Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.321
Kameliya Marinova, S. Pristavova
Ceramic artifacts from the archaeological site “Biser”, located near the village of Biser, Haskovo region are studied. The artifacts from the Early Iron Age (EIA) have been characterized by optical, XRD, and SEM-EDS methods. The main part of the cherds shows similar composition. The raw material used for their manufacturing is well-washed clay. The temperature of the firing is in the interval between 500–550 °С to 800–850 °С. According to the petrographic characteristics and technological features of the production of the pottery, we supposed a local source of the raw material. The results for the composition of minerals such as plagioclase and amphibole (the main mineral inclusions) in ceramic artifacts confirmed the local source as well. The obtained data will help to identify the characteristics of the local ceramic production during EIA in the region.
{"title":"Ceramic artifacts from the archaeological site “Biser”, Eastern Rhodopes, Bulgaria – new data about composition and manufacturing technology","authors":"Kameliya Marinova, S. Pristavova","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.321","url":null,"abstract":"Ceramic artifacts from the archaeological site “Biser”, located near the village of Biser, Haskovo region are studied. The artifacts from the Early Iron Age (EIA) have been characterized by optical, XRD, and SEM-EDS methods. The main part of the cherds shows similar composition. The raw material used for their manufacturing is well-washed clay. The temperature of the firing is in the interval between 500–550 °С to 800–850 °С. According to the petrographic characteristics and technological features of the production of the pottery, we supposed a local source of the raw material. The results for the composition of minerals such as plagioclase and amphibole (the main mineral inclusions) in ceramic artifacts confirmed the local source as well. The obtained data will help to identify the characteristics of the local ceramic production during EIA in the region.","PeriodicalId":40733,"journal":{"name":"Spisanie Na B Lgarskoto Geologichesko Druzhestov-Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47770556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.279
Christina Tzvetkova-Vassileva, S. Kolev, A. Benderev
The study assesses the role of the various potential and active sources of impact on the quantity and quality of surface and groundwater in the area of the Regional Landfill for Solid Household Waste in Yambol. The focus is on the geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the terrain and the anthropogenic load on the catchment basin of the landfill. The assessment of water quality is carried out on the basis of chemical analysis protocols provided by an accredited laboratory involved in the monitoring of waters in the landfill area. It has been established that there is no systematic excess of most groundwater quality indicators regulated by the Bulgarian legislation. The impact of the landfill on the underlying aquifer is determined to be insignificant. The risks of its pollution are related to the penetration of rainwater into the leveled parts of the nearby quarries and from the agricultural areas.
{"title":"Hydrogeological conditions and state of groundwater in the area of the Yambol regional landfill","authors":"Christina Tzvetkova-Vassileva, S. Kolev, A. Benderev","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.279","url":null,"abstract":"The study assesses the role of the various potential and active sources of impact on the quantity and quality of surface and groundwater in the area of the Regional Landfill for Solid Household Waste in Yambol. The focus is on the geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the terrain and the anthropogenic load on the catchment basin of the landfill. The assessment of water quality is carried out on the basis of chemical analysis protocols provided by an accredited laboratory involved in the monitoring of waters in the landfill area. It has been established that there is no systematic excess of most groundwater quality indicators regulated by the Bulgarian legislation. The impact of the landfill on the underlying aquifer is determined to be insignificant. The risks of its pollution are related to the penetration of rainwater into the leveled parts of the nearby quarries and from the agricultural areas.","PeriodicalId":40733,"journal":{"name":"Spisanie Na B Lgarskoto Geologichesko Druzhestov-Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49012469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.307
R. Rizova, Dimitar Sachkov, G. Angelov
This article focuses on the dynamics of slope processes and the characteristics of their deposits in the Viskyar Mountain, SW Bulgaria. For the purpose of the study, 4 key sites with а different lithology, exposition, slope and altitude were observed. The results are gathered from 2-months period of monitoring.
{"title":"Morphodynamics of slope processes in the Viskyar Mountain, SW Bulgaria","authors":"R. Rizova, Dimitar Sachkov, G. Angelov","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.307","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the dynamics of slope processes and the characteristics of their deposits in the Viskyar Mountain, SW Bulgaria. For the purpose of the study, 4 key sites with а different lithology, exposition, slope and altitude were observed. The results are gathered from 2-months period of monitoring.","PeriodicalId":40733,"journal":{"name":"Spisanie Na B Lgarskoto Geologichesko Druzhestov-Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42009495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.263
Boriana Tchakalova
The present study intends to make an initial assessment of the effect of a natural zeolite addition on shear strength of cement stabilized loess soil. Unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression shear tests were performed for zeolite & cement-treated and cement-treated samples. It is found that the addition of natural zeolite does not reduce the shear strength of the cement stabilized loess. It causes only slight changes in shear strength parameters of non-compacted loess-cement. This allows the natural zeolite to be successfully used for an improvement of the durability, impermeability, sorption and retardation characteristics of the loess-cement.
{"title":"Effect of natural zeolite on the shear strength of cement stabilized loess soil","authors":"Boriana Tchakalova","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.263","url":null,"abstract":"The present study intends to make an initial assessment of the effect of a natural zeolite addition on shear strength of cement stabilized loess soil. Unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression shear tests were performed for zeolite & cement-treated and cement-treated samples. It is found that the addition of natural zeolite does not reduce the shear strength of the cement stabilized loess. It causes only slight changes in shear strength parameters of non-compacted loess-cement. This allows the natural zeolite to be successfully used for an improvement of the durability, impermeability, sorption and retardation characteristics of the loess-cement.","PeriodicalId":40733,"journal":{"name":"Spisanie Na B Lgarskoto Geologichesko Druzhestov-Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44724656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.179
Guillem Domènech, K. Bogdanov, Daniel Nieto-Yu, A. Faridi
The Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) applications for mapping of terrain displacement have been tested on the Vlaykov Vruh and Tsar Assen porphyry-copper deposits to test terrain displacements and possible fault movements. Time series for each area have been prepared to display the evolution of displacement over time, for a given point for both Cu-porphyry outcrops.
{"title":"Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) applications for mapping of terrain displacement in mineral deposits","authors":"Guillem Domènech, K. Bogdanov, Daniel Nieto-Yu, A. Faridi","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.179","url":null,"abstract":"The Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) applications for mapping of terrain displacement have been tested on the Vlaykov Vruh and Tsar Assen porphyry-copper deposits to test terrain displacements and possible fault movements. Time series for each area have been prepared to display the evolution of displacement over time, for a given point for both Cu-porphyry outcrops.","PeriodicalId":40733,"journal":{"name":"Spisanie Na B Lgarskoto Geologichesko Druzhestov-Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43841982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.331
T. Stoylkova
MMgAlO and MAlO mixed oxides (where M = Cu, Co, Zn and Ni) were obtained by thermal decomposition of the corresponding layered double hydroxides (LDH) precursors and used as catalysts for Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 2’-hydroxyacetophenone and benzaldehyde under solvent-free conditions. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic absorption spectrometry and temperature-programmed desorption of CO2 (TPD-CO2). Gas chromatography – mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) methods were used for the identification and quantification of the product mixture. A 2’-hydroxychalcone and 2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-one (flavanone) were received as main products. 3-Benzyl-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one (3-benzylflavone) was achieved as a new product.
{"title":"Layered double hydroxides as precursors for catalysts in Claisen-Schmidt condensation","authors":"T. Stoylkova","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.331","url":null,"abstract":"MMgAlO and MAlO mixed oxides (where M = Cu, Co, Zn and Ni) were obtained by thermal decomposition of the corresponding layered double hydroxides (LDH) precursors and used as catalysts for Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 2’-hydroxyacetophenone and benzaldehyde under solvent-free conditions. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic absorption spectrometry and temperature-programmed desorption of CO2 (TPD-CO2). Gas chromatography – mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) methods were used for the identification and quantification of the product mixture. A 2’-hydroxychalcone and 2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-one (flavanone) were received as main products. 3-Benzyl-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one (3-benzylflavone) was achieved as a new product.","PeriodicalId":40733,"journal":{"name":"Spisanie Na B Lgarskoto Geologichesko Druzhestov-Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42726911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.239
D. Antonov, B. Kunovska, Monika Mutovska, D. Djunakova, S. Kolev, Antoaneta Petrova, K. Ivanova, S. Nikolova, A. Benderev
The study deals with the evaluation of the dynamic of the radon index in one pilot site based on second-time pilot investigations of the radon index in Bulgaria. In situ measurements of the radon concentration in soil gas, and soil permeability at three polygons: one over and two – close to fault zone have been performed in October 2020 and October 2022. The results show that higher radon content is detected in the fault zone in both cases.
{"title":"Dynamics in the radon index measurements at a specific test site","authors":"D. Antonov, B. Kunovska, Monika Mutovska, D. Djunakova, S. Kolev, Antoaneta Petrova, K. Ivanova, S. Nikolova, A. Benderev","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.239","url":null,"abstract":"The study deals with the evaluation of the dynamic of the radon index in one pilot site based on second-time pilot investigations of the radon index in Bulgaria. In situ measurements of the radon concentration in soil gas, and soil permeability at three polygons: one over and two – close to fault zone have been performed in October 2020 and October 2022. The results show that higher radon content is detected in the fault zone in both cases.","PeriodicalId":40733,"journal":{"name":"Spisanie Na B Lgarskoto Geologichesko Druzhestov-Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41423018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.259
N. Stoyanov, S. Dimovski, A. Benderev
The presented study examines the problem caused by the groundwater pollution in the alluvial aquifer complex formed in the terrace of the Vacha River. Two working hypotheses are considered. In the first one is accepted that the aquitard is regionally well sustained and limits the penetration of Mn-contaminated waters into the lower aquifer. In the second one is assumed that there are hydrogeological windows in the aquitard, through which active mass exchange between the two aquifers can take place and manganese can occur in the pumping wells after their exploitation is started.
{"title":"Hydrogeological models for the conditions causing the occurrence of manganese in wells for groundwater extraction from the terrace of the Vacha River, Southern Bulgaria","authors":"N. Stoyanov, S. Dimovski, A. Benderev","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.259","url":null,"abstract":"The presented study examines the problem caused by the groundwater pollution in the alluvial aquifer complex formed in the terrace of the Vacha River. Two working hypotheses are considered. In the first one is accepted that the aquitard is regionally well sustained and limits the penetration of Mn-contaminated waters into the lower aquifer. In the second one is assumed that there are hydrogeological windows in the aquitard, through which active mass exchange between the two aquifers can take place and manganese can occur in the pumping wells after their exploitation is started.","PeriodicalId":40733,"journal":{"name":"Spisanie Na B Lgarskoto Geologichesko Druzhestov-Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41809517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.195
A. Vasilev, B. Kvamme, N. Botoucharov, V. Slabakova, R. Pehlivanova, E. Marinovska, P. Petsinski
The level of scientific knowledge about a gas hydrate deposit (GHD) in the northern deep-water part of the Bulgarian Exclusive Economic Zone (BEEZ), energy, climate and environmental problems determine the need of urgent creation and realization of a Bulgarian program for gas hydrate development. We present a review of this knowledge and define 3 preliminary steps for funds optimizations and fast creation and implementation of pilot and innovative economically profitable technologies for fuel production (CH4 and/or H2) with low geohazard and environmental risk and negative carbon footprint on the atmosphere.
{"title":"Bulgarian gas hydrate development program: scientific basis","authors":"A. Vasilev, B. Kvamme, N. Botoucharov, V. Slabakova, R. Pehlivanova, E. Marinovska, P. Petsinski","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.195","url":null,"abstract":"The level of scientific knowledge about a gas hydrate deposit (GHD) in the northern deep-water part of the Bulgarian Exclusive Economic Zone (BEEZ), energy, climate and environmental problems determine the need of urgent creation and realization of a Bulgarian program for gas hydrate development. We present a review of this knowledge and define 3 preliminary steps for funds optimizations and fast creation and implementation of pilot and innovative economically profitable technologies for fuel production (CH4 and/or H2) with low geohazard and environmental risk and negative carbon footprint on the atmosphere.","PeriodicalId":40733,"journal":{"name":"Spisanie Na B Lgarskoto Geologichesko Druzhestov-Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43168000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.271
M. Trayanova, B. Kunovska, Simeon Valchev
Radon gas has high mobility and is driven by advection and diffusion with the soil gas throughout connected and water-unsaturated pores and/or cracks in permeable rocks and soils. Therefore, there is a need for quantitative assessment of the saturation state, even on a daily-base in order to estimate the radon potential correctly. The more so as, the permeability is one of the key factors in the radon risk assessment. For the purpose of such investigation, a vertical profile model was elaborated for a study site in Northeast Bulgaria. On the base of pedotransfer function analyses, the hydraulic parameters describing the retention function and the hydraulic conductivity function were determined for each case study. The results show that even in a month with high amount of rainfall precipitation (13% of the total amount per year), the loess profile at certain depths remains unsaturated, regardless the difference in the hydraulic characteristics.
{"title":"Impact of the loess’ hydraulic characteristics on its degree of saturation for the purpose of radon index measurements (Northeast Bulgaria case study)","authors":"M. Trayanova, B. Kunovska, Simeon Valchev","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.271","url":null,"abstract":"Radon gas has high mobility and is driven by advection and diffusion with the soil gas throughout connected and water-unsaturated pores and/or cracks in permeable rocks and soils. Therefore, there is a need for quantitative assessment of the saturation state, even on a daily-base in order to estimate the radon potential correctly. The more so as, the permeability is one of the key factors in the radon risk assessment. For the purpose of such investigation, a vertical profile model was elaborated for a study site in Northeast Bulgaria. On the base of pedotransfer function analyses, the hydraulic parameters describing the retention function and the hydraulic conductivity function were determined for each case study. The results show that even in a month with high amount of rainfall precipitation (13% of the total amount per year), the loess profile at certain depths remains unsaturated, regardless the difference in the hydraulic characteristics.","PeriodicalId":40733,"journal":{"name":"Spisanie Na B Lgarskoto Geologichesko Druzhestov-Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42095065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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