Pub Date : 2021-09-14DOI: 10.1142/9789814366335_0016
N. Imoto
Recently, quantum mechanics and information science have been combined to create a new field, namely, quantum information processing, which has been growing up rapidly in these years. The so-called quantum computing and quantum cryptography are included in this field. Although quantum information processing is quite attractive for its amazing possibility, it is also considered to be hard to realize any of such new ideas into practical use. The author develops a theory on quantum key distribution (QKD) with coherent states and a theory on two-state QKD with noisy light sources.
{"title":"Quantum cryptography","authors":"N. Imoto","doi":"10.1142/9789814366335_0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814366335_0016","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, quantum mechanics and information science have been combined to create a new field, namely, quantum information processing, which has been growing up rapidly in these years. The so-called quantum computing and quantum cryptography are included in this field. Although quantum information processing is quite attractive for its amazing possibility, it is also considered to be hard to realize any of such new ideas into practical use. The author develops a theory on quantum key distribution (QKD) with coherent states and a theory on two-state QKD with noisy light sources.","PeriodicalId":408728,"journal":{"name":"Technical Digest. CLEO/Pacific Rim '99. Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Cat. No.99TH8464)","volume":"125 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133670238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-12-01DOI: 10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.814783
M. Ariga, Y. Sekido, A. Sakai, T. Baba, A. Matsutani, F. Koyama, K. Iga
We fabricated GaInAsP lasers with a semiconductor/air DBR by the ICP etching and obtained the normalized lasing threshold of 3 mA//spl mu/m. The FDTD simulation indicates that the crucial factor for high reflectivity is the sidewall angle much higher than 85 degrees. Now, we are optimizing the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) condition for high yield fabrication of the vertical DBR.
{"title":"Low threshold GaInAsP lasers with semiconductor/air DBR fabricated by inductively coupled plasma etching","authors":"M. Ariga, Y. Sekido, A. Sakai, T. Baba, A. Matsutani, F. Koyama, K. Iga","doi":"10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.814783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.814783","url":null,"abstract":"We fabricated GaInAsP lasers with a semiconductor/air DBR by the ICP etching and obtained the normalized lasing threshold of 3 mA//spl mu/m. The FDTD simulation indicates that the crucial factor for high reflectivity is the sidewall angle much higher than 85 degrees. Now, we are optimizing the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) condition for high yield fabrication of the vertical DBR.","PeriodicalId":408728,"journal":{"name":"Technical Digest. CLEO/Pacific Rim '99. Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Cat. No.99TH8464)","volume":"152 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133552674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-08-30DOI: 10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811636
K. Obata, K. Sugioka, K. Toyoda, H. Takai, K. Midorikawa
It is shown that a combination of PLD and nitrogen radical beams can grow high quality TiN films on a Si substrate without silicidation at the interface. Analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that this method achieves synthesis of stoichiometric TiN films.
{"title":"TiN growth on Si[100] by hybrid pulsed laser deposition with nitrogen radical beam","authors":"K. Obata, K. Sugioka, K. Toyoda, H. Takai, K. Midorikawa","doi":"10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811636","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown that a combination of PLD and nitrogen radical beams can grow high quality TiN films on a Si substrate without silicidation at the interface. Analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that this method achieves synthesis of stoichiometric TiN films.","PeriodicalId":408728,"journal":{"name":"Technical Digest. CLEO/Pacific Rim '99. Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Cat. No.99TH8464)","volume":"222 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114985238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-08-30DOI: 10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.814708
T. Hashimoto, M. Yataki
Optical fiber attenuators are commonly used to adjust optical power level in optical systems. Various attenuators have been introduced and most of the commercially available attenuators involve fiber termination so that fiber alignment is essential. Consequently, the process of fabrication becomes more complicated. This paper proposes a simple method to construct attenuators with a sharp bend. Some prototypes were made and their performances are presented. We believe that this method provides a simple and reliable structure since the transmitted optical power is confined within the optical fiber.
{"title":"Variable optical fiber attenuators","authors":"T. Hashimoto, M. Yataki","doi":"10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.814708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.814708","url":null,"abstract":"Optical fiber attenuators are commonly used to adjust optical power level in optical systems. Various attenuators have been introduced and most of the commercially available attenuators involve fiber termination so that fiber alignment is essential. Consequently, the process of fabrication becomes more complicated. This paper proposes a simple method to construct attenuators with a sharp bend. Some prototypes were made and their performances are presented. We believe that this method provides a simple and reliable structure since the transmitted optical power is confined within the optical fiber.","PeriodicalId":408728,"journal":{"name":"Technical Digest. CLEO/Pacific Rim '99. Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Cat. No.99TH8464)","volume":"516 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123091279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-08-30DOI: 10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811512
S. Izumida, S. Ono, Zhenlin Liu, K. Kurihara, H. Ohtake, N. Sarukura
Recently, the generation and detection of THz radiation have attracted much attention from the viewpoint of fundamental and applied physics. We have previously reported the significant enhancement of THz-radiation power from an InAs surface in a magnetic field irradiated with femtosecond laser pulses. This intense THz-radiation source is useful for applications of time-resolved spectroscopy, imaging, sensing and optoelectronics in the far-infrared region. For such applications, it is necessary to know the accurate beam profile and focal size. In the presentation, we report the focusability and visualization of the THz radiation propagating in free space by the knife edge method.
{"title":"Visualization of the beam propagation and focusability of short-pulse THz-radiation","authors":"S. Izumida, S. Ono, Zhenlin Liu, K. Kurihara, H. Ohtake, N. Sarukura","doi":"10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811512","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the generation and detection of THz radiation have attracted much attention from the viewpoint of fundamental and applied physics. We have previously reported the significant enhancement of THz-radiation power from an InAs surface in a magnetic field irradiated with femtosecond laser pulses. This intense THz-radiation source is useful for applications of time-resolved spectroscopy, imaging, sensing and optoelectronics in the far-infrared region. For such applications, it is necessary to know the accurate beam profile and focal size. In the presentation, we report the focusability and visualization of the THz radiation propagating in free space by the knife edge method.","PeriodicalId":408728,"journal":{"name":"Technical Digest. CLEO/Pacific Rim '99. Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Cat. No.99TH8464)","volume":"246 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114657390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-08-30DOI: 10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811585
T. Kamiya
The next century will be characterized by the global communication employing user-friendly digital terminals, with which we can exchange voice, picture and data among both individuals and offices. Already the recent statistics tells us that the data communication is very close to the telephone (voice) communication and that the former will soon surpass the latter largely because of the exponential growth of new services through Internet. The data communication traffic has its distinct features over the conventional telephone traffic such as its bursty nature and the number of terminals not restricted by the real human population (the computers can act as senders and recipients). This changes the future forecast of required demands of information capacity upward. The OITDA report on optical communication road map estimates the 1 Mbps data channel will be used by the majority of users by 2010. Already the 1 Tbps single stretch communication channel is the business issue. To support such growing demands the communication facilities and their components must satisfy the high performance requirements with the low cost of fabrication. The recent trends of device technology supporting massive multiplexing (TDM, WDM and O-TDM) are reviewed.
{"title":"High speed optoelectronics for optical communication","authors":"T. Kamiya","doi":"10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811585","url":null,"abstract":"The next century will be characterized by the global communication employing user-friendly digital terminals, with which we can exchange voice, picture and data among both individuals and offices. Already the recent statistics tells us that the data communication is very close to the telephone (voice) communication and that the former will soon surpass the latter largely because of the exponential growth of new services through Internet. The data communication traffic has its distinct features over the conventional telephone traffic such as its bursty nature and the number of terminals not restricted by the real human population (the computers can act as senders and recipients). This changes the future forecast of required demands of information capacity upward. The OITDA report on optical communication road map estimates the 1 Mbps data channel will be used by the majority of users by 2010. Already the 1 Tbps single stretch communication channel is the business issue. To support such growing demands the communication facilities and their components must satisfy the high performance requirements with the low cost of fabrication. The recent trends of device technology supporting massive multiplexing (TDM, WDM and O-TDM) are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":408728,"journal":{"name":"Technical Digest. CLEO/Pacific Rim '99. Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Cat. No.99TH8464)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121791293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-08-30DOI: 10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.817893
J.K. Kim, E. Hall, O. Sjolund, L. Coldren
Semiconductor lasers with external differential efficiencies >1 have been created by monolithically connecting several active regions in series within a single optical waveguide. In contrast to previous reports, we have accomplished this task at the technologically important 1.55 /spl mu/m wavelength. This is accomplished by epitaxially stacking a number of p-i-n multi-quantum well active regions with intermediate n/sup ++/p/sup ++/ back-diodes, which enable the entire terminal current to flow through each active region stage in series. In optimized structures, the stacking of N/sub A/ active regions should result in a multiplication of the external efficiency by N/sub A/ and a reduction of the threshold current by a factor a little less than N/sub A/, with only a slight increase in the threshold spontaneous emission power. Thus, the signal to noise ratio for modulated signals can be reduced. Such lasers should improve low-noise, high-efficiency microwave links and integrated detectors, analog repeaters, amplifying wavelength converters, and lossless signal are possible.
{"title":"Epitaxially-stacked multiple-active-region 1.55 /spl mu/m lasers for increased differential efficiency","authors":"J.K. Kim, E. Hall, O. Sjolund, L. Coldren","doi":"10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.817893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.817893","url":null,"abstract":"Semiconductor lasers with external differential efficiencies >1 have been created by monolithically connecting several active regions in series within a single optical waveguide. In contrast to previous reports, we have accomplished this task at the technologically important 1.55 /spl mu/m wavelength. This is accomplished by epitaxially stacking a number of p-i-n multi-quantum well active regions with intermediate n/sup ++/p/sup ++/ back-diodes, which enable the entire terminal current to flow through each active region stage in series. In optimized structures, the stacking of N/sub A/ active regions should result in a multiplication of the external efficiency by N/sub A/ and a reduction of the threshold current by a factor a little less than N/sub A/, with only a slight increase in the threshold spontaneous emission power. Thus, the signal to noise ratio for modulated signals can be reduced. Such lasers should improve low-noise, high-efficiency microwave links and integrated detectors, analog repeaters, amplifying wavelength converters, and lossless signal are possible.","PeriodicalId":408728,"journal":{"name":"Technical Digest. CLEO/Pacific Rim '99. Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Cat. No.99TH8464)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116961397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-08-30DOI: 10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811544
S. Yamashita, K. Hsu, T. Murakami
Short-cavity erbium:ytterbium (Er/sup 3+/:Yb/sup 3+/) fiber Fabry- Perot lasers (FFPLs) are attractive as compact, stable and tunable single-frequency laser sources. However, the microcavity FFPLs output relatively small optical powers due to insufficient pump absorption of Er/sup 3+/:Yb/sup 3+/ fiber, longer cavity length (>1 mm) can enhance the output power, but it results in unstable multiwavelength lasing, and these FFPLs actually operate in two orthogonal polarizations. To overcome these difficulties, we recently proposed and demonstrated a single-frequency and single-polarization FFPL with self-injection locking. In this paper, we show the high performance of the 5mm long FFPL with self-injection locking for use in the 10Gb/s transmission system.
{"title":"Performance of single-frequency miniature fiber Fabry-Perot laser (FFPL) with self-injection locking","authors":"S. Yamashita, K. Hsu, T. Murakami","doi":"10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811544","url":null,"abstract":"Short-cavity erbium:ytterbium (Er/sup 3+/:Yb/sup 3+/) fiber Fabry- Perot lasers (FFPLs) are attractive as compact, stable and tunable single-frequency laser sources. However, the microcavity FFPLs output relatively small optical powers due to insufficient pump absorption of Er/sup 3+/:Yb/sup 3+/ fiber, longer cavity length (>1 mm) can enhance the output power, but it results in unstable multiwavelength lasing, and these FFPLs actually operate in two orthogonal polarizations. To overcome these difficulties, we recently proposed and demonstrated a single-frequency and single-polarization FFPL with self-injection locking. In this paper, we show the high performance of the 5mm long FFPL with self-injection locking for use in the 10Gb/s transmission system.","PeriodicalId":408728,"journal":{"name":"Technical Digest. CLEO/Pacific Rim '99. Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Cat. No.99TH8464)","volume":"233 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121086270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-08-30DOI: 10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811555
M. Golles, S. Darmanyan, G. Onishchukov, A. Shipulin, V. Lokhnygin, F. Lederer
The transformation of phase into amplitude modulation, experimentally observed in a PSK system, can be explained by the action of an optical in-line filter. Furthermore it was shown that, caused by an interplay of in-line filtering and nonlinear effects induced by SOAs, arises for system parameters typical for an experiment. In conjunction with other noise sources this modulation instability has detrimental consequences for the system performance.
{"title":"Signal instability in a transmission system with cascaded semiconductor optical amplifiers","authors":"M. Golles, S. Darmanyan, G. Onishchukov, A. Shipulin, V. Lokhnygin, F. Lederer","doi":"10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811555","url":null,"abstract":"The transformation of phase into amplitude modulation, experimentally observed in a PSK system, can be explained by the action of an optical in-line filter. Furthermore it was shown that, caused by an interplay of in-line filtering and nonlinear effects induced by SOAs, arises for system parameters typical for an experiment. In conjunction with other noise sources this modulation instability has detrimental consequences for the system performance.","PeriodicalId":408728,"journal":{"name":"Technical Digest. CLEO/Pacific Rim '99. Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Cat. No.99TH8464)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127099536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-08-30DOI: 10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811497
M. Endo, G. Ghosh
The tunable fiber lasers in the soliton regime are attractive ultrashort optical pulse sources. However, problems arise with fiber lasers due to their susceptibility to mechanical and temperature fluctuations affecting the optical path length of the cavities. The resulting instabilities are the major barriers for their applications in communications. The estimations of phase noise properties are important with respect to applications of the sources. Timing jitter is a type of phase noise that can occur in a short time scale. The jitter is consistent with small variations of optical path length in the cavity. We have demonstrated a passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser to generate 60 nm tunable 270 fs pulses with 45.4 MHz repetition frequency. We describe the estimation of timing jitter in this fiber laser.
{"title":"Estimation of timing jitter in a passively mode-locked tunable fiber laser","authors":"M. Endo, G. Ghosh","doi":"10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811497","url":null,"abstract":"The tunable fiber lasers in the soliton regime are attractive ultrashort optical pulse sources. However, problems arise with fiber lasers due to their susceptibility to mechanical and temperature fluctuations affecting the optical path length of the cavities. The resulting instabilities are the major barriers for their applications in communications. The estimations of phase noise properties are important with respect to applications of the sources. Timing jitter is a type of phase noise that can occur in a short time scale. The jitter is consistent with small variations of optical path length in the cavity. We have demonstrated a passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser to generate 60 nm tunable 270 fs pulses with 45.4 MHz repetition frequency. We describe the estimation of timing jitter in this fiber laser.","PeriodicalId":408728,"journal":{"name":"Technical Digest. CLEO/Pacific Rim '99. Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Cat. No.99TH8464)","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127252810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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