Pub Date : 2022-04-06DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2022.01.17
S. S. Rzhewuska
The paper is devoted to the history and historiography of the research of the Pidhirtsi group of sites of the Upper and Middle Dnieper basins of the Scythian Age. The source base includes 131 sites (82 of the Pidhirtsi type and 49 of the Mylohrad culture), which are located within the administrative boundaries of modern Ukraine. Chronological range is defined extending from the middle of 7th to the second quarter of 4th century BC. The territory covers the Middle Dnipro, Desna, Upper Horyn and Southern Buh basins which are the border between the forest-steppe and the mixed forests zones. The majority of the sites were explored during fieldwalking survey with prospect trenches. On the excavated Pidhirtsi settlement special openwork bronze adornments identical to the Pidhirtsi treasure were found. Based on these materials in 1950 V. M. Danylenko singled out the Pidhirtsi group of sites. There are four stages of research of the Pidhirtsi sites — from the accumulation of the materials to the interpretation. The first one (1915—1950s) is associated with the formation of the source base. In the second stage (1950—1970s) systematic study of the sites of the Upper and Middle Southern Buh and Lower Dnieper basins began. The third stage (1970—1990s) is characterized by attempts to systematize the identified materials. In the fourth stage (since the 1990s), researchers begin focusing on the interpretation of Pidhirtsi type adornments and implement the results for reconstructing the ethnic and cultural situation of the Middle Dnieper region in the Early Iron Age. For a fact, the openwork bronze (bimetallic) adornments are cultural and chronological markers of the Pidhirtsi group of sites. In conclusion, topical issues of future research will be related to technological and morphological aspects of the Pidhirtsi type adornments, the origin, classification and dating.
{"title":"PIDHIRTSI GROUP OF SITES: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF THE FUTURE RESEARCHES","authors":"S. S. Rzhewuska","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.01.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.17","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is devoted to the history and historiography of the research of the Pidhirtsi group of sites of the Upper and Middle Dnieper basins of the Scythian Age. The source base includes 131 sites (82 of the Pidhirtsi type and 49 of the Mylohrad culture), which are located within the administrative boundaries of modern Ukraine. Chronological range is defined extending from the middle of 7th to the second quarter of 4th century BC. The territory covers the Middle Dnipro, Desna, Upper Horyn and Southern Buh basins which are the border between the forest-steppe and the mixed forests zones. \u0000The majority of the sites were explored during fieldwalking survey with prospect trenches. On the excavated Pidhirtsi settlement special openwork bronze adornments identical to the Pidhirtsi treasure were found. Based on these materials in 1950 V. M. Danylenko singled out the Pidhirtsi group of sites. \u0000There are four stages of research of the Pidhirtsi sites — from the accumulation of the materials to the interpretation. The first one (1915—1950s) is associated with the formation of the source base. In the second stage (1950—1970s) systematic study of the sites of the Upper and Middle Southern Buh and Lower Dnieper basins began. The third stage (1970—1990s) is characterized by attempts to systematize the identified materials. In the fourth stage (since the 1990s), researchers begin focusing on the interpretation of Pidhirtsi type adornments and implement the results for reconstructing the ethnic and cultural situation of the Middle Dnieper region in the Early Iron Age. \u0000For a fact, the openwork bronze (bimetallic) adornments are cultural and chronological markers of the Pidhirtsi group of sites. In conclusion, topical issues of future research will be related to technological and morphological aspects of the Pidhirtsi type adornments, the origin, classification and dating.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132391301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-06DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2022.01.15
S. Zadnikov, I. Shramko
Bilsk is the largest fortified settlement of the Early Iron Age in Europe. The defensive line of the site consists of a rampart and the moat of more than 30 km length surrounding the area of ca. 5 thousand hectares. Over the years of the exploration of this archaeological site the idea of the time of settlement of certain parts of the archaeological complex, the origin and peculiarities of the creation of grand defensive structures was gradually formed. A special role in the process of their formation and use was played by the Eastern fortification, the fortified walls of which existed for more than two centuries. Recent exploration of its rampart and moat taking into account the results obtained last years suggest the creation of strong defencive system on the place of unfortified settlements and offered new vision of the appearance of fortified walls. The analysis of excavation materials of different years allows us to state that the territories occupied by unfortified settlements in the pre-fortress period were much larger and went beyond the future line of wood-earth fortifications. For more than a century and a half in the western part of the settlement complex there were no defencive structures. Only open settlements are known, which appeared in the last third of the 8th century BC. The situation changed in the second half of 6th century BC when the eastern part of the complex was occupied by the population with other traditions. Probably at the beginning of the third quarter of the 6th century BC the founders of the settlement, located in the eastern part of the watershed plateau, surrounded the most important part of the village with a wooden fence (a wall of logs, or mud). A similar wall defended the settlements within the modern Western settlement. The defensive line of the Great Fortress was later planned according to the same principle. We believe that such a light fence, without additional engineering structures, had no defensive significance but determined its own social space of settlements, which housed the estates of local tribal leaders, the most important public buildings and other facilities. Probably belonging to the different tribal groups prompted the inhabitants of the two settlements to strengthen the system of defence and surround the perimeter of each of them with an earthen rampart. The settlements gradually turned into a kind of residence of the local elite. We can assume that in the last third of the 5th century BC or at the beginning of the last quarter of this century, most likely, in the unstable situation in the region, the single strong defensive line in the form of an earthen rampart with a wooden wall on the ridge and a moat in front of them was created. The rampart and moat of the Great Fortress probably delineated the boundaries of the centre of the tribal union. The representatives of different ethnic groups and different social groups lived in this large area. The created defensive line with a length of 3
{"title":"ON THE ISSUE OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF DEFENSIVE STRUCTURES OF THE EASTERN FORTIFICATION OF BILSK HILLFORT","authors":"S. Zadnikov, I. Shramko","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.01.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.15","url":null,"abstract":"Bilsk is the largest fortified settlement of the Early Iron Age in Europe. The defensive line of the site consists of a rampart and the moat of more than 30 km length surrounding the area of ca. 5 thousand hectares. Over the years of the exploration of this archaeological site the idea of the time of settlement of certain parts of the archaeological complex, the origin and peculiarities of the creation of grand defensive structures was gradually formed. A special role in the process of their formation and use was played by the Eastern fortification, the fortified walls of which existed for more than two centuries. Recent exploration of its rampart and moat taking into account the results obtained last years suggest the creation of strong defencive system on the place of unfortified settlements and offered new vision of the appearance of fortified walls. \u0000The analysis of excavation materials of different years allows us to state that the territories occupied by unfortified settlements in the pre-fortress period were much larger and went beyond the future line of wood-earth fortifications. For more than a century and a half in the western part of the settlement complex there were no defencive structures. Only open settlements are known, which appeared in the last third of the 8th century BC. The situation changed in the second half of 6th century BC when the eastern part of the complex was occupied by the population with other traditions. Probably at the beginning of the third quarter of the 6th century BC the founders of the settlement, located in the eastern part of the watershed plateau, surrounded the most important part of the village with a wooden fence (a wall of logs, or mud). A similar wall defended the settlements within the modern Western settlement. The defensive line of the Great Fortress was later planned according to the same principle. We believe that such a light fence, without additional engineering structures, had no defensive significance but determined its own social space of settlements, which housed the estates of local tribal leaders, the most important public buildings and other facilities. Probably belonging to the different tribal groups prompted the inhabitants of the two settlements to strengthen the system of defence and surround the perimeter of each of them with an earthen rampart. The settlements gradually turned into a kind of residence of the local elite. We can assume that in the last third of the 5th century BC or at the beginning of the last quarter of this century, most likely, in the unstable situation in the region, the single strong defensive line in the form of an earthen rampart with a wooden wall on the ridge and a moat in front of them was created. The rampart and moat of the Great Fortress probably delineated the boundaries of the centre of the tribal union. The representatives of different ethnic groups and different social groups lived in this large area. The created defensive line with a length of 3","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134448406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-06DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2022.01.09
A. Beisenov
The Abylai settlement was discovered by the author in 2006, and in 2016 the excavations of this site began. This settlement is located in the Karkaralinsky district of the Karaganda region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 2016-2021 six field campaigns headed by the author were carried out, the total area of which is more than 1200 m2 (fig. 1). The materials of the 2020 excavation, as well as the overview of the main multidisciplinary studies are published in the paper. Excavation area 5 was 185.5 m2. In this area, the remains of five structures with stone foundation walls, as well as household pits were discovered (fig. 2, 3). One pit has large dimensions: 5.9 × 3.45 m along the top, 5.3 × 2.9 m along the bottom (fig. 4). It was filled with three layers of ash and the soil mixed with ash. Perhaps this pit was used to drain the rain and melt water. The burial (fig. 5, 6), which does not belong to the inhabitants of this culture, was found in the excavation area. Such burials belong to the «Korgantas type» and date to the 4th—5th centuries BC. Fragments of ceramics (fig. 7), numerous stone tools (fig. 8), among which there are objects for grinding grains and other plant residues, hoes, graters, etc., were found in the excavation area. Materials, found in 2020, supplement the information previously received about this site. A large amount of data has now been accumulated. In this regard, the complex of multidisciplinary studies has been launched in recent years. Archaeozoological and traceological analyzes have yielded important results. Based on more than 11,000 animal bones found at the settlement, the composition of the herd, having consisted of sheeps, cows and horses was ascertained. A more important result is the determination of the slaughter season: it turned out that the entire mass of livestock was slaughtered in the period from late autumn to early spring. This conclusion proves the author’s hypothesis about the winter character of such settlements. Part of the bones (over 6000) was found in a large pit measuring 8 × 4 × 0.9 m. These were the bones of sheep and cows, thrown into the pit and covered with ashes. Analyzes showed that all the bones were thrown into the pit at the same time and belong to animals that died in the early spring. This fact is the first case in Kazakhstan of finding the remains of animals that died as a result of spring starvation or epizootic. The entire results of the archaeozoological analysis are now preparing for publication. More than 500 stone tools were found at the site of Abylai. In 2020, 150 items were subjected to trace analysis, as a result of which the functions of 139 tools were determined. Of these, 130 turned out to be tools that were intensively used in various cases: earthworks, vegetation processing, work with livestock products, as well as the processing of metal surfaces (whetstones). Moreover, all bars have traces of iron objects (Beisenov, Gorashchuk, Duysenbay 2021). In 2021, a new gro
{"title":"ABYLAI SETTLEMENT — SITE OF THE EARLY IRON AGE IN CENTRAL KAZAKHSTAN","authors":"A. Beisenov","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.01.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.09","url":null,"abstract":"The Abylai settlement was discovered by the author in 2006, and in 2016 the excavations of this site began. This settlement is located in the Karkaralinsky district of the Karaganda region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 2016-2021 six field campaigns headed by the author were carried out, the total area of which is more than 1200 m2 (fig. 1). The materials of the 2020 excavation, as well as the overview of the main multidisciplinary studies are published in the paper. \u0000Excavation area 5 was 185.5 m2. In this area, the remains of five structures with stone foundation walls, as well as household pits were discovered (fig. 2, 3). One pit has large dimensions: 5.9 × 3.45 m along the top, 5.3 × 2.9 m along the bottom (fig. 4). It was filled with three layers of ash and the soil mixed with ash. Perhaps this pit was used to drain the rain and melt water. The burial (fig. 5, 6), which does not belong to the inhabitants of this culture, was found in the excavation area. Such burials belong to the «Korgantas type» and date to the 4th—5th centuries BC. \u0000Fragments of ceramics (fig. 7), numerous stone tools (fig. 8), among which there are objects for grinding grains and other plant residues, hoes, graters, etc., were found in the excavation area. \u0000Materials, found in 2020, supplement the information previously received about this site. A large amount of data has now been accumulated. In this regard, the complex of multidisciplinary studies has been launched in recent years. Archaeozoological and traceological analyzes have yielded important results. Based on more than 11,000 animal bones found at the settlement, the composition of the herd, having consisted of sheeps, cows and horses was ascertained. A more important result is the determination of the slaughter season: it turned out that the entire mass of livestock was slaughtered in the period from late autumn to early spring. This conclusion proves the author’s hypothesis about the winter character of such settlements. Part of the bones (over 6000) was found in a large pit measuring 8 × 4 × 0.9 m. These were the bones of sheep and cows, thrown into the pit and covered with ashes. Analyzes showed that all the bones were thrown into the pit at the same time and belong to animals that died in the early spring. This fact is the first case in Kazakhstan of finding the remains of animals that died as a result of spring starvation or epizootic. The entire results of the archaeozoological analysis are now preparing for publication. \u0000More than 500 stone tools were found at the site of Abylai. In 2020, 150 items were subjected to trace analysis, as a result of which the functions of 139 tools were determined. Of these, 130 turned out to be tools that were intensively used in various cases: earthworks, vegetation processing, work with livestock products, as well as the processing of metal surfaces (whetstones). Moreover, all bars have traces of iron objects (Beisenov, Gorashchuk, Duysenbay 2021). In 2021, a new gro","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129544717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-06DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2022.01.07
S. Czopek, K. Trybała-Zawiślak, T. Tokarczyk
The article presents the current state of research on the hillfort in Chotyniec, excavated since 2016. The scope and methods of excavations and other research works (e. g. geophysical prospection) are discussed. So far, the focus has been on studying the «zolnik» and identifying the embankments, uncovering an impressive array of artifacts and recording very interesting stratigraphic observations. The original size of the «zolnik» can be calculated (estimated) on the basis of the preserved systems of scattered layers, saturated with burning and charcoal. In the horizontal projection, they marked an almost circular surface with approximate dimensions of 20.8 (E—W) × 21 m (N—S). The maximum height of the «zolnik» could be up to 2 m from its base. The arrangement of layers turned out to be very interesting, allowing the reconstruction of the stages of setting up and using this object. It provided an exceptional amount of artifacts — fragments of ceramics, including Greek amphoras for wine, brown and bone arrowheads, brown pins, a necklace and small ornaments, glass and ceramic beads, clay spindles, «katushki» and a fragment of a figurine. The series of other ceramics is also very important, among which typical forms like pots and bowls. Completely reconstructed amphora of Klazomenei, as well as fragments of others, including those related to the Lesbos circle, indicate a convergent chronology at the end of the 7th and the beginning of the 6th century BC. A similar chronology is shared by brown and bone arrowheads, representing different types within four main groups dated from the end or even from the 2nd half of the 7th century BC to the middle of the 6th century BC. On the other hand, the series of radiocarbon dates, in connection with the stratigraphy, shows a slightly different chronological range. It confirms the older horizon from the second half of the 7th century, but also clearly points to the 6th—5th centuries BC, and one of the dates is even younger. The hillfort in Chotyniec, together with the surrounding settlements, forms a very interesting settlement complex — the most northwestern enclave of the Scythian cultural circle. We can say that it is an extremely interesting microregion, and its importance is multifaceted. It concerns the possibility of getting to know the relations (e. g. chronological, functional, etc.) of the settlement and its surroundings, which is not so common in the archeology of the Early Iron Age in this part of Europe. In a broader territorial perspective, the Chotyniec agglomeration forces corrections to the existing, well-established findings on the relationship of the Scythian world with other cultures — e. g. the Lusatian cultural circle or a group of groups and cultures in Volhynia.
本文介绍了自2016年以来挖掘的乔蒂涅克山丘的研究现状。讨论了挖掘和其他研究工作(如地球物理勘探)的范围和方法。到目前为止，重点是研究“zolnik”和确定堤防，发现了一系列令人印象深刻的人工制品，并记录了非常有趣的地层观察结果。“zolnik”的原始大小可以根据保存的分散层系统计算(估计)，燃烧和木炭饱和。在水平投影中，他们标记了一个近似圆形的表面，尺寸约为20.8 (E-W) × 21 m (N-S)。“zolnik”的最大高度可以从它的底部达到2米。层的排列非常有趣，允许重建设置和使用这个对象的阶段。它提供了数量惊人的文物-陶瓷碎片，包括希腊葡萄酒双耳罐，棕色和骨箭头，棕色别针，项链和小饰品，玻璃和陶瓷珠，粘土纺锤，“katushki”和一个小雕像的碎片。其他陶瓷系列也很重要，其中典型的形式是锅和碗。完全重建的克拉佐梅尼双耳罐，以及其他的碎片，包括那些与莱斯沃斯圈有关的，表明在公元前7世纪末和公元前6世纪初出现了一个重合的年代。棕色箭头和骨箭头也有类似的年表，它们代表了四个主要群体的不同类型，时间跨度从公元前7世纪末期甚至是公元前6世纪中期。另一方面，一系列放射性碳测年，结合地层学，显示了一个略有不同的年代范围。它证实了7世纪下半叶的更古老的地平线，但也清楚地指向公元前6 - 5世纪，其中一个日期甚至更年轻。乔特尼茨的山丘与周围的聚落一起，形成了一个非常有趣的聚落建筑群——斯基泰文化圈最西北的飞地。我们可以说这是一个非常有趣的微区域，它的重要性是多方面的。它涉及到了解定居点与其周围环境的关系(例如时间，功能等)的可能性，这在欧洲这部分地区早期铁器时代的考古中并不常见。从更广泛的领土角度来看，乔蒂尼亚的聚集迫使对现有的、已经确立的关于斯基泰世界与其他文化之间关系的发现进行修正——例如，卢萨丁文化圈或Volhynia的一群群体和文化。
{"title":"THE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT IN CHOTYNIEC IN PREVIOUS STUDIES","authors":"S. Czopek, K. Trybała-Zawiślak, T. Tokarczyk","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.01.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.07","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the current state of research on the hillfort in Chotyniec, excavated since 2016. The scope and methods of excavations and other research works (e. g. geophysical prospection) are discussed. So far, the focus has been on studying the «zolnik» and identifying the embankments, uncovering an impressive array of artifacts and recording very interesting stratigraphic observations. The original size of the «zolnik» can be calculated (estimated) on the basis of the preserved systems of scattered layers, saturated with burning and charcoal. In the horizontal projection, they marked an almost circular surface with approximate dimensions of 20.8 (E—W) × 21 m (N—S). The maximum height of the «zolnik» could be up to 2 m from its base. The arrangement of layers turned out to be very interesting, allowing the reconstruction of the stages of setting up and using this object. It provided an exceptional amount of artifacts — fragments of ceramics, including Greek amphoras for wine, brown and bone arrowheads, brown pins, a necklace and small ornaments, glass and ceramic beads, clay spindles, «katushki» and a fragment of a figurine. The series of other ceramics is also very important, among which typical forms like pots and bowls. Completely reconstructed amphora of Klazomenei, as well as fragments of others, including those related to the Lesbos circle, indicate a convergent chronology at the end of the 7th and the beginning of the 6th century BC. A similar chronology is shared by brown and bone arrowheads, representing different types within four main groups dated from the end or even from the 2nd half of the 7th century BC to the middle of the 6th century BC. On the other hand, the series of radiocarbon dates, in connection with the stratigraphy, shows a slightly different chronological range. It confirms the older horizon from the second half of the 7th century, but also clearly points to the 6th—5th centuries BC, and one of the dates is even younger. The hillfort in Chotyniec, together with the surrounding settlements, forms a very interesting settlement complex — the most northwestern enclave of the Scythian cultural circle. We can say that it is an extremely interesting microregion, and its importance is multifaceted. It concerns the possibility of getting to know the relations (e. g. chronological, functional, etc.) of the settlement and its surroundings, which is not so common in the archeology of the Early Iron Age in this part of Europe. In a broader territorial perspective, the Chotyniec agglomeration forces corrections to the existing, well-established findings on the relationship of the Scythian world with other cultures — e. g. the Lusatian cultural circle or a group of groups and cultures in Volhynia.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114711062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-06DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2022.01.11
Ja. I. Onyshchuk
The paper highlights the results of research conducted in 2019—2020 at the archaeological site cremation burial ground Kariv I of the Roman period in the basin of the Western Bug River. During the excavations 3 cremation burials were found which perhaps included the remains of one male and two females. Noteworthy is the partially destroyed female burial 12. Rich items of funeral inventory were found there, including the household items, metal costume details, jewelry, including jewelry made of yellow metal. The tilth soil layer contained fragments of glass and ceramic imported utensils, brooches, weapons and horse harness, armour ect. In total 12 cremation burials (including one pair burial) with a variety of equipment were found on the area of 1456 m2 during the entire period of research on the burial ground Kariv I. The remains of thirteen people were found in the burial assemblages: seven men, five women and one adolescent child (infantilis II group). We can suppose that the site may have been a burial place for barbarian elite and members of its inner circle. On the basis of numerous finds (brooches, spurs, tips of drinking horns, amphorae, glass and bronze vessels, etc.), most of which come from closed assemblages, the chronology of the burial ground is ascertained by the second half of the 2nd century CE (phase B2/C1). The people who left the site had mixed cultural traits. The mix of funeral traditions of the Przeworsk culture with notable South Germanic (Suebian), Baltic and Venetian elements can be found on the site. The events of the Marcomannic Wars, during or after which some members of the barbarian coalition tried to leave the troubled areas of the Middle Danube, moving away from Roman political influence in the European Barbaricum, perhaps may be the reason of appearance in the region of the population whom the burial ground belong.
{"title":"EXCAVATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND KARIV I OF ROMAN AGE IN THE WESTERN BUG BASIN IN 2019—2020","authors":"Ja. I. Onyshchuk","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.01.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.11","url":null,"abstract":"The paper highlights the results of research conducted in 2019—2020 at the archaeological site cremation burial ground Kariv I of the Roman period in the basin of the Western Bug River. During the excavations 3 cremation burials were found which perhaps included the remains of one male and two females. Noteworthy is the partially destroyed female burial 12. Rich items of funeral inventory were found there, including the household items, metal costume details, jewelry, including jewelry made of yellow metal. The tilth soil layer contained fragments of glass and ceramic imported utensils, brooches, weapons and horse harness, armour ect. In total 12 cremation burials (including one pair burial) with a variety of equipment were found on the area of 1456 m2 during the entire period of research on the burial ground Kariv I. The remains of thirteen people were found in the burial assemblages: seven men, five women and one adolescent child (infantilis II group). We can suppose that the site may have been a burial place for barbarian elite and members of its inner circle. On the basis of numerous finds (brooches, spurs, tips of drinking horns, amphorae, glass and bronze vessels, etc.), most of which come from closed assemblages, the chronology of the burial ground is ascertained by the second half of the 2nd century CE (phase B2/C1). The people who left the site had mixed cultural traits. The mix of funeral traditions of the Przeworsk culture with notable South Germanic (Suebian), Baltic and Venetian elements can be found on the site. The events of the Marcomannic Wars, during or after which some members of the barbarian coalition tried to leave the troubled areas of the Middle Danube, moving away from Roman political influence in the European Barbaricum, perhaps may be the reason of appearance in the region of the population whom the burial ground belong.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129797043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-17DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2021.04.05
O. Mogylov, K. Panchenko, S. Rudenko
In 2019, the Scythian Right-bank expedition organized by the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the National Historical and Cultural Reserve «Chyhyryn» excavated the barrows on the Motronyn hillfort suburb, located near Melnyky village, Chyhyryn district, Cherkasy Region, in the south of the Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Right-bank area. The barrows were erected in pre-Scythian Age and the barrow 97 also contained the inlet Scythian burial. This mound was 0.65 m high, the diameter was 8.8—9.8 m. A pre-Scythian burial-memorial complex was discovered under the mound, destroyed by a later burial. Finds from it are represented by fragments of ceramic ware: pots, large earthenware pots, bowls, ladles. Some fragments are decorated with geometric patterns. Ceramic spindle whorls, iron knives, bronze arrowheads, plaques, and animal bones were also found. During the Middle Scythian period another deceased was buried in the center of the mound. The tomb had the shape of a rectangular pit, oriented along the west — east line. Its length was 1.89—2.16 m, width — 0.7—0.82 m, depth from the surface of the mound — 1.45 m. The skeleton laid supine, with its head to the west. The left leg was lying on a stone slab. A quiver with arrows was placed next to it. An iron sword and a knife with a bone handle were found near the belt. This burial was also accompanied with the laying of wares in the mound borders. A pot was buried in the north, and handmade and wheel-made bowls in the east. Pre-Scythian finds from the mound have analogies in different regions of the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe where antiquities of the Late Chornoliska and Zhabotyn cultures are widespread, in particular on the Middle Dniester and in the Southern Bug River region, on the Right-bank of the Dnieper and in the Vorskla River region. A set of pottery and an arrowhead of the Novocherkassk type allows us to date the mentioned assemblage by the second half of the 8th century BC. Funeral rite and grave goods of the Scythian Age burial also have parallels in the sites of that time, including the south of the Right-bank of Middle Dnieper. According to the pot type and arrowheads, this burial can be dated to the second half of the 6th century BC.
{"title":"THE BARROW OF THE EARLY IRON AGE NEAR MOTRONYN HILLFORT","authors":"O. Mogylov, K. Panchenko, S. Rudenko","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2021.04.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.04.05","url":null,"abstract":"In 2019, the Scythian Right-bank expedition organized by the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the National Historical and Cultural Reserve «Chyhyryn» excavated the barrows on the Motronyn hillfort suburb, located near Melnyky village, Chyhyryn district, Cherkasy Region, in the south of the Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Right-bank area. \u0000The barrows were erected in pre-Scythian Age and the barrow 97 also contained the inlet Scythian burial. This mound was 0.65 m high, the diameter was 8.8—9.8 m. A pre-Scythian burial-memorial complex was discovered under the mound, destroyed by a later burial. Finds from it are represented by fragments of ceramic ware: pots, large earthenware pots, bowls, ladles. Some fragments are decorated with geometric patterns. Ceramic spindle whorls, iron knives, bronze arrowheads, plaques, and animal bones were also found. \u0000During the Middle Scythian period another deceased was buried in the center of the mound. The tomb had the shape of a rectangular pit, oriented along the west — east line. Its length was 1.89—2.16 m, width — 0.7—0.82 m, depth from the surface of the mound — 1.45 m. The skeleton laid supine, with its head to the west. The left leg was lying on a stone slab. A quiver with arrows was placed next to it. An iron sword and a knife with a bone handle were found near the belt. This burial was also accompanied with the laying of wares in the mound borders. A pot was buried in the north, and handmade and wheel-made bowls in the east. \u0000Pre-Scythian finds from the mound have analogies in different regions of the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe where antiquities of the Late Chornoliska and Zhabotyn cultures are widespread, in particular on the Middle Dniester and in the Southern Bug River region, on the Right-bank of the Dnieper and in the Vorskla River region. A set of pottery and an arrowhead of the Novocherkassk type allows us to date the mentioned assemblage by the second half of the 8th century BC. \u0000Funeral rite and grave goods of the Scythian Age burial also have parallels in the sites of that time, including the south of the Right-bank of Middle Dnieper. According to the pot type and arrowheads, this burial can be dated to the second half of the 6th century BC.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133869771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2021.03.22
A. Symonenko
During the campaigns of 1951 and 1953 Dmytro Berezovets excavated the Sarmatian graves near the Kut, Hrushivka and Marianske villages of Apostolovski district of Dnipropetrovsk region. These materials were published briefly, without typological and chronological definitions and analysis of the historical context, with illustrations of rather low quality. Moreover, there was some confusion and errors later made by some researchers, including the author, which have been replicated with each reference. Therefore, it is worthy to republish these materials from the standpoint of the current level of the Sarmatian studies in order to correct certain errors as well. Dmytro Berezovets has discovered the assemblages both of Early Sarmatian (Kut, Hrushivka, Maryanske, barrow 3, grave 4) and Middle Sarmatian Age (Marianske, barroow 5, graves 5—7; barrow 5, grave 6; barrow 6, grave 14) according to traditional chronology. All Sarmatian burials under study were the secondary graves in the Bronze Age mounds and Scythian ones. The skeletons lied supine, with their heads directed to Northern sector. Among the grave goods are the Roman and Sarmatiam pottery, simple bronze adornment, cornelian, jade and glass beads, bronze mirror, bone ritual spoon etc. The Early Sarmatian assemblages discovered by Dmytro Berezovets are dated to the late 2nd—1st century BC, the Middle Sarmatiam ones to the 1st—2nd centuries AD. The identical funeral rite of the graves of different date near Marianske once again confirms the validity of the periodization proposed by me in due time, according to which all the graves under study belong to different phases of the first period (phase A2 — Kut, Hrushivka, Marianske, barrow 3, grave 4; phase B — Marianske, barrow 3, graves 5—7; barrow 5, grave 6; barrow 6, grave 14).
{"title":"SARMATIAN BURIALS EXCAVATED BY DMYTRO BEREZOVETS AT THE LOWER DNIEPER BASIN","authors":"A. Symonenko","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2021.03.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.03.22","url":null,"abstract":"During the campaigns of 1951 and 1953 Dmytro Berezovets excavated the Sarmatian graves near the Kut, Hrushivka and Marianske villages of Apostolovski district of Dnipropetrovsk region. These materials were published briefly, without typological and chronological definitions and analysis of the historical context, with illustrations of rather low quality. Moreover, there was some confusion and errors later made by some researchers, including the author, which have been replicated with each reference. Therefore, it is worthy to republish these materials from the standpoint of the current level of the Sarmatian studies in order to correct certain errors as well. \u0000Dmytro Berezovets has discovered the assemblages both of Early Sarmatian (Kut, Hrushivka, Maryanske, barrow 3, grave 4) and Middle Sarmatian Age (Marianske, barroow 5, graves 5—7; barrow 5, grave 6; barrow 6, grave 14) according to traditional chronology. All Sarmatian burials under study were the secondary graves in the Bronze Age mounds and Scythian ones. The skeletons lied supine, with their heads directed to Northern sector. Among the grave goods are the Roman and Sarmatiam pottery, simple bronze adornment, cornelian, jade and glass beads, bronze mirror, bone ritual spoon etc. The Early Sarmatian assemblages discovered by Dmytro Berezovets are dated to the late 2nd—1st century BC, the Middle Sarmatiam ones to the 1st—2nd centuries AD. The identical funeral rite of the graves of different date near Marianske once again confirms the validity of the periodization proposed by me in due time, according to which all the graves under study belong to different phases of the first period (phase A2 — Kut, Hrushivka, Marianske, barrow 3, grave 4; phase B — Marianske, barrow 3, graves 5—7; barrow 5, grave 6; barrow 6, grave 14).","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116439480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2021.03.10
O. Kariaka
In recent years, due to expansion of the capabilities of using high-resolution satellite images and their availability on many resources on the Internet, the possibility of identifying new sites is becoming especially relevant. In order to reveal the ability of land communications as well as for the study of close relationship of the barrows and steppe roads we made the attempt to map them as completely as possible using the remote sensing methods in the area between the Dnieper and the Lower Ingulets Rivers. The coverage of large territory made it possible to identify the place of the highest concentration of road residues which was located near the modern village of Davydiv Brid (Beryslav district, Kherson region). There were three identified so-called «Stars» — Bajdak-Mohyla, Shurzhyna and Bilohirka. At the base of each of them was a large mound of the 6—8 m high. All of them were in the line of sight from one to another and marked the place of the traditional crossing of the Ingulets River. On the basis of the remnants of roads associated with them the main directions of movement were identified: 1) the largest to the southeast to the area of the modern city of Beryslav; 2) a less saturated but clearly traced eastern route to the area of the modern Dudchany village; 3) along the Ingulets valley on the top of the steppe plateau. The internal structure and arrangement of the mounds and remains of roads is very complicated and can only be partially reconstructed. For example, we consider the fact of the seasonal use of Shurzhin’s star to bypass two lowlands located near Bajdak-Mogyla as obvious. From the last point several direct routes of the southeastern direction can be traced which were convenient in the dry season. The attempt to compare the roads identified by us with the paths of the «three-verst Schubert map» of the 19th century had a few results. Only in some cases it is possible to trace the coincidence of the historical paths with those recorded by us in the southeastern direction and only on certain sections. In the eastern direction and the route along Ingulets there are no this kind of coincidences were actually revealed. As a result we consider it necessary to admit that the remains of the roads we have recorded should be considered a special type of archaeological monuments accompanying other objects, primarily mounds. The phenomenon of the remains of these roads and the «stars» described by us is the phenomenon which reflects the certain part of human activity in the past and should be studied with the involvement of the as largest as possible territories and conducting field research.
{"title":"ANCIENT ROADS NEAR DAVYDIV BRID AT INGULETS RIVER","authors":"O. Kariaka","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2021.03.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.03.10","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, due to expansion of the capabilities of using high-resolution satellite images and their availability on many resources on the Internet, the possibility of identifying new sites is becoming especially relevant. In order to reveal the ability of land communications as well as for the study of close relationship of the barrows and steppe roads we made the attempt to map them as completely as possible using the remote sensing methods in the area between the Dnieper and the Lower Ingulets Rivers. \u0000The coverage of large territory made it possible to identify the place of the highest concentration of road residues which was located near the modern village of Davydiv Brid (Beryslav district, Kherson region). There were three identified so-called «Stars» — Bajdak-Mohyla, Shurzhyna and Bilohirka. At the base of each of them was a large mound of the 6—8 m high. All of them were in the line of sight from one to another and marked the place of the traditional crossing of the Ingulets River. \u0000On the basis of the remnants of roads associated with them the main directions of movement were identified: 1) the largest to the southeast to the area of the modern city of Beryslav; 2) a less saturated but clearly traced eastern route to the area of the modern Dudchany village; 3) along the Ingulets valley on the top of the steppe plateau. \u0000The internal structure and arrangement of the mounds and remains of roads is very complicated and can only be partially reconstructed. For example, we consider the fact of the seasonal use of Shurzhin’s star to bypass two lowlands located near Bajdak-Mogyla as obvious. From the last point several direct routes of the southeastern direction can be traced which were convenient in the dry season. \u0000The attempt to compare the roads identified by us with the paths of the «three-verst Schubert map» of the 19th century had a few results. Only in some cases it is possible to trace the coincidence of the historical paths with those recorded by us in the southeastern direction and only on certain sections. In the eastern direction and the route along Ingulets there are no this kind of coincidences were actually revealed. \u0000As a result we consider it necessary to admit that the remains of the roads we have recorded should be considered a special type of archaeological monuments accompanying other objects, primarily mounds. The phenomenon of the remains of these roads and the «stars» described by us is the phenomenon which reflects the certain part of human activity in the past and should be studied with the involvement of the as largest as possible territories and conducting field research.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"182 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133863380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2021.03.04
A. Rusiaieva, A. G. Kuzmishchev, J. Fornasier
This paper is preliminary review of a small collection of graffiti from the latest excavations on the western outskirts of Olbia Pontica (the so-called «suburbs») in 2015—2020, and their introduction into scientific circulation. The excavations were conducted by the Olbia International Archaeological Expedition led by A. V. Bujskikh as the part of Ukrainian-German multidisciplinary project (co-directors A. V. Bujskikh and J. Fornasier). The researches on the suburbs were headed by A. G. Kuzmischev and J. Fornasier. Over six years of research in various cultural strata and in the fillings of half-dugouts, pits and other objects more than 50 graffiti have been found, inscribed mainly on the fragments of Attic black-lacquered tableware of the 5th—4th centuries BC. Emphasis is placed on determining the main types of inscriptions and their features. Regardless of the year and location of discovery they are divided into five groups: A. Abbreviated anthroponyms or individual words; B. Initials of proper names or one-letter marks; C. Graffiti on treated ostracons; D. Various digital signs and records; E. Graffiti of unclear meaning. The collection under study significantly supplemented the source base of the small epigraphy of the Olbia polis. However, no original, rare and to some extent important informative inscriptions which were recorded in temenos, residential neighborhoods, in some settlements and in Borisfen have been found yet here. In addition the damage of many graffiti makes impossible to interpret them reliably. In no one case we could identify reliably the inscriptions dedicated to any deities. Instead, the large number of abbreviated names and initials of the owners of dishes coincides with a significant import of Attic black-lacquered ceramics in the life of the inhabitants of the suburbs in the 5th—4th centuries BC. Despite the relatively limited number, processed ostracons have replenished this category of Olbia votive finds by the original graffiti of magical significance. At the same time, the fact that in general in the suburbs is a lot of graffiti with digital markings which are most often attributed to traders, deserves special attention. Of course, in the future, all the graffiti from the suburbs need a more detailed visual study both as the fragments of ceramics and their exact professional sketches, and comparative analysis of this type of inscriptions from many ancient Greek sites.
本文是对2015-2020年在Olbia Pontica西郊(所谓的“郊区”)最新发掘的一小部分涂鸦的初步回顾，并将其引入科学循环。发掘工作是由A. V. Bujskikh领导的奥尔比亚国际考古考察队作为乌克兰-德国多学科项目的一部分进行的(联合主任A. V. Bujskikh和J. Fornasier)。对郊区的研究以A. G. Kuzmischev和J. Fornasier为首。经过六年多的研究，在不同的文化层和半坑、坑和其他物体的填充物中发现了50多幅涂鸦，主要刻在公元前5 - 4世纪阿提卡黑漆餐具的碎片上。重点是确定铭文的主要类型及其特征。不管发现的年份和地点如何，它们被分为五组:A.缩写的拟人词或单独的词;B.专有名称的首字母或单字母标记;C.在处理过的鸵鸟上涂鸦;D.各种数字标志和记录;E.意义不明的涂鸦。所研究的藏品大大补充了奥尔比亚城邦小型铭文的来源基础。然而，在temenos、居民区、一些定居点和Borisfen尚未发现原始的、罕见的、在某种程度上具有重要信息的铭文。此外，许多涂鸦的损坏使得无法可靠地解释它们。在任何一种情况下，我们都不能可靠地识别出献给任何神灵的铭文。相反，盘子主人的大量缩写名字和首字母缩写与公元前5 - 4世纪郊区居民生活中重要的阿提卡黑漆陶瓷进口相吻合。尽管数量相对有限，但经过加工的ostracon已经通过原始的具有神奇意义的涂鸦补充了这一类别的奥尔比亚献祭发现。与此同时，在郊区普遍存在大量带有数字标记的涂鸦，这些涂鸦通常被认为是交易员所为，这一事实值得特别注意。当然，在未来，所有来自郊区的涂鸦都需要更详细的视觉研究，无论是陶瓷碎片和它们精确的专业草图，还是对许多古希腊遗址的这类铭文进行比较分析。
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Pub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.37445/adiu.2021.03.16
Y. V. Volodarets-Urbanovіch
The pendant from Luka-Kavetchyna, dwelling 25 (fig. 2: 1; 3) is the earliest find from the Slavs sites dating to the second quarter — the end of the 5th century. The adornment was made of a shell of the genus Murex and is the «legacy» from the Cherniakhіv culture. In the area of that culture are known the pendants made of shells of this genus (type 2 by O. Hopkalo). The pendants from shells appear in use of the Slavs since the second half of the 6th century. Their varieties were used until the first half of the 8th century, although the assemblages and finds with them are few (table 1; fig. 1; 14). In the Slavic assemblages the shells of mollusks of the following species were occurred: Cypraea moneta, C. pantherina, C. tigris, C. arabica. The items from Murex shells are also known. The height of Cypraea moneta is a little more than 2 cm. Other species of shells are larger reaching the height ca. 7—8 cm. The assemblages of the Martinіvka circle include Khatski (fig. 4: A) and Khittsі ones. The grave from Mokhnach belongs to the same antiquities (fig. 2: 2; 5—7). The jewellery by Martynivka circle are dated back to the second half of the 6th century, and the hoards were hidden in the middle — the third quarter of the 7th century. The Pastyrsky circle hoards include the assemblages from Zaitsevo (fig. 4: B) and Kharіvka (fig. 8—10). The hoards by Pastyrsky circle were hidden in the first half of 8th century. The appearance of the pendants from shells is related to the general trend of the spread of Cypraea moneta in Eastern Europe in the early Middle Ages. They are known in the Caucasus, Crimea, the Seversky Donets basin (fig. 11). Cypraea moneta shells were used as pendants in necklaces as evidenced by finds from the Luchiste burial ground from Crimea. The use of other types of shells remains unclear. However, they were probably parts of necklaces or amulets.
Luka-Kavetchyna的吊坠，住所25(图2:1;3)是最早的发现从斯拉夫人的遗址可以追溯到第二季度- 5世纪末。装饰品是由Murex属的贝壳制成的，是cherniakh文化的“遗产”。在该文化地区，已知由该属贝壳制成的吊坠(O. Hopkalo的2型)。从6世纪下半叶开始，斯拉夫人就开始使用贝壳吊坠。它们的品种一直使用到8世纪上半叶，尽管它们的组合和发现很少(表1;图1;14)。在斯拉夫组合中，出现了以下种类的软体动物的壳:Cypraea moneta, C. pantherina, C. tigris, C. arabica。Murex贝壳上的物品也很有名。Cypraea moneta的高度为2厘米多一点。其他种类的贝壳更大，高达约7-8厘米。martinvka圈的组合包括Khatski(图4:A)和khitts_(图4:A)。Mokhnach的坟墓属于同样的文物(图2:2;5 - 7)。马蒂尼夫卡圆环的珠宝可以追溯到6世纪下半叶，而这些珠宝藏在7世纪中期，也就是3 / 4世纪。Pastyrsky圈层包括Zaitsevo(图4:B)和khar vka(图8-10)的组合。帕斯特尔斯基圈的储藏藏于8世纪上半叶。贝壳垂饰的出现与中世纪早期塞浦路斯在东欧传播的大趋势有关。它们在高加索、克里米亚、塞弗斯基-顿涅茨盆地(图11)都很有名。从克里米亚的Luchiste墓地发现的证据表明，Cypraea moneta贝壳被用作项链的吊坠。其他类型炮弹的用途尚不清楚。然而，它们可能是项链或护身符的一部分。
{"title":"DECORATIONS FROM SHELLS IN THE ADORNMENTS OF EARLY MEDIEVAL SLAVS","authors":"Y. V. Volodarets-Urbanovіch","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2021.03.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.03.16","url":null,"abstract":"The pendant from Luka-Kavetchyna, dwelling 25 (fig. 2: 1; 3) is the earliest find from the Slavs sites dating to the second quarter — the end of the 5th century. The adornment was made of a shell of the genus Murex and is the «legacy» from the Cherniakhіv culture. In the area of that culture are known the pendants made of shells of this genus (type 2 by O. Hopkalo). \u0000The pendants from shells appear in use of the Slavs since the second half of the 6th century. Their varieties were used until the first half of the 8th century, although the assemblages and finds with them are few (table 1; fig. 1; 14). In the Slavic assemblages the shells of mollusks of the following species were occurred: Cypraea moneta, C. pantherina, C. tigris, C. arabica. The items from Murex shells are also known. The height of Cypraea moneta is a little more than 2 cm. Other species of shells are larger reaching the height ca. 7—8 cm. \u0000The assemblages of the Martinіvka circle include Khatski (fig. 4: A) and Khittsі ones. The grave from Mokhnach belongs to the same antiquities (fig. 2: 2; 5—7). The jewellery by Martynivka circle are dated back to the second half of the 6th century, and the hoards were hidden in the middle — the third quarter of the 7th century. The Pastyrsky circle hoards include the assemblages from Zaitsevo (fig. 4: B) and Kharіvka (fig. 8—10). The hoards by Pastyrsky circle were hidden in the first half of 8th century. \u0000The appearance of the pendants from shells is related to the general trend of the spread of Cypraea moneta in Eastern Europe in the early Middle Ages. They are known in the Caucasus, Crimea, the Seversky Donets basin (fig. 11). Cypraea moneta shells were used as pendants in necklaces as evidenced by finds from the Luchiste burial ground from Crimea. The use of other types of shells remains unclear. However, they were probably parts of necklaces or amulets.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125130344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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