Forensic Imaging最新文献

Microcalcifications in a mummified breast. A “paleo-senologic” study of a 20th century female mummy 木乃伊乳房中的微钙化。对一具20世纪女性木乃伊的“古生物学”研究

IF 1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING

Forensic Imaging

Pub Date : 2026-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2026.200673

Despina Moissidou , Maria Letizia Pistoia , Antonietta Ciccozzi , Veronica Forte , Cinzia Mercurio , Luca Ventura

The investigation of mammary glands in mummies has been largely overlooked due to preservation challenges. Postmortem alterations, including fat hydrolysis, lead to significant variability in breast morphology, sometimes making them unidentifiable. To date, only a handful of mummified breast pathologies have been reported, with histological confirmation available in only a few cases. Breast cancer has never been conclusively identified in mummified remains, largely due to the absence of histological evidence. In this study, we applied modern radiological and histopathological techniques to a partially mummified 20th-century female body discovered in a burial chamber in Sermoneta, Italy. The preserved left breast was examined using digital mammography, which revealed scattered microcalcifications resembling those seen in epithelial proliferative lesions. Histological analysis demonstrated the presence of fibrous stroma, fungal spores, arthropod fragments, and pollen grains, all of which were identified as taphonomic alterations rather than indicators of disease. The microcalcifications observed in mammography corresponded to calcium deposits confirmed by von Kossa staining, further supporting a postmortem origin. Our findings highlight the importance of histology as a crucial diagnostic tool in paleopathological investigations, particularly for differentiating true pathological changes from taphonomic artifacts, and avoid misinterpretations. The application of modern diagnostic imaging, coupled with histopathological validation, represents a promising approach for future studies on mummified breast tissue and ancient disease diagnostics.

由于保存方面的挑战，对木乃伊乳腺的研究在很大程度上被忽视了。死后的改变，包括脂肪水解，导致乳房形态的显著变化，有时使其无法识别。迄今为止，只有少数木乃伊乳房病理被报道，只有少数病例的组织学证实。乳腺癌从未在木乃伊遗骸中被确定，很大程度上是由于缺乏组织学证据。在这项研究中，我们将现代放射学和组织病理学技术应用于在意大利Sermoneta的一个墓室中发现的一具部分木乃伊化的20世纪女性尸体。数码乳房x线摄影检查保存的左乳房，显示分散的微钙化，类似于上皮增殖性病变。组织学分析表明存在纤维间质、真菌孢子、节肢动物碎片和花粉粒，所有这些都被确定为表型改变，而不是疾病的指标。乳房x光检查中观察到的微钙化与von Kossa染色证实的钙沉积相一致，进一步支持死后起源。我们的研究结果强调了组织学作为古病理学研究中至关重要的诊断工具的重要性，特别是在区分真正的病理变化和埋藏学伪影方面，并避免误解。现代诊断成像的应用，加上组织病理学验证，代表了未来研究木乃伊乳房组织和古代疾病诊断的一个有前途的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Objective comparison of 3D dental scans in forensic odontology identification 目的比较三维口腔扫描在法医牙医学鉴定中的应用

IF 1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING

Forensic Imaging

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2026.200672

Anika Kofod Petersen , Dorthe Arenholt Bindslev , Andrew Forgie , Palle Villesen , Line Staun Larsen

In forensic odontology disaster victim identification, it is crucial to assess the similarity between post mortem (PM) dentitions and ante mortem (AM) dental records from a database. To facilitate ranking AM records by likelihood of a match, the similarity evaluation must yield an intuitive, quantitative score. This study introduces a scoring scheme designed to effectively distinguish 3D dentition surfaces acquired by intraoral 3D photo scans. The scoring scheme was validated on an independent dataset. The scoring scheme presented utilizes two levels of surface similarity, spanning from local similarity of surface representations to regional similarity based on relative keypoint placement. The scoring scheme demonstrated exceptional discriminatory power on the validation data, achieving a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) area-under-the-curve (AUC) of 0.990 (95% CI 0.988 to 0.992). Implementing such a scoring system in disaster victim identification workflows, where AM 3D data can be procured, can provide an initial likelihood of matching, enabling forensic professionals to prioritize cases and allocate resources more efficiently based on objective measures of dental similarity.

在法医牙医学灾难受害者鉴定中，从数据库中评估死后（PM）牙齿和死前（AM）牙齿记录的相似性是至关重要的。为了便于根据匹配的可能性对AM记录进行排名，相似性评估必须产生直观的定量分数。本研究介绍了一种评分方案，旨在有效区分口腔内三维照片扫描获得的三维牙列表面。该评分方案在独立数据集上进行了验证。所提出的评分方案利用两个层次的表面相似度，从表面表示的局部相似度到基于相对关键点位置的区域相似度。该评分方案在验证数据上表现出卓越的区分能力，受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线下面积（AUC）为0.990 （95% CI 0.988至0.992）。在灾难受害者识别工作流程中实施这样的评分系统，可以获得AM 3D数据，可以提供初步的匹配可能性，使法医专业人员能够根据牙齿相似性的客观测量来优先处理案件并更有效地分配资源。

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引用次数: 0

A five-year systematic review of AI-based medical image analysis: From preprocessing to classification 基于人工智能的医学图像分析的五年系统综述：从预处理到分类

IF 1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING

Forensic Imaging

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2025.200670

Ranim Bejaoui, Rim Mahouachi, Hela Mahersia

In the medical field, diagnostic accuracy increasingly depends on advanced imaging modalities such as X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound, and OCT for detecting both cancerous and non-cancerous anomalies. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly enhanced the capabilities of Medical Image Analysis (MIA) in automating segmentation and classification tasks.

However, the wide variety of anomaly types and imaging modalities poses significant challenges in developing AI approaches that are both accurate and adaptable to real-world clinical conditions. Despite a growing body of research, there is a lack of a unified, comparative review that systematically examines how AI methods are applied across different anomaly types and processing stages.

In particular, the absence of a structured framework distinguishing workflows for cancerous versus non-cancerous diseases, across key stages such as data preprocessing, segmentation, and classification, limits the ability of researchers and practitioners to design optimized, disease-aware AI pipelines. Preprocessing steps such as denoising, contrast enhancement, and data cleaning are applied inconsistently, while segmentation is sometimes omitted or treated independently of classification, resulting in fragmented methodologies. These inconsistencies hinder performance comparisons and impede the development of robust, interpretable models.

To address these gaps, this work proposes a taxonomy to classify AI-based medical imaging approaches by anomaly type, imaging modality, and processing strategy. This taxonomy highlights methodological strengths and limitations and is complemented by a comparative analysis that examines workflow variations and the impact of each pipeline stage on diagnostic outcomes. The resulting framework offers a structured foundation to guide researchers, clinicians, and developers in creating scalable, interpretable, and clinically effective AI models for medical image analysis.

在医学领域，诊断的准确性越来越依赖于先进的成像方式，如x射线、CT、MRI、超声和OCT来检测癌性和非癌性异常。人工智能（AI）的集成大大增强了医学图像分析（MIA）在自动分割和分类任务方面的能力。然而，各种各样的异常类型和成像方式对开发既准确又适应现实临床条件的人工智能方法提出了重大挑战。尽管有越来越多的研究，但缺乏一个统一的、比较的审查，系统地检查人工智能方法如何应用于不同的异常类型和处理阶段。特别是，在数据预处理、分割和分类等关键阶段，缺乏区分癌性和非癌性疾病工作流程的结构化框架，限制了研究人员和从业者设计优化的疾病感知人工智能管道的能力。预处理步骤，如去噪、对比度增强和数据清理的应用不一致，而分割有时被忽略或独立于分类处理，导致碎片化的方法。这些不一致性阻碍了性能比较，并阻碍了健壮的、可解释的模型的开发。为了解决这些差距，本工作提出了一种分类法，根据异常类型、成像方式和处理策略对基于人工智能的医学成像方法进行分类。该分类法强调了方法的优势和局限性，并通过比较分析来补充，该分析检查了工作流程的变化以及每个管道阶段对诊断结果的影响。由此产生的框架为指导研究人员、临床医生和开发人员创建用于医学图像分析的可扩展、可解释和临床有效的人工智能模型提供了结构化基础。

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引用次数: 0

Post-Mortem CT for coronial death investigation: A local authority managed service evaluation 冠状死亡调查的尸检CT：地方当局管理的服务评估

IF 1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING

Forensic Imaging

Pub Date : 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2025.200668

Kelly K , England L , Viner M

Introduction Post-mortem CT (PMCT) is increasingly used in coronial death investigations. This service evaluation assesses the new PMCT service at the East London Forensic Centre (ELFC), focusing on turnaround times, conversion rates to invasive post mortems, and radiology-pathology concordance. The goal is to measure key performance indicators and guide future service development. Methods Data from 356 cases were retrospectively reviewed using emails, Civica, and a PMCT log. Information on scan and report timings, conversion rates, and radiology-pathology agreement was analysed. The impact of contrast-enhanced PMCT on workflow was also assessed. Timing data were grouped into September–January, with January separated due to holiday-related delays. Forensic and non-East London cases were excluded. Results Of the 356 cases, 35% underwent angiography. Unenhanced scans averaged just under 13 min; angiography scans took nearly 30 min. 15% required further invasive examination. Among these, nearly 80% showed at least partial radiology pathology concordance, with 6 fully concordant cases. The average turnaround from start to cause of death determination was 4.2 days. Conclusion PMCT is an effective alternative to traditional post-mortems, though 15% of cases still required invasive follow-up. Most showed good radiology-pathology agreement. Delays in January highlight operational challenges. ELFC’s turnaround aligns with other services, affirming PMCT’s feasibility in coronial settings. Continuous refinement of case selection is needed to reduce conversion rates. Further research should explore PMCT failure rates and compare outcomes with traditional post-mortems. Implications for practice The service evaluation supports a local authority managed service which compares to existing, successful models elsewhere in the country

尸检CT （PMCT）在冠状死亡调查中的应用越来越广泛。这项服务评估评估了东伦敦法医中心（ELFC）的新PMCT服务，重点是周转期、侵入性尸检的转化率以及放射学-病理学一致性。目标是衡量关键绩效指标并指导未来的服务开发。方法采用电子邮件、Civica和PMCT日志对356例患者的资料进行回顾性分析。分析了扫描和报告时间、转换率和放射病理一致性的信息。对比增强PMCT对工作流程的影响也进行了评估。时间数据分为9月至1月，1月因假日相关延误而分开。法医和非东伦敦案件被排除在外。结果356例患者中，35%行血管造影。非增强扫描平均不到13分钟；血管造影扫描耗时近30分钟，15%需要进一步有创检查。其中，近80%的病例放射学病理至少部分符合，6例完全符合。从开始到确定死因的平均周转时间为4.2天。结论PMCT是传统尸检的有效替代方法，但仍有15%的病例需要有创随访。多数表现出良好的影像学-病理一致性。1月份的延误凸显了运营方面的挑战。ELFC的转变与其他服务一致，证实了PMCT在冠状环境中的可行性。需要不断改进病例选择以降低转换率。进一步的研究应该探索PMCT的失败率，并将结果与传统的尸检进行比较。与国内其他地方现有的成功模式相比，服务评估支持地方当局管理的服务

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引用次数: 0

Non-calcified coronary plaque quantification in CT images using voxel-based descriptive features 基于体素描述特征的CT图像中非钙化冠状动脉斑块定量

IF 1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING

Forensic Imaging

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2025.200664

Shafiya Qadeer Memon , James Martin Brown , Muhammad Moazzam Jawaid

Background:

The high mortality rate linked to coronary heart disease has driven intensive research for non-invasive diagnostic techniques. However, quantifying non-calcified plaques remains a significant challenge due to their low attenuation in computed tomography (CT) images, often resembling adjacent blood and myocardial tissues. Clinically, early detection and quantification of such plaques can aid physicians in preventing or delaying serious cardiac events by enabling timely intervention. Furthermore, accurate plaque assessment may help reduce unnecessary angioplasty procedures, thereby improving healthcare resource utilization. Accordingly, we propose a support vector machine (SVM)-based model for precise quantification of non-calcified plaques within the coronary vasculature.

Methods:

The primary indicator of non-calcified plaques in Computed Tomography Angiography is their relatively lower attenuation; therefore, we developed efficient discriminative features to capture these variations in a relative context. Initially, we calculated the vessel-wall thickness in normal arterial segments. Next, the vessel wall was excluded from the segmented coronary tree, and a Gaussian Mixture Model was applied to derive attenuation-based features such as posterior probabilities and fuzzy labels. In the final step, handcrafted features were employed to classify each voxel as either lumen or plaque.

Results:

The dataset includes 20 clinical CT scans from the Rotterdam database. For a volume-specific SVM model, the proposed method achieved mean sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values of 92.40%, 83.70%, and 91.16%, respectively, using 10-fold cross-validation. These results demonstrate that the proposed quantification approach provides human-level accuracy in detecting non-calcified plaques.

背景：与冠心病相关的高死亡率推动了非侵入性诊断技术的深入研究。然而，由于非钙化斑块在计算机断层扫描（CT）图像中的低衰减，通常类似于邻近的血液和心肌组织，因此对其进行量化仍然是一个重大挑战。在临床上，早期发现和量化这些斑块可以帮助医生通过及时干预来预防或延迟严重的心脏事件。此外，准确的斑块评估可能有助于减少不必要的血管成形术，从而提高医疗资源的利用率。因此，我们提出了一种基于支持向量机（SVM）的模型来精确量化冠状动脉血管内的非钙化斑块。方法：ct血管造影非钙化斑块的主要指标是其相对较低的衰减；因此，我们开发了有效的判别特征来捕获相对上下文中的这些变化。首先，我们计算了正常动脉段的血管壁厚度。接下来，从分割的冠状动脉树中排除血管壁，并应用高斯混合模型推导基于衰减的特征，如后验概率和模糊标签。在最后一步中，使用手工制作的特征将每个体素分类为流明或斑块。结果：数据集包括来自鹿特丹数据库的20个临床CT扫描。对于体积特异性SVM模型，采用10倍交叉验证，该方法的平均灵敏度、特异度和准确率分别为92.40%、83.70%和91.16%。这些结果表明，所提出的量化方法在检测非钙化斑块方面提供了人类水平的准确性。

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引用次数: 0

Validating the morphology of 3D-printed cranial projectile trauma as a skeletal alternative for utilisation in a court of law 验证3d打印颅骨弹丸创伤的形态作为在法庭上使用的骨骼替代品

IF 1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING

Forensic Imaging

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2025.200667

Claudia Ibáñez Martín , Ericka Noelle L'Abbé , Pieter Daniël de Wet , Alison Fany Ridel

Forensic anthropology has become crucial for global cases involving firearm-related injuries. Although skeletal evidence is valuable, its presentation in court may re-traumatise families or bias reactions, influencing the verdict. To mitigate these risks, the adoption of 3D printing technologies in court has increased, allowing the handling of human remains without the drawbacks of presenting biological evidence. This study aimed to validate 3D-printed skeletal technologies as alternatives for courtroom evidence, focusing on cranial bullet defects through 3D topographical analysis and investigating the accuracy of 3D-printed skeletal models. Samples were scanned using micro-focus X-ray computed tomography; their 3D meshes were generated, 3D printed using powder Selective Laser Sintering, resin Stereolithography, and polylactic acid (PLA) filament Fused Deposition Modelling technologies, and scanned again. The reference and 3D print meshes were aligned, and a colour map allowed visual inspection of morphological discrepancies of up to 1 mm (0 mm shown in blue, 1 mm in red). Powder-based prints exhibited the highest accuracy for representing crania, predominantly coloured dark blue (0 mm). PLA filament prints were accurate for examining smaller cranial surfaces (mostly 0 mm), whereas resin prints were the least accurate for crania (mostly 0.5-1 mm). 3D-printed skeletal material can be utilised in legal settings with a colour map elucidating discrepancies. While powder-based prints are preferred, other materials may better suit specific applications. Further research should evaluate the impact of 3D prints on judicial decision-making and refine 3D printing techniques for forensic anthropology.

法医人类学在涉及枪支相关伤害的全球案件中变得至关重要。尽管骨骼证据很有价值，但它在法庭上的陈述可能会给家属带来再次创伤或偏见反应，从而影响判决。为了减轻这些风险，3D打印技术在法庭上的应用越来越多，这使得处理人体遗骸时不会出现出示生物证据的缺点。本研究旨在验证3D打印骨骼技术作为法庭证据的替代方案，通过3D地形分析关注颅骨子弹缺陷，并调查3D打印骨骼模型的准确性。采用微聚焦x射线计算机断层扫描；生成三维网格，使用粉末选择性激光烧结、树脂立体光刻和聚乳酸（PLA）长丝熔融沉积建模技术进行3D打印，并再次扫描。参考网格和3D打印网格对齐，彩色地图允许视觉检查高达1毫米的形态差异（0毫米为蓝色，1毫米为红色）。以粉末为基础的版画表现出最高的准确性，以深蓝色（0毫米）为主。PLA长丝打印对于检查较小的颅骨表面（大多数为0 mm）是准确的，而树脂打印对于颅骨（大多数为0.5-1 mm）是最不准确的。3d打印的骨骼材料可以在法律环境中使用彩色地图来阐明差异。虽然粉末打印是首选，但其他材料可能更适合特定应用。进一步的研究应该评估3D打印对司法决策的影响，并完善法医人类学的3D打印技术。

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引用次数: 0

Characteristic findings of chest post-mortem computed tomography in stillbirths: A report of three cases 胸部死后计算机断层扫描对死产的特征性发现：附三例报告

IF 1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING

Forensic Imaging

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2025.200665

Hikaru Kuninaka , Momoka Tanabe , Noriko Ogawa , Moe Mukai , Ayako Nasu , Kazuho Maeda , Chiaki Fuke , Tsuneo Yamashiro , Yoko Ihama

Distinguishing between live births and stillbirths is substantially important in forensic autopsies. Lung-gastric flotation tests and histopathological examinations have been widely used for determining the diagnosis. In addition, postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) has recently been investigated as a potential diagnostic tool. In this report, we investigated the characteristic PMCT findings of stillbirths in three forensic autopsy cases. PMCT was performed in three male newborns (estimated gestational age: 7–9 months) with postmortem intervals of 10 hours (Case 2), 2 days (Case 1), and 1 week (Case 3). All cases comprised out-of-hospital deliveries: two infants were transported to the hospital after birth, while one was found deceased. In each case, the lungs and gastrointestinal tract sank during the flotation test, and no microscopic alveolar dilation was observed, leading to a diagnosis of stillbirth. The mean CT value of the lung field ranged between 42.1 and 49.0 Hounsfield units, indicating soft tissue-like density. In all cases, the ductus arteriosus appeared to be more dilated than did the left and right pulmonary arteries. No gas or fluid was detected in the main or lobar bronchi among all cases. This study is limited by the small number of cases with all being stillbirths. However, the imaging findings described in these cases of stillbirth suggest that PMCT might contribute to the differentiation between live births and stillbirths. In conclusion, the combination of high lung field density, ductus arteriosus patency, and absence of gas in the main and lobar bronchi on PMCT suggests a characteristic pattern of stillbirths.

区分活产和死产在法医尸检中非常重要。肺胃漂浮试验和组织病理学检查已被广泛用于确定诊断。此外，死后计算机断层扫描（PMCT）最近被研究作为一种潜在的诊断工具。在本报告中，我们调查了三例法医尸检中死产的PMCT特征。对3名男性新生儿（估计胎龄：7-9个月）进行PMCT，尸检间隔为10小时（病例2），2天（病例1）和1周（病例3）。所有病例均为院外分娩：两名婴儿在出生后被送往医院，一名婴儿被发现死亡。在每个病例中，肺和胃肠道在漂浮试验中下沉，没有显微镜下观察到肺泡扩张，导致死产的诊断。肺场CT值平均在42.1 ~ 49.0 Hounsfield单位之间，呈软组织样密度。在所有病例中，动脉导管似乎比左右肺动脉扩张得更大。所有病例均未检出主支气管或大支气管内气体或液体。这项研究的局限性在于所有死产病例的数量较少。然而，在这些死产病例中所描述的影像学结果表明，PMCT可能有助于区分活产和死产。总之，PMCT显示肺野密度高，动脉导管通畅，主支气管和小支气管无气体提示死产的特征性模式。

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引用次数: 0

A case of death from hypothermia due to bilateral symmetric bone fractures attributed to an epileptic seizure 因癫痫发作引起的双侧对称骨折导致体温过低死亡1例

IF 1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING

Forensic Imaging

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2025.200666

Maiko Yoshida , Go Inokuchi , Fumiko Chiba , Yohsuke Makino , Hirotaro Iwase

A male patient in his 50 s who was known to have epilepsy and who was taking carbamazepine and phenobarbital was found dead in the prone position on the floor of the entrance to his home. Postmortem computed tomography and autopsy revealed bilateral, symmetric comminuted fractures at the anterior humeral heads and a lumbar compression fracture with haemorrhage. The deceased had poor nutritional status for his age and had chicken fat clots in the heart blood. Multiple black petechiae, compatible with Wischnewski spots, were detected on the gastric mucosa. The direct cause of death was hypothermia. The deceased likely had difficulty escaping the cold due to his fractures, which were attributed to a generalized epileptic seizure. We present a forensic case in which sustained generalized convulsive seizures were suspected to cause fractures, resulting in death due to hypothermia. This case offers a unique opportunity to study the death process by analysing the fracture pattern, mechanism, and relationship with convulsions.

一名50多岁的男性患者被发现患有癫痫，他正在服用卡马西平和苯巴比妥，在他家门口的地板上俯卧死亡。死后计算机断层扫描和尸检显示肱骨前头双侧对称粉碎性骨折和腰椎压缩性骨折伴出血。死者营养状况较差，心脏血液中有鸡脂肪凝块。胃粘膜上可见与维氏斑点相符的多个黑色斑点。直接死因是体温过低。死者可能由于骨折而难以逃脱寒冷，骨折是由全身癫痫发作引起的。我们提出了一个法医案例，其中持续的全身性惊厥发作被怀疑导致骨折，导致死亡，由于体温过低。本病例提供了一个独特的机会，通过分析骨折模式、机制和与抽搐的关系来研究死亡过程。

引用次数: 0

Forensic imaging in mass disasters: results of the use of post-mortem computed tomography in earthquake victims 大规模灾害中的法医成像：在地震受害者身上使用死后计算机断层扫描的结果

IF 1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING

Forensic Imaging

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2025.200663

Anna Laura Santunione , Jessika Camatti , Filippo Baldoni , Enrico Silingardi , Pietro Torricelli , Rossana Cecchi

The use of Post-Mortem Computed Tomography (PMCT) has been proposed to investigate victims of mass fatalities. This study presents forensic investigations conducted on victims of a mass disaster.

In May 2012, an earthquake occurred in the province of Modena (Italy). On that occasion, 12 workers died and were found lifeless under the rubble of the industries in which they worked. All corpses were identified at the scene of the natural accident. The Prosecutor asked the forensic pathologist to perform only an external examination to identify the cause and manner of death. The forensic pathologist obtained permission to also perform PMCT to produce additional medico-legal evidence. The Prosecutor would request a judicial autopsy if the previous investigations had proved insufficient to define the cause and manner of death.

External examination revealed the presence of bone fractures, enabling localization of the injuries by anatomical region (skull, thorax, pelvis, upper extremities, lower extremities). PMCT was beneficial in identifying the exact nature and extent of skeletal injuries and direct (e.g., shattered organ) and indirect (e.g., hemoperitoneum without obvious organ laceration) evidence of organ injury. In two cases, PMCT findings were essential to perfecting the diagnosis of the cause of death.

Our experience supports the view that, in cases of major natural disasters, cause and manner of death may be determined with a reasonable degree of medical certainty thanks to circumstantial elements, external examination, and PMCT findings.

死人后计算机断层扫描（PMCT）已被提议用于调查大规模死亡事件的受害者。这项研究介绍了对大规模灾难受害者进行的法医调查。2012年5月，意大利摩德纳省发生地震。在那次事故中，12名工人死亡，在他们工作的工厂的废墟下被发现时已经没有生命。所有的尸体都是在自然事故现场辨认出来的。检察官只要求法医病理学家进行外部检查，以确定死因和死亡方式。法医病理学家也获得了进行PMCT的许可，以提供更多的法医学证据。如果以前的调查证明不足以确定死因和死亡方式，检察官将要求进行司法尸检。外部检查显示骨折的存在，能够根据解剖区域（颅骨、胸腔、骨盆、上肢、下肢）定位损伤。PMCT有助于确定骨骼损伤的确切性质和程度，以及器官损伤的直接（如器官破碎）和间接（如无明显器官撕裂的腹膜出血）证据。在两个病例中，PMCT检查结果对完善死因诊断至关重要。我们的经验支持这样一种观点，即在发生重大自然灾害的情况下，由于环境因素、外部检查和PMCT检查结果，死因和死亡方式可以在医学上有合理程度的确定性。

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引用次数: 0

Forensic applications of 3D whole-body scans: Visual evaluation 3D全身扫描的法医应用：视觉评估

IF 1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING

Forensic Imaging

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2025.200659

Dominik Černý, Petra Urbanová

This study investigates the potential of using three-dimensional digital models of the human body, captured with a [TC]² whole-body scanner, to assess visual traits for forensic personal identification. The study sample contained 309 volunteers (164 males, 145 females). Fifteen visual traits were assessed (13 unisex and one sex-specific per sex).

Intra-observer error was quantified to assess repeatability. Relationships between traits and participants were examined using correspondence analysis. Differences between individuals were expressed as Hamming distances, evaluated by ROC analysis for identification performance (AUC, sensitivity, specificity). Closest-match analysis was used to test rank-1 identification accuracy.

The intra-observer error revealed moderate inconsistencies for three traits: prominence of scapulae (κ = 0.42), chest shape (κ = 0.40), and muscle development (κ = 0.43). Correspondence analysis explained 90 % of total variance, with the first three axes accounting for 8.1 %, 5.6 %, and 4.8 %, reflecting variation in muscle development and shoulder morphology. ROC analysis demonstrated suitable classification accuracy (AUC = 0.919). Males showed higher accuracy (AUC = 0.937) than females (AUC = 0.901). Closest-match analysis showed that 47.7 % of individuals were correctly identified at rank 1, with better results for females (48.3 %) than males (41.2 %).

本研究探讨了使用[TC]²全身扫描仪捕获的人体三维数字模型来评估法医个人身份识别的视觉特征的潜力。研究样本包括309名志愿者（164名男性，145名女性）。评估了15种视觉特征（13种男女通用，每种性别有一种）。对观察者内部误差进行量化以评估可重复性。性状与被试之间的关系采用对应分析进行检验。个体之间的差异以汉明距离表示，通过ROC分析评估识别性能（AUC、敏感性、特异性）。最接近匹配分析用于检验1级识别的准确性。观察者内部误差显示了三个特征的中度不一致：肩胛骨突出（κ = 0.42），胸部形状（κ = 0.40）和肌肉发育（κ = 0.43）。对应分析解释了90%的总方差，前三个轴分别占8.1%、5.6%和4.8%，反映了肌肉发育和肩部形态的变化。ROC分析表明，分类准确率较好（AUC = 0.919）。男性的准确率（AUC = 0.937）高于女性（AUC = 0.901）。最接近匹配分析表明，47.7%的个体在第1位被正确识别，女性（48.3%）的结果优于男性（41.2%）。

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