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Virtopsy concept around the world: Institute-based survey of worldwide forensic postmortem imaging 世界各地的 Virtopsy 概念:基于机构的全球法医尸检成像调查
IF 1.1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2024.200595
Natalia Khmara , Rilana Baumeister , Wolf Schweitzer , Michael Thali , Garyfalia Ampanozi
<div><p>Introduction: Forensic routine postmortem imaging in excess of photography and conventional X-ray has been pushed since a few years, in some instances under the name ”Virtopsy”. It constitutes a pivotal innovation in forensic medicine as it allows for the non-invasive exploration of the deceased through diverse imaging techniques. This study offers an analysis of a survey with focus on the worldwide adoption and application of postmortem imaging. Our goal is to uncover and understand regional variances in its deployment application. Methods: A survey comprising 18 questions, both closed-ended and open-ended, was designed collaboratively and distributed globally via email and social network. The survey addressed topics such as autopsy rates, imaging modalities, indications for postmortem imaging, personnel involved, evaluation methods, and communication of findings. The survey was initially sent to institutes with published postmortem imaging research, and later, it was distributed through international forensic radiology and radiographer associations. Statistical analysis was conducted to interpret the results. Results: Responses were obtained from 29 countries, representing 6 continents, with a total of 100 participating institutions. European institutions were predominant (69%), followed by Australia (9), North America (8), Asia (7), Africa (6) and South America (1). The majority of institutions reported 100-500 autopsies annually (31). Among the institutes that reported that they perform post mortem imaging (PMI), most listed postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) as modality (89%). The request to perform PMI was issued by institutes of forensic medicine (51%), researchers (42%), police (43%) or public prosecutor’s office (54%). 48% of the respondents stated that an autopsy must always be performed, even if the cause and manner of death can be ascertained by postmortem imaging. radiographers were primarily responsible for technically performing PMCT (65%) whereas physicians were listed in 28%, autopsy technicians in 18%. The majority of the institutions (32%) identified clinical radiologists as the primary individuals responsible for reading, evaluating radiological images, and writing reports. Many respondents (64%) reported that their image readers had attended specialized postmortem imaging courses. Communication of findings typically involved written reports (28%) or a combination of written reports and illustrated images (31%). Membership of survey respondents was indicated in 38% for the International Society of Forensic Radiology and Imaging (ISFRI) and 5% for the International Association of Forensic Radiographers (IAFR). The question was how many of the responders are members of a PMI focused radiological society or work group. 52% (44 out of 85) respondents indicated they were not a member of a postmortem imaging society. The memberships listed are ISFRI (38%), IAFR (5%) and AGFB (Arbeitsgruppe Forensische Bildgebung, 4%). Con
导言:法医常规尸检成像已超过照相和传统 X 光,并在某些情况下被称为 "Virtopsy"。它是法医学的一项重要创新,因为它允许通过不同的成像技术对死者进行非侵入性探查。本研究对一项调查进行了分析,重点是死后成像技术在全球的采用和应用情况。我们的目标是揭示和了解其部署应用的地区差异。调查方法我们合作设计了一份包含 18 个问题的调查问卷,既有封闭式问题,也有开放式问题,并通过电子邮件和社交网络向全球发布。调查涉及的主题包括尸检率、成像模式、尸检成像的适应症、参与人员、评估方法和结果交流等。调查最初发送给已发表尸检成像研究成果的机构,随后通过国际法医放射学和放射技师协会分发。对调查结果进行了统计分析。结果:共有来自 6 大洲 29 个国家的 100 家机构参与了问卷调查。欧洲机构占多数(69%),其次是澳大利亚(9 家)、北美(8 家)、亚洲(7 家)、非洲(6 家)和南美(1 家)。大多数机构报告每年进行 100-500 例尸体解剖(31 例)。在报告进行尸检成像(PMI)的机构中,大多数机构(89%)将尸检计算机断层扫描(PMCT)列为检查方式。法医研究所(51%)、研究人员(42%)、警方(43%)或检察院(54%)提出了进行尸检成像的要求。48%的受访者表示,即使死后成像可以确定死因和死亡方式,也必须进行尸检。放射技师主要负责从技术上进行 PMCT(65%),医生占 28%,尸检技师占 18%。大多数机构(32%)认为临床放射医师是负责阅读、评估放射图像和撰写报告的主要人员。许多受访者(64%)称,他们的图像阅读人员参加过专门的尸检成像课程。调查结果的交流通常包括书面报告(28%)或书面报告与图解图像相结合(31%)。38%的调查对象是国际法医放射学和影像学学会(ISFRI)的成员,5%是国际法医放射技师协会(IAFR)的成员。问题是有多少答复者是以PMI为重点的放射学会或工作小组的成员。52%的受访者(85人中有44人)表示他们不是尸检成像协会的成员。这些成员包括:ISFRI(38%)、IAFR(5%)和 AGFB(Arbeitsgruppe Forensische Bildgebung,4%)。结论这项研究提供了法医学利用死后成像技术的全球视角,揭示了各地区在实践和技术采用方面的差异。研究还深入探讨了不同国家在这一领域所涉及的人员、技术和程序。
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引用次数: 0
Scaling up contrast-enhanced micro-CT imaging: Optimizing contrast and acquisition for large ex-vivo human samples 扩大对比度增强显微 CT 成像:优化大型体外人体样本的对比度和采集
IF 1.1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-04-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2024.200596
Daniël Docter , Melanie Timmerman , Yousif Dawood , Jaco Hagoort , Nick Lobe , Ernst van Heurn , Ramon Gorter , Karl Jacobs , Grzegorz Pyka , Greet Kerckhofs , Maurice J.B. van den Hoff , Bernadette de Bakker

Microfocus Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) is a novel method for non-destructive 3D imaging of samples, reaching microscale resolutions. While initially prominent in material sciences for small samples, micro-CT now gains significance in biological and medical studies. Here we present our utilization of micro-CT for imaging large ex-vivo human samples for anatomical and forensic research in three recent experiments and discuss the fundamentals of micro-CT imaging.

For pelvic anatomical research, whole human pelvises were imaged to explore nerve anatomy around the prostate using various concentrations of buffered lugol (B-lugol). Advanced acquisition protocols were essential due to X-ray attenuation properties of the sample, which required higher energy for sufficient photon transmission.

For fetal research, B-lugol stained fetuses of 20–24 gestational weeks underwent full body imaging. However, this led to challenging acquisition parameters and images of insufficient quality. Subsequent destaining yielded less dense, yet contrast-maintaining samples allowing higher quality images. Refined acquisition protocols with reduced energy improved image quality.

For forensic research, explanted hyoid-larynx complexes were imaged. Micro-CT imaging showed potential in visualizing micro-fractures. The addition of B-lugol allowed for excellent soft tissue contrast and promising possibilities for forensic evaluation.

In conclusion, micro-CT imaging accommodates a diversity of large ex-vivo human samples for anatomical and forensic purposes, though challenges arise with optimal soft tissue staining and acquisition protocols. We describe partial destaining as a new possibility to alleviate scanning issues to improve scan quality and highlight topics for future research. Micro-CT imaging is a promising new avenue for medical research and forensic evaluation.

微聚焦计算机断层扫描(Micro-CT)是一种对样品进行非破坏性三维成像的新方法,分辨率可达微米级。显微计算机断层扫描最初主要用于材料科学中的小型样品,现在在生物和医学研究中也越来越重要。在这里,我们介绍了最近在三项实验中利用微型计算机断层扫描对解剖学和法医学研究中的大型体外人体样本进行成像的情况,并讨论了微型计算机断层扫描成像的基本原理。在骨盆解剖学研究中,使用不同浓度的缓冲鲁戈尔(B-lugol)对整个人体骨盆进行成像,以探索前列腺周围的神经解剖结构。由于样本的 X 射线衰减特性,需要更高的能量才能实现足够的光子传输,因此必须采用先进的采集协议。在胎儿研究方面,对 20-24 孕周的 B-lugol 染色胎儿进行了全身成像。然而,这导致采集参数具有挑战性,图像质量不高。随后的去渍处理使样本密度降低,但仍能保持对比度,从而获得更高质量的图像。为进行法医研究,对取出的舌骨-喉复合体进行了成像。显微 CT 成像显示了观察微小骨折的潜力。总之,尽管最佳的软组织染色和采集方案面临挑战,但显微 CT 成像仍可用于解剖和法医目的的各种大型体外人体样本。我们介绍了部分去染色作为缓解扫描问题以提高扫描质量的一种新的可能性,并强调了未来研究的主题。显微 CT 成像是医学研究和法医评估的一个前景广阔的新途径。
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引用次数: 0
Reduction methods for finger irradiation doses in mass disasters: A comparative study 减少大规模灾难中手指辐照剂量的方法:比较研究
IF 1.1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2024.200594
Atsushi Iwawaki , Yusei Otaka , Takeru Ishii , Akihiro Ochiai , Shinji Kito , Hideki Saka

Purpose

Since many intraoral radiographs are taken in mass disasters, it is important to reduce the finger irradiation dose to the operator and caregivers in intraoral radiography. However, there is not enough reporting on finger irradiation doses when the detector is placed in the oral cavity of a corpse. The objective of this study was to examine finger irradiation doses when using detector holders and protective gloves and to compare various reduction methods.

Methods

One type of disposable and two types of protective gloves were employed in this study. The average irradiation dose was calculated by dividing the accumulated dose by the number of irradiation events for intraoral imaging of the left mandibular molar; since the dosimeter detects a cumulative dose, irradiation was continued until the dose exceeded 100 μSv. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance, Bonferroni test, and multiple comparisons test (α = 0.05).

Results

A significant dose reduction was observed using protective gloves (maximum: 63%, mean: 59%; p<0.01). No significant difference in the irradiation dose to the finger was observed when disposable gloves were layered on protective gloves. When protective gloves were used with the detector holder held at the end position, the radiation dose reduced by approximately 91% compared to when the detector was held directly in the oral cavity. Implementing these radioprotective measures can reduce the risks of increased radiation exposure and contamination.

Conclusions

The combined use of detector holders and protective gloves was effective in reducing the radiation exposure to the operator's fingers.

目的由于在大规模灾难中会拍摄许多口腔内放射照片,因此在口腔内放射摄影中减少操作者和护理人员的手指辐射剂量非常重要。然而,关于将探测器放置在尸体口腔内时手指辐照剂量的报道并不多。本研究的目的是检测使用探测器支架和防护手套时的手指辐照剂量,并比较各种减少剂量的方法。平均辐照剂量的计算方法是:左下颌臼齿口内成像的累积剂量除以辐照次数;由于剂量计检测的是累积剂量,因此辐照一直持续到剂量超过 100 μSv 为止。统计分析采用单因素方差分析、Bonferroni 检验和多重比较检验(α = 0.05)。将一次性手套叠加在防护手套上时,手指受到的辐照剂量没有明显差异。当使用防护手套并将探测器支架放在末端位置时,与直接将探测器放在口腔中相比,辐射剂量减少了约 91%。结论 联合使用探测器支架和防护手套可有效减少操作员手指受到的辐射照射。
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引用次数: 0
Development of a technique for postmortem CT angiography of fetuses with a lipophilic contrast agent 利用亲脂性造影剂开发胎儿死后 CT 血管造影技术
IF 1.1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2024.200593
Jessica Vanhaebost , Nicolas Michoux , Xavier de Spiegeleire , Silke Grabherr , Emmanuel Coche

Background and objectives

Postmortem examinations of fetuses play a crucial role in confirming abnormalities, especially vascular and cardiac malformations leading to fetal demise. This study aims at developing and assessing a method for acquiring Post-Mortem CT-Angiography (PMCTA) with the injection of a lipophilic contrast agent (CA) to better visualize the great vessels of the trunk and head.

Materials and methods

25 human fetuses (gestational age at death between 106 days and 28 weeks) were included. Examinations were performed using a dual-energy Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) scanner. Three imaging sequences were acquired, before CA injection, after injection of 7mL of CA through umbilical artery (arterial phase), and after an injection of 15mL of CA through umbilical vein (venous phase). CA-induced vascular opacification was scored per-vessel in both phases as follows: 0 = none, 1 = partial, 2 = complete. Total opacification was defined as the sum of the per-vessel opacification scores.

Results

In 23/25 subjects, CA injection into the umbilical vessels was feasible manually using flexible catheters. After the first injection, at least a partial opacification of the arterial network was achieved in 15/23 (65%) subjects. After the second injection, a complete opacification of the venous network was achieved in 18/23 (78%) subjects. Failures occurred in 10/25 (40%) subjects and were mostly due to the preservation status.

Conclusion

PMCTA performed with a two-phase intra-umbilical injection of a lipophilic CA enabled to visualize the vascular network, even after a significant a postmortem interval. This protocol may help in detecting vascular malformations, improving clinical diagnoses and prenatal counselling.

背景和目的 胎儿死后检查在确认畸形,尤其是导致胎儿死亡的血管和心脏畸形方面起着至关重要的作用。本研究旨在开发和评估一种通过注射亲脂性造影剂(CA)获取死后 CT-血管造影(PMCTA)的方法,以更好地观察躯干和头部的大血管。检查使用双能量多载体计算机断层扫描(MDCT)扫描仪进行。分别在注射CA前、通过脐动脉注射7毫升CA后(动脉期)和通过脐静脉注射15毫升CA后(静脉期)采集三个成像序列。在这两个阶段中,每个血管的 CA 诱导血管不透明评分如下:0 = 无,1 = 部分,2 = 完全。结果 在 23/25 名受试者中,可以使用柔性导管手动向脐血管注射 CA。第一次注射后,15/23(65%)名受试者的动脉网络至少实现了部分不透明。第二次注射后,18/23(78%)名受试者的静脉网络实现了完全透明化。10/25 例受试者(40%)出现了失败,主要是由于保存状态造成的。结论 通过脐内两阶段注射亲脂 CA 进行的 PMCTA 能够观察到血管网络,即使是在死后间隔了很长时间之后。该方案有助于检测血管畸形,改善临床诊断和产前咨询。
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引用次数: 0
The cardiothoracic ratio on postmortem CT as a screening tool for cardiomegaly in the Thai population. 将死后 CT 上的心胸比率作为泰国人群中心脏肥大的筛查工具。
IF 1.1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2024.200592
Chowditchapong Pongnaruechit, Panuwat Chutivongse, Koravik Meesilpavikkai

Introduction

In forensic radiology, the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) calculated from postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) images can be used to detect cardiomegaly. In this study, a new measurement method is studied that involves measurement in the anteroposterior (AP) and transverse directions, with a reference level based on the Thai population.

Objective

To screen for cardiomegaly using the CTR calculated from PMCT images.

Research method

A sample size of 116 deceased Thai individuals who underwent PMCT before autopsy was obtained. Individuals were divided into two groups: normal heart weight and overweight heart. Hearts heavier than the mean plus one standard deviation were categorized into the overweight group. The CTR was calculated in both the AP and transverse directions at six reference levels. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were calculated to determine the CTR cutoff point for the diagnosis of cardiomegaly.

Results

The CTR cutoff values for diagnosing cardiomegaly were as follows: 1) CTR >0.5 in the transverse direction at the mid-vertebra of T7 (sensitivity, 75.6%; specificity, 70.6%; area under the ROC curve 0.81), 2) CTR >0.49 in the transverse direction at the mid-vertebra of T8 (sensitivity 71%, specificity 81.4%, area under the ROC curve 0.80). The selection of the cutoff values depended on the location of the heart. The area under the ROC curve in the AP direction was in the range 0.5-0.7, which is inferior compared to the transverse direction (0.7-0.9).

Conclusion

Calculating the CTR with a reference level on PMCT images can assist in the diagnosis of cardiomegaly.

引言在法医放射学中,根据死后计算机断层扫描(PMCT)图像计算出的心胸比例(CTR)可用于检测心脏肥大。本研究研究了一种新的测量方法,包括前后(AP)和横向的测量,并以泰国人群为参考水平。研究方法获得了116名在尸检前接受过PMCT检查的泰国死者样本。这些人被分为两组:心脏重量正常组和心脏超重组。体重超过平均值加一个标准差的心脏被归入超重组。在六个参考水平上计算 AP 和横向的 CTR。结果 诊断心脏肥大的 CTR 临界值如下:1)T7椎体中段横向的CTR值为0.5(灵敏度为75.6%,特异度为70.6%,ROC曲线下面积为0.81);2)T8椎体中段横向的CTR值为0.49(灵敏度为71%,特异度为81.4%,ROC曲线下面积为0.80)。截断值的选择取决于心脏的位置。AP方向的ROC曲线下面积在0.5-0.7之间,低于横向(0.7-0.9)。
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引用次数: 0
Estimating South African socio-cultural identity using sub-specific discriminate 3D shape matrices 利用亚特定判别三维形状矩阵估算南非社会文化特征
IF 1.1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2024.200591
Alison Fany Ridel, Ericka Noelle L'Abbé

In forensic anthropology, the probable identification of an unknown individual is based on the presence of quantifiable phenotypic variations and the relationship of these variations to the individual's socio-cultural identity. This study aims to create sub-specific discriminate shape matrices to estimate socio-cultural identity among a modern black South African sample, with a particular emphasis on developing standards for predicting mid-facial variation within this population.

The sample consists of 191 adult South Africans representing nine modern black South African socio-cultural identity groups obtained from the Pretoria Bone Collection in the Department of Anatomy at the University of Pretoria. Three-dimensional (3D) modelling of the relevant anatomical area was performed using an EinScan H 3D scanner. The 3D anatomical extraction was performed by placing 37 standard craniometric landmarks and 388 sliding landmarks on 3D models.

The analysis of variance associated with the linear model “shape against socio-cultural identity” explained 95.5% of overall shape variation showed that variations in midfacial shape configurations were statistically significant (MANOVA: p= 0.001; 50-50 MANOVA: p <2e-16) for all shape configurations, including sub-specific discriminate shape matrices, separately. Additionally, cross-validated linear discriminant function analysis yielded an accuracy between 73.01% and 91.53% for all shape configurations and sub-specific discriminant shape matrices, reflecting the discriminative power of socio-cultural identity groups in the black South African population.

Our findings support the utilization of geometric morphometric methods (GMM) for socio-cultural identity estimation as they allow us to retain the objects' geometry and statistically analyze subtle structural differences.

在法医人类学中,未知个体的可能身份识别是基于是否存在可量化的表型变异以及这些变异与个体社会文化身份的关系。本研究旨在创建亚特异性辨别形状矩阵,以估计现代南非黑人样本中的社会文化身份,特别强调制定预测该人群面部中部变异的标准。样本由 191 名成年南非人组成,代表九个现代南非黑人社会文化身份群体,这些样本来自比勒陀利亚大学解剖学系的比勒陀利亚骨骼收藏。使用 EinScan H 三维扫描仪对相关解剖区域进行了三维建模。三维解剖提取是通过在三维模型上放置 37 个标准颅骨测量地标和 388 个滑动地标来完成的。与 "形状与社会文化身份 "线性模型相关的方差分析解释了 95.5% 的整体形状变化,结果显示,中面部形状配置的变化对所有形状配置(包括亚特异性判别形状矩阵)分别具有显著的统计学意义(MANOVA:p= 0.001;50-50 MANOVA:p <2e-16)。此外,通过交叉验证线性判别函数分析,所有形状配置和亚特定判别形状矩阵的准确率介于 73.01% 和 91.53% 之间,反映了南非黑人社会文化身份群体的判别能力。我们的研究结果支持将几何形态计量方法 (GMM) 用于社会文化身份估计,因为它们允许我们保留对象的几何形状,并对细微的结构差异进行统计分析。
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引用次数: 0
Forensic significance and inferential value of PMCT features in charred bodies: A bicentric study 烧焦尸体中 PMCT 特征的法医意义和推断价值:双中心研究
IF 1.1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2024.200590
Antonio Oliva , Simone Grassi , Massimo Zedda , Linda Calistri , Francesca Cazzato , Valentina Masini , Matteo Polacco , Federica Maiolatesi , Ilenia Bianchi , Beatrice Defraia , Rossella Grifoni , Laura Filograna , Luigi Natale , Martina Focardi , Vilma Pinchi

Post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) is a diagnostic tool that provides essential information in forensic field. This radiological technique can play a pivotal role in personal identification, gunshot injuries, major traumatic injuries, child abuse, drowning asphyxia, embolism, COVID-19, sudden death, and charring cases.

Post-mortem imaging can be used to investigate charred bodies as it allows the forensic examiner to distinguish traumatic and heat injuries. PMCT images can also provide additional information to determine whether the individual was alive at the time the fire started.

In our bicentric study, we performed PMCT on 15 cases of charred bodies (10 males and 5 females) collected at the Florence University (Florence, Italy) and Catholic University of The Sacred Heart (Rome, Italy) before the external examination and/or full autopsy examination. In both the institutions, PMCT was performed through a Siemens SOMATOM 16-slice CT scanner (Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin, 2010).

The aim of the current study was to obtain unambiguous information that could help determine the cause of death by comparing our PMCT findings with the most recent evidence in the scientific literature. Our investigations focused on the evaluation of bone texture and differences from traumatic fractures, leading also to an improvement in the interpretation of some aspecific findings (e.g., soot) from the integration of the radiological information with the autopsy results.

The data obtained in our study support PMCT as a reliable diagnostic tool in the study of charred corpses and represent basic evidence for further applications of radiology in the forensic field.

死后计算机断层扫描(PMCT)是法医领域提供重要信息的诊断工具。这种放射学技术可在个人身份鉴定、枪伤、重大创伤、虐待儿童、溺水窒息、栓塞、COVID-19、猝死和烧焦案件中发挥关键作用。死后成像可用于调查烧焦的尸体,因为它能让法医区分外伤和热伤。在我们的双中心研究中,我们对佛罗伦萨大学(意大利佛罗伦萨)和圣心天主教大学(意大利罗马)收集的 15 例烧焦尸体(10 男 5 女)进行了 PMCT,然后再进行外部检查和/或全面尸检。本研究的目的是通过比较我们的 PMCT 发现和科学文献中的最新证据,获得有助于确定死因的明确信息。我们的研究重点是评估骨骼纹理以及与创伤性骨折的差异,通过将放射学信息与尸检结果相结合,我们还改进了对一些特殊发现(如烟尘)的解释。我们的研究获得的数据支持 PMCT 成为研究烧焦尸体的可靠诊断工具,并为放射学在法医领域的进一步应用提供了基本证据。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of the body position during PMCT: Implications for 3D reconstructions PMCT 期间身体位置的影响:对三维重建的意义
IF 1.1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2024.200589
Conrad Uldall Becker Schultz, Christina Jacobsen, Chiara Villa

Objectives

variations in the positions of organs and bones resulting from two different body positions during PMCT were investigated.

Methodology

Forty-four bodies were CT-scanned in two positions and compared using 18 landmarks and 27 distances.

Results and conclusion

Differences below 1 cm were observed for all measurements. The most significant variation was observed along the cranio-caudal plan (z). Awareness of these movements is important when using 3D models for visualization or 3D reconstructions.

结果和结论所有测量值的差异均低于 1 厘米。沿头颅-尾椎平面(z)观察到的差异最大。在使用三维模型进行可视化或三维重建时,意识到这些移动非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of water and other filters on fracture resolution in industrial micro-CT scanning 水和其他过滤器对工业显微 CT 扫描中断口分辨率的影响
IF 1.1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2024.200588
Mary R. Mani, Angi M. Christensen, Amani Rafiq

Filtering is known to improve image quality of CT scans. Water immersion is one type of filtering that has been used for CT scanning dry (skeletonized) bones, and it has been suggested that this approach can increase measurement accuracy and improve fracture resolution. These tests have previously involved clinical CT scanners. Here we use an industrial micro-CT scanner and test whether water immersion and other x-ray filtering options increases fracture resolution in reconstructed scans of dry bones.

Eleven dry non-human bones were CT scanned using the same acquisition parameters, while varying filter options. Bones were scanned (1) in an unfiltered “dry” air environment, (2) using metal filters at the x-ray source, and (3) with the bones immersed in water. A small subset of bones (N = 3) was also scanned using the same parameters except increasing the number of projections acquired from 500 to 1500. Reconstructed scans were evaluated by the authors, in part using a Likert scale comparing filtered with unfiltered scans, to assess fracture resolution (overall appearance and extent).

Results showed that increasing the projections resulted in the greatest improvement in fracture resolution, followed by filtering at the x-ray source. Water immersion performed poorly overall, possibly due to movement artifacts that result from this type of scanning, in which the specimen rotates on a stage during the scan. When using this type of CT scanner, if increased fracture resolution is desired, water immersion is not recommended; increasing the number of projections or filtering at the x-ray source is suggested instead.

众所周知,滤波可提高 CT 扫描的图像质量。水浸是一种过滤方法,已被用于 CT 扫描干燥(骨骼化)的骨骼,有人认为这种方法可以提高测量精度和骨折分辨率。这些测试以前都是在临床 CT 扫描仪上进行的。在这里,我们使用一台工业用微型 CT 扫描仪,测试水浸泡和其他 X 射线过滤选项是否能提高干骨重建扫描的骨折分辨率。对这些骨骼进行了以下扫描:(1) 在未经过滤的 "干燥 "空气环境中;(2) 在 X 射线源处使用金属过滤器;(3) 将骨骼浸泡在水中。对一小部分骨骼(N = 3)也使用相同的参数进行扫描,只是将获取的投影次数从 500 增加到 1500。结果显示,增加投影次数对骨折分辨率的改善最大,其次是在 X 射线源处进行过滤。水浸法的整体表现较差,这可能是由于这种扫描方式在扫描过程中标本在平台上旋转而产生的运动伪影。在使用这种 CT 扫描仪时,如果希望提高骨折分辨率,不建议使用水浸法;建议增加投影次数或在 X 射线源处进行过滤。
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引用次数: 0
Bone mineral density measurements in postmortem computed tomography: An open-source approach 死后计算机断层扫描中的骨矿物质密度测量:一种开源方法
IF 1.1 Q4 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2024.200586
Kasper Hansen , Dennis Vinther , Lene Warner Thorup Boel , Gülislam Ağacan , Jesper Thygesen , Lars Uhrenholt , Henrik Lauridsen

Objectives

In quantitative postmortem computed tomography (qPMCT) the presence of putrefaction gas in tissues can obscure measurements such as bone mineral density (BMD). Quantitative CT analysis procedures adopted directly from clinical CT may not be designed to compensate for intracorporeal gas, which require additional measures for PM-imaging applications. Thus, a solid unbiased procedure for volumetric BMD analysis in PMCT of the deceased presenting with intracorporeal gas is desirable.

Materials and methods

We tested three different analysis procedures (AP1-3) for BMD analysis of the lumbar vertebrae (L1-3). Data in this retrospective study was based on synchronous PMCT acquisition with a solid five-phase Cann-Genant phantom from routine forensic examinations of 154 individuals distributed into three putrefaction groups: “None” (n = 95), “Mild” (n = 54), and “Moderate” (n = 10). AP1 was based on commercially available software (“Mindways”), which required the operator to subjectively place region of interest (ROIs) in areas without gas. The open-source software (“FIJI”) was used for AP2 and AP3 and enabled comparison of objectively placed ROIs with AP1. In AP3, threshold-filtering was applied to remove the signal from gas (in AP2 data) prior to BMD analysis.

Results

AP1 provided higher BMD values than AP2-3 due to subjective placement of ROIs in denser cortical areas. AP2 yielded the lowest BMD measurements with most variation, while AP3 yielded BMD measurements comparable to in vivo values published in clinical studies. AP3 provided greater interobserver correlation.

Conclusion

AP3 provided a simple open-source software-based approach to PMCT BMD analysis that allows for precise BMD measurements in PMCT.

目的在尸体定量计算机断层扫描(qPMCT)中,组织中存在的腐败气体会掩盖骨矿物质密度(BMD)等测量结果。直接从临床 CT 采用的定量 CT 分析程序可能无法弥补体腔内气体,这就需要在 PM 成像应用中采取额外措施。因此,我们需要一种可靠、无偏见的程序,用于对存在体外气体的死者进行 PMCT 体积 BMD 分析。材料与方法 我们测试了三种不同的分析程序(AP1-3),用于分析腰椎(L1-3)的 BMD。这项回顾性研究的数据是基于对 154 人进行的常规法医检查得出的同步 PMCT 采集结果,这些人被分为三个腐烂组,分别是:"无"(n = 95)、"有"(n = 95)和 "无"(n = 95):无"(95 人)、"轻度"(54 人)和 "中度"(10 人)。AP1 基于市售软件("Mindways"),要求操作员主观地将感兴趣区(ROI)置于无气体区域。AP2 和 AP3 使用的是开源软件("FIJI"),可将客观放置的 ROI 与 AP1 进行比较。在 AP3 中,在进行 BMD 分析之前,应用了阈值滤波以去除气体信号(在 AP2 数据中)。结果 AP1 提供的 BMD 值高于 AP2-3,原因是主观地将 ROI 放置在皮质较致密的区域。AP2 得出的 BMD 测量值最低,差异最大,而 AP3 得出的 BMD 测量值与临床研究公布的体内值相当。结论AP3为PMCT BMD分析提供了一种基于开源软件的简单方法,可在PMCT中进行精确的BMD测量。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Forensic Imaging
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