Local Lore in Fastiv. The samples were examined visually, including with a magnifying glass. \u0000The complete predominance of deer antlers was revealed in the composition of raw materials. The main way to obtain raw materials is to collect naturally discarded antler (38 against 8 specimens taken from killed animals). \u0000Examination of samples of antler artifacts revealed traces of tools used by local craftsmen. Traces of universal tools (ax, adze, knife and utility saw) and specialized ones (at least two types of saws with small teeth, possibly special cutting tools, drill for small holes, possibly patterns for forming the backs of combs) have been watched. Presence of a heating device in the building and some processing features indicate that the antler was heat-treated to soften it. \u0000Saws were used to transverse dissection of the antler. Functional differences between different types of saws were not found. Splitting of sawn blanks along could be done with an ax or a knife-cutter. Traces of planning of side faces to give the workpiece a rough primary shape have also been watched. \u0000Different stages of comb making are represented by blanks (parts of beams), semi-finished products with untreated rough surface, specimens with characteristic traces of surface treatment with a cutting tool and specimens with abrasive-treated surface. \u0000Judging by the ornamentation of the pyramidal pendants, local craftsmen also used special tools for making circular circles with a diameter of 3 and 4 mm and concentric circles with a diameter of 3 and 6 mm.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"07 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131054857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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