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Antenna beamwidth considerations 天线波束宽度的考虑
Pub Date : 1989-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NSEMC.1989.37215
R.P. Trefney
An empirical investigation is described in which the author studied antenna beamwidth of radiation and how it contributes to errors in the measurement of radiated profiles due to the antenna's directivity. These errors result because measurements are often taken using highly directional antennas that tend to mask the full measurement amplitude of the equipment under test (EUT) due to the antenna's directivity. Errors from this oversight may cause units to appear within prescribed radiation limits when in fact they may be falling. The author suggests that either a variable test distance be used to accommodate the beamwidth of the given antenna or some fixed distance which would adequately include the narrowest beamwidth that would be used, thereby allowing the measurement antenna to illuminate the EUT fully. He further suggests that all measurements be conducted on bore sight with respect to the EUT as seen by the measurement antenna.<>
本文描述了一项实证研究,作者研究了天线的辐射波束宽度以及由于天线的指向性而导致的辐射剖面测量误差。这些误差的产生是因为测量通常使用高度定向的天线,由于天线的指向性,往往会掩盖被测设备(EUT)的全部测量幅度。这种疏忽造成的错误可能会导致反应堆出现在规定的辐射限制范围内,而实际上它们可能正在下降。作者建议,要么使用可变的测试距离来适应给定天线的波束宽度,要么使用一些固定的距离,以充分包括将使用的最窄波束宽度,从而允许测量天线完全照亮EUT。他进一步建议,所有的测量都应根据测量天线看到的EUT在瞄准眼上进行。
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引用次数: 0
Calculation of energy in transient overvoltages 瞬态过电压的能量计算
Pub Date : 1989-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NSEMC.1989.37183
R. B. Standler
It is argued that the calculation of the energy in a transient overvoltage using the time integral of V/sup 2/(t)/Z, where Z has the default value of 50 Omega and the voltage, V(t), is that between the hot conductor in the AC line and ground, is inaccurate. A quantitative error analysis is presented that uses an artificial AC line network to simulate a long branch circuit and to give the impedance of the AC line as a function of frequency. A method for measuring energy dissipated in a varistor is advocated for use in future experiments. While measuring the energy in a varistor avoids many of the problems associated with the overvoltage energy, the energy dissipated in a varistor is also an underestimate of the total energy in the transient overvoltage.<>
有人认为,使用V/sup 2/(t)/Z的时间积分计算瞬态过电压中的能量是不准确的,其中Z的默认值为50 ω,电压V(t)是交流线路中热导体与地之间的电压。采用人工交流线路网络模拟长支路,给出了交流线路阻抗随频率变化的定量误差分析方法。提出了一种测量压敏电阻器耗散能量的方法,供将来的实验使用。虽然测量压敏电阻中的能量可以避免与过电压能量相关的许多问题,但压敏电阻中耗散的能量也低估了瞬态过电压中的总能量。
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引用次数: 10
Photonic probes for the measurement of electromagnetic fields over broad bandwidths 用于测量宽频带上电磁场的光子探针
Pub Date : 1989-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NSEMC.1989.37139
K. Masterson, L. D. Driver, M. Kanda
The characteristics of photonic systems that make them especially well suited for use as broadband electromagnetic (EM) field sensors are discussed. Transfer functions are given for the individual components of such a measurement system, with special emphasis given to those of Pockels-cell and modified-directional-coupler optical modulators. An isotropic electric-field meter having 15-cm resistively tapered dipole elements combined with bulk crystal, Pockels-cell modulators is described. The meter's frequency response is flat between 30 kHz and 100 MHz, except for resonances in the modulator crystals that occur between 1 and 10 MHz. For a 3-kHz detection bandwidth, the noise floor is equivalent to a field of about 7 V/m, and the calculated linear dynamic range is 70 dB in EM-field power density. The response is within +or-2 dB of the ideal isotropic response. A photonic probe that uses a modified directional-coupler modulator is briefly described.<>
讨论了光子系统特别适合作为宽带电磁场传感器的特性。给出了这种测量系统的各个组件的传递函数,特别强调了Pockels-cell和修改方向耦合器光调制器的传递函数。描述了一种各向同性电场计,它具有15厘米的电阻锥形偶极子元件和体晶体、波克尔细胞调制器。仪表的频率响应在30千赫和100兆赫之间是平坦的,除了在1和10兆赫之间发生的调制器晶体中的共振。对于3 khz的检测带宽,本底噪声相当于约7 V/m的场,计算出的em场功率密度线性动态范围为70 dB。该响应在理想各向同性响应的±2 dB范围内。本文简要介绍了一种采用改进型方向耦合器调制器的光子探头
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引用次数: 23
Radio system interference analysis and computation method for two co-sited broadband transceivers 两台共址宽带收发机无线电系统干扰分析与计算方法
Pub Date : 1989-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NSEMC.1989.37223
J. Gavan
A qualitative analysis is presented of mutual interference arising when two perfectly shielded transceivers, sited at the same location, are operating simultaneously. The restrictions imposed on the antennas for achieving reliable operation of a third remote system victim receiver are also considered. In addition, some recently developed semiempirical, computer methods are discussed that allow the mutual interference factors affecting several worst-case scenarios to be computed. These computed results are then used to check design modifications and to improve system operational performance, including frequency management.<>
对两台完全屏蔽收发器在同一位置同时工作时产生的相互干扰进行了定性分析。还考虑了为实现第三个远程系统受害接收机的可靠运行而对天线施加的限制。此外,讨论了一些最近发展的半经验的计算机方法,这些方法允许计算影响几种最坏情况的相互干扰因素。这些计算结果然后用于检查设计修改和改进系统的运行性能,包括频率管理。
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引用次数: 0
A method for identifying EMI critical circuits during development of a large C3 一种在大型C3开发过程中识别EMI关键电路的方法
Pub Date : 1989-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NSEMC.1989.37153
D. Barr
The circuit analysis methods and process Boeing Aerospace used on a large, ground-based military command, control, and communications (C/sup 3/) system are described. This analysis was designed to help identify electromagnetic interference (EMI) critical circuits. The methodology used the MIL-E-6051 equipment criticality categories as the basis for defining critical circuits, relational database technology to help sort through and account for all of the approximately 5000 system signal cables, and Macintosh Plus personal computers to predict critical circuits based on safety margin analysis. The EMI circuit analysis process systematically examined all system circuits to identify which ones were likely to be EMI critical. The process used two separate, sequential safety margin analyses to identify critical circuits (conservative safety margin analysis, and detailed safety margin analysis). These analyses used field-to-wire and wire-to-wire coupling models using both worst-case and detailed circuit parameters (physical and electrical) to predict circuit safety margins. This process identified the predicted critical circuits that could then be verified by test.<>
介绍了波音航空航天公司在大型地面军事指挥、控制和通信(C/sup 3/)系统中使用的电路分析方法和过程。该分析旨在帮助识别电磁干扰(EMI)关键电路。该方法使用MIL-E-6051设备关键类别作为定义关键电路的基础,使用关系数据库技术帮助整理和解释所有大约5000条系统信号电缆,并使用Macintosh Plus个人计算机根据安全裕度分析预测关键电路。电磁干扰电路分析过程系统地检查了所有系统电路,以确定哪些电路可能对电磁干扰至关重要。该过程使用两个独立的、顺序的安全裕度分析来识别关键电路(保守安全裕度分析和详细安全裕度分析)。这些分析使用场对线和线对线耦合模型,使用最坏情况和详细的电路参数(物理和电气)来预测电路的安全裕度。这个过程确定了预测的关键电路,然后可以通过测试来验证。
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引用次数: 0
Improved low-frequency performance of pyramid-cone absorbers for application in semi-anechoic chambers 半消声室锥体吸波器低频性能的改进
Pub Date : 1989-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NSEMC.1989.37217
E. Kuester, Christopher L. Holloway, Electromagnetics
A mathematical model, developed by the authors to describe the low-frequency reflection properties of arrays of pyramid-cone absorbers, is used to improve the design of these cones in the range of 30 to 300 MHz. The model shows that at frequencies such that the transverse spacing of the cones is small compared to a wavelength, a reflecting wave is not influenced by the individual cones, but rather the wave is acted upon as if only a one-dimensionally layered, anisotropic equivalent medium exists, whose parameters depend on the geometry and electrical composition of the cones. It is thus possible using elementary means to calculate the reflection coefficient of an arbitrarily polarized and incident plane wave from an array of these cones and hence to assess their performance in an anechoic chamber. Results of the application of this design to semianechoic measurement chambers are presented. These are found to provide closer correlation to the site attenuation curves for an ideal open-field test site.<>
作者建立了一个描述锥体吸收器阵列低频反射特性的数学模型,用于改进锥体阵列在30 ~ 300 MHz范围内的设计。该模型表明,在锥体的横向间距与波长相比较小的频率下,反射波不受单个锥体的影响,而是像只存在一维分层的各向异性等效介质一样作用于反射波,其参数取决于锥体的几何形状和电成分。因此,可以使用基本方法来计算任意极化平面波的反射系数,从而评估它们在消声室中的性能。给出了该设计在半消声测量室中的应用结果。研究发现,对于理想的露天试验场,这些与现场衰减曲线的相关性更强。
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引用次数: 19
A method for interlaboratory stripline susceptibility test calibration 一种实验室间带线药敏试验校准方法
Pub Date : 1989-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NSEMC.1989.37158
K. Williams
A method is presented for correlating susceptibility tests between two different electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) laboratories using stripline antenna test methods by utilizing similar test antennas. A controlled test antenna is used along with swept frequency techniques to gather data rapidly which are then used to correlate results from two or more laboratories or to locate and eliminate the causes of variation between laboratories. If differences in the two sets of measurements cannot be eliminated, these results can be used to provide a quantitative prediction of the differences between the test results to be expected between the two laboratories. The advantage of this approach is that the device under test in this case is passive, uniform, and easily duplicated in different laboratories and does not have many of the disadvantages associated with transporting a generic active device under test from one laboratory to another. The method can be used as a periodic check on the performance of the test system since each laboratory can easily possess its own standard antenna.<>
提出了一种利用相似的测试天线,利用带状线天线测试方法在两个不同的电磁兼容性(EMC)实验室之间进行相关磁化率测试的方法。受控测试天线与扫频技术一起用于快速收集数据,然后用于关联两个或多个实验室的结果,或定位和消除实验室之间差异的原因。如果两组测量值的差异不能消除,这些结果可用于提供两个实验室预期测试结果之间差异的定量预测。这种方法的优点是,在这种情况下,被测试的设备是被动的,均匀的,并且很容易在不同的实验室中复制,并且没有将被测试的通用有源设备从一个实验室运输到另一个实验室的许多缺点。该方法可用于定期检查测试系统的性能,因为每个实验室都可以轻松地拥有自己的标准天线。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of corrosion on the electrical properties of conducted finishes for EMI shielding 腐蚀对电磁干扰屏蔽用导电涂层电性能的影响
Pub Date : 1989-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NSEMC.1989.37149
B. Archambeault, R. Thibeau
A variety of combinations of fingerstock materials both before and after exposure to an accelerated atmospheric corrosion environment was tested. The following materials/finishes were tested during this study: 304 stainless steel, passivated, MIL STD QQ-P-35B; 1010 steel, electroplated bright tin, 0.0003 in. nominal coating thickness, ASTM B545; 1010 steel, electroplated nickel 0.0005 in. nominal coating thickness, ASTMB689; 1010 steel, electroless nickel, 0.0005 in. coating thickness; 1010 steel, zinc-plated, 0.0005 in. plating thickness with yellow chromate conversion coating; 1010 steel, zinc-plated, 0.0002 in. minimum zinc thickness, with blue-bright chromate conversion coating; electrogalvanized steel, 0.0007 in. zinc thickness, with yellow chromate conversion coating; steel with hot-dipped aluminum-zinc (55:45) coating, 0.0008 in. coating thickness; 5052 aluminum, with yellow chromate conversion coating; and 5052 aluminum, with clear chromate conversion coating, ASTM B449, class 3. Metal panels were mated with beryllium copper fingerstock to make the joints typical of computer enclosure doors and panels. The finishes on the beryllium copper were: electroplated bright tin; electroplated bright nickel; electroplated tin-lead (60:40); and bright dip (a thin chromated conversion coating). The transfer impedance of the joint was used to measure the electrical performance and then the corrosion resistance of the conductive finishes.<>
测试了手指托材料在暴露于加速大气腐蚀环境之前和之后的各种组合。在本研究中测试了以下材料/饰面:304不锈钢,钝化,MIL STD QQ-P-35B;1010钢,电镀光亮锡,0.0003 in。ASTM B545标称涂层厚度;1010钢,电镀镍0.0005 in。ASTMB689标称涂层厚度;1010钢,化学镀镍,0.0005英寸。涂层厚度;1010钢,镀锌,0.0005英寸。镀厚用黄铬酸盐转化镀层;1010钢,镀锌,0.0002英寸。最小的锌层厚度,具有蓝色光亮的铬酸盐转化涂层;电镀锌钢,0.0007英寸。锌厚,用黄铬酸盐转化涂层;热浸铝锌(55:45)涂层钢,0.0008英寸。涂层厚度;5052铝,用黄色铬酸盐转化涂层;5052铝,透明铬酸盐转换涂层,ASTM B449, 3级。金属面板与铍铜指托配合使用,使其成为计算机外壳门和面板的典型接头。铍铜的表面处理是:电镀光亮锡;电镀光亮镍;电镀锡铅(60:40);和光亮浸渍(一种薄的铬化转换涂层)。用接头的传递阻抗来测量导电涂层的电性能和耐腐蚀性。
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引用次数: 6
Congruence of low voltage power main transient designs 低压电力主暂态设计的一致性
Pub Date : 1989-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NSEMC.1989.37194
W. Rhoades
It is argued that the conditions and problems for high-voltage protection in the 1920s to 1940s are similar to those prevailing today for low-voltage (under 1000 V RMS) power system transient protection. Data are now being collected beyond voltage crest values vs. occurrence rate such as: waveshape epoch, rate of rise, ringing periods, energy, and energy spectral density. Protection design is complicated by the wide diversity of equipment designs which are installed, differing site conditions, and the effects of load on the power main distribution with transients ranging from electrically fast nanosecond duration to very long duration. Since no present standard can adequately test for these transients, low-voltage transient protection standards are being revised. The updating of the database and equipment testing can result in better cost-effective surge protection.<>
认为20世纪20年代至40年代高压保护的条件和问题与今天低压(RMS小于1000 V)电力系统暂态保护的条件和问题相似。现在收集的数据不仅仅是电压峰值与发生率的关系,比如:波形历元、上升速率、振铃周期、能量和能谱密度。由于所安装的设备设计的多样性,不同的现场条件,以及负载对电力主配电的影响,从电快的纳秒持续时间到非常长的持续时间,保护设计变得复杂。由于目前没有标准可以充分测试这些瞬变,低压瞬变保护标准正在修订中。数据库的更新和设备测试可以带来更好的成本效益的电涌保护。
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引用次数: 5
The effect of duty cycle on SMPS common mode emissions: theory and experiment 占空比对SMPS共模发射的影响:理论与实验
Pub Date : 1989-05-23 DOI: 10.1109/NSEMC.1989.37182
M. Nave
The theoretical time- and frequency-domain waveforms of common-mode conducted emissions are derived for a switched mode power supply (SMPS) of arbitrary duty cycle. The dependence of common-mode emissions on duty cycle and switching frequency is derived, modeled, and verified through experimental data. A special fly-back converter was built to isolate the switching transistor heat-sink parasitic capacitance from other potential sources. Data on the common-mode emissions from this source were taken utilizing the line impedance stabilization network measurement method. Time-domain and frequency-domain data were taken for different supply operation parameters (states). The varying common-mode emissions of the supply were compared to that predicted by an earlier model. The magnitudes of the common-mode emissions are shown to be independent of switching transistor risetime. Using Fourier analysis of the common-mode waveform, the model predicts the variation of emissions with duty cycle value.<>
推导了任意占空比开关电源共模传导发射的时域和频域理论波形。推导了共模发射对占空比和开关频率的依赖关系,建立了模型,并通过实验数据进行了验证。设计了一种特殊的反激变换器,将开关晶体管散热器寄生电容与其他电势源隔离开来。利用线路阻抗稳定网络测量方法获取了该源的共模发射数据。获取不同电源运行参数(状态)的时域和频域数据。将电源的不同共模发射与早期模型预测的结果进行了比较。共模发射的大小与开关晶体管上升时间无关。利用对共模波形的傅里叶分析,该模型预测了发射随占空比的变化。
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引用次数: 18
期刊
National Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility
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