Pooria Safarzadeh Kozani, Setareh Dashti Shokoohi, Narges Baharifar, Sepideh Sheikhi, Fatemeh Khalaf Shamsabadi, Forough Chamaie Nejad, Mehdi Sheikhi, Mehdi Rabiee Valashedi, Pouya Safarzadeh Kozani, Seyed Mohamad Javad Mirarefin, A. Sheikhi
: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is widely known as the essential receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the globally known coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has been the leading cause of virus-related mortality since early 2020. A wide range of human cells in different human organs express ACE2. The importance of ACE2 in the involvement of human organs during COVID-19 and its critical role in the process of target cell infection have rendered it an interesting therapeutic target. In this review, we briefly focus on ACE2 and its general roles in the human body and highlight the roles of ACE2 in the emergence of COVID19. Ultimately, we discuss the strategies for preventing virus entry using ACE2 blocking.
{"title":"ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2-Mediated COVID-19: A Brief Review","authors":"Pooria Safarzadeh Kozani, Setareh Dashti Shokoohi, Narges Baharifar, Sepideh Sheikhi, Fatemeh Khalaf Shamsabadi, Forough Chamaie Nejad, Mehdi Sheikhi, Mehdi Rabiee Valashedi, Pouya Safarzadeh Kozani, Seyed Mohamad Javad Mirarefin, A. Sheikhi","doi":"10.5812/tms-130682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/tms-130682","url":null,"abstract":": Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is widely known as the essential receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the globally known coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has been the leading cause of virus-related mortality since early 2020. A wide range of human cells in different human organs express ACE2. The importance of ACE2 in the involvement of human organs during COVID-19 and its critical role in the process of target cell infection have rendered it an interesting therapeutic target. In this review, we briefly focus on ACE2 and its general roles in the human body and highlight the roles of ACE2 in the emergence of COVID19. Ultimately, we discuss the strategies for preventing virus entry using ACE2 blocking.","PeriodicalId":408913,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Medical Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133306340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tu M. Hoang, My-Viet Pham, Trang Vo Huynh, Anh-Van Huynh Ly
Background: The circle of Willis is an anastomotic network of arteries surrounding the base of the brain. People with effective collateral circulation will lower the risk of transient ischemic attack and stroke than those with ineffective collaterals. Objectives: The research aims to study the diameter of arteries and determine the frequency and patterns of anatomical variations in Vietnamese patients' anterior and posterior parts of the Willis polygon. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Vietnam at Bach Mai hospital between July 2010 and July 2011. A total of 102 MSCT 64 examinations were conducted on adult patients with suspected cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke, cerebral infarction, etc. The average internal diameter of arteries was estimated using descriptive statistics. Wilcoxon signed-rank test paired t-test to compare diameter on the left and right sides. Results: There are four types of anterior parts and twelve types of posterior parts in the circle of Willis. Of the 102 subjects, 29.41% experienced the anterior part of circle of Willis (CoW), in which aplastic anterior communicating artery (ACoA) is the most common type (21.57%). 70.59% of all subjects have variations in the posterior part of CoW, and bilateral aplastic posterior communicating artery (PCoA) is the most common type (20.59%). We also report the diameter of cerebral artery segments of the circle of Willis. There are six variations in the circle of Willis based on the correlation between pre communicating part P1 of posterior cerebral artery (PCA) (P1) and PCoA diameter. The most popular type is adult configuration (53.92%). Conclusions: We provided the prevalence and the pattern of the brain vascular variants of the circle of Willis in a group of patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke. Understanding the variations and diameter of the circle of Willis is of great importance in interventional radiology for various endovascular interventions in Vietnamese patients.
背景:威利斯圈是围绕大脑底部的动脉的吻合网络。经络通畅的人比经络不通畅的人发生短暂性脑缺血发作和中风的风险要低。目的:本研究旨在研究动脉直径，确定越南患者威利斯多边形前后部分解剖变异的频率和模式。方法:本描述性横断面研究于2010年7月至2011年7月在越南巴赫迈医院进行。对疑似脑卒中、脑梗死等脑血管疾病的成人患者共进行102例MSCT 64检查。用描述性统计估计动脉平均内径。Wilcoxon sign -rank检验配对t检验比较左右两侧直径。结果:威利斯肌圈有4种前部，12种后部。102例患者中，29.41%的患者出现过Willis circle (CoW)前段，其中以再生前交通动脉(ACoA)最为常见(21.57%)。70.59%的受试者在CoW后部发生变异，其中以双侧后交通动脉再生型(PCoA)最为常见(20.59%)。我们还报告了威利斯环的脑动脉段的直径。基于大脑后动脉(PCA)前交通段P1 (P1)与PCoA直径的相关性，Willis圈有六种变化。最流行的类型是成人配置(53.92%)。结论:我们提供了一组诊断为缺血性卒中的患者威利斯圈脑血管变异的患病率和模式。了解威利斯环的变化和直径在越南患者的各种血管内介入放射学中具有重要意义。
{"title":"The Variations in the Circle of Willis on 64-Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography","authors":"Tu M. Hoang, My-Viet Pham, Trang Vo Huynh, Anh-Van Huynh Ly","doi":"10.5812/tms-128729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/tms-128729","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The circle of Willis is an anastomotic network of arteries surrounding the base of the brain. People with effective collateral circulation will lower the risk of transient ischemic attack and stroke than those with ineffective collaterals. Objectives: The research aims to study the diameter of arteries and determine the frequency and patterns of anatomical variations in Vietnamese patients' anterior and posterior parts of the Willis polygon. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Vietnam at Bach Mai hospital between July 2010 and July 2011. A total of 102 MSCT 64 examinations were conducted on adult patients with suspected cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke, cerebral infarction, etc. The average internal diameter of arteries was estimated using descriptive statistics. Wilcoxon signed-rank test paired t-test to compare diameter on the left and right sides. Results: There are four types of anterior parts and twelve types of posterior parts in the circle of Willis. Of the 102 subjects, 29.41% experienced the anterior part of circle of Willis (CoW), in which aplastic anterior communicating artery (ACoA) is the most common type (21.57%). 70.59% of all subjects have variations in the posterior part of CoW, and bilateral aplastic posterior communicating artery (PCoA) is the most common type (20.59%). We also report the diameter of cerebral artery segments of the circle of Willis. There are six variations in the circle of Willis based on the correlation between pre communicating part P1 of posterior cerebral artery (PCA) (P1) and PCoA diameter. The most popular type is adult configuration (53.92%). Conclusions: We provided the prevalence and the pattern of the brain vascular variants of the circle of Willis in a group of patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke. Understanding the variations and diameter of the circle of Willis is of great importance in interventional radiology for various endovascular interventions in Vietnamese patients.","PeriodicalId":408913,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Medical Sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128844510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pouya Safarzadeh Kozani, Mehdi Sheikhi, Narges Baharifar, Setareh Dashti Shokoohi, Sara Sheikhi, Seyed Mohamad Javad Mirarefin, Pooria Safarzadeh Kozani, A. Sheikhi
{"title":"Bebtelovimab: The FDA-approved Monoclonal Antibody for Treating Patients with Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19","authors":"Pouya Safarzadeh Kozani, Mehdi Sheikhi, Narges Baharifar, Setareh Dashti Shokoohi, Sara Sheikhi, Seyed Mohamad Javad Mirarefin, Pooria Safarzadeh Kozani, A. Sheikhi","doi":"10.5812/tms-130706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/tms-130706","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":408913,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Medical Sciences","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132386079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Razie Hormoznejad, Shiri Saberi, A. Moridnia, Maryam Azish, Babak Elyasi Far
Context: The growth and production of enzymes by microorganisms depend highly on the compounds and factors entering the system. Objectives: The present systematic review aimed to assess the optimized medium content to enhance alpha-amylase production from the microorganisms. Methods: The PubMed, Embase Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception to April 2022, restricted to the English language. The reference list of the included studies was cross-checked, and a partial gray literature search was undertaken. Alpha-amylase production from the microorganisms and optimized medium content by statistical design were the key evaluated outcomes. Results: Among 995 initially gathered litterateurs, 12 studies were included in this review, which involved bacteria (seven studies), yeasts (two studies), fungi (two studies), and protists (one study). The results indicated that the optimized medium composition by statistical design might increase alpha-amylase production. Conclusions: Growth conditions, including pH, temperature, and starch concentration, are essential to be optimized to improve alpha-amylase yield.
背景:微生物的生长和酶的产生高度依赖于进入系统的化合物和因子。目的:本系统综述旨在评价提高微生物α -淀粉酶产量的培养基优化含量。方法:检索PubMed、Embase Web of Science、Scopus和Google Scholar数据库，检索时间从成立到2022年4月，仅限于英文。对纳入研究的参考文献表进行交叉核对，并进行部分灰色文献检索。微生物的α -淀粉酶产量和通过统计设计优化的培养基含量是评估的关键结果。结果:在最初收集的995篇文献中，本综述纳入了12篇研究，其中涉及细菌(7篇)、酵母(2篇)、真菌(2篇)和原生生物(1篇)。结果表明，经统计设计优化的培养基组成可提高α -淀粉酶的产量。结论:优化生长条件，包括pH、温度和淀粉浓度，是提高α -淀粉酶产率的关键。
{"title":"Optimization of the Alpha-Amylase Production from Microbial Source: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies","authors":"Razie Hormoznejad, Shiri Saberi, A. Moridnia, Maryam Azish, Babak Elyasi Far","doi":"10.5812/tms-129317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/tms-129317","url":null,"abstract":"Context: The growth and production of enzymes by microorganisms depend highly on the compounds and factors entering the system. Objectives: The present systematic review aimed to assess the optimized medium content to enhance alpha-amylase production from the microorganisms. Methods: The PubMed, Embase Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception to April 2022, restricted to the English language. The reference list of the included studies was cross-checked, and a partial gray literature search was undertaken. Alpha-amylase production from the microorganisms and optimized medium content by statistical design were the key evaluated outcomes. Results: Among 995 initially gathered litterateurs, 12 studies were included in this review, which involved bacteria (seven studies), yeasts (two studies), fungi (two studies), and protists (one study). The results indicated that the optimized medium composition by statistical design might increase alpha-amylase production. Conclusions: Growth conditions, including pH, temperature, and starch concentration, are essential to be optimized to improve alpha-amylase yield.","PeriodicalId":408913,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Medical Sciences","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122831122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatemeh Shahidi-Hakak, Mohammad Hadi Amid-Motlagh, Mousa Khosravani
Context: The Chironomidae family is more sensitive to changes in water environment quality. This taxon is tolerant in stream ecosystems. Thus, it could be used as a bio-indicator of freshwater to recognize the presence of contaminants with deleterious effects on human health. Evidence Acquisition: We searched keywords Chironomidae, bioindicator, environment, water stream, water quality, anthropogenic disturbance, pollutant, fossil, industrial waste, and aquatic habitats. Chironomidae was used once in single and again in combination with others. Google Scholar, Scopus, Springer, ScienceDirect, PubMed, ProQuest, JSTOR, EBSCO, BioOne, ResearchGate, Sage, Wiley Online Library, and SID were used as databases or search engines. Then, the results were sorted into four sections: Distribution and ecology, biotic indicators, food, and paleoecological studies. Results: The identification key of chironomids should be improved based on morphological and molecular data to determine this family more clearly. Identifying sub-fossil chironomid insects found in the sediments of lakes unravels the range of environments during the history of its aquatic habitat through paleoecological investigations. Conclusions: Chironomidae at genera or species has variations in traits in the ecosystems. Each species as a bio-indicator has different tolerable condition in its own habitat .Overall, the role of this family in all types of pollutants is ambiguous. More studies are needed to particularize the importance of Chironomidae based on genera and species.
{"title":"A Quick Review of the Family Chironomidae (Order Diptera) with Effect on the Environment","authors":"Fatemeh Shahidi-Hakak, Mohammad Hadi Amid-Motlagh, Mousa Khosravani","doi":"10.5812/tms-129263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/tms-129263","url":null,"abstract":"Context: The Chironomidae family is more sensitive to changes in water environment quality. This taxon is tolerant in stream ecosystems. Thus, it could be used as a bio-indicator of freshwater to recognize the presence of contaminants with deleterious effects on human health. Evidence Acquisition: We searched keywords Chironomidae, bioindicator, environment, water stream, water quality, anthropogenic disturbance, pollutant, fossil, industrial waste, and aquatic habitats. Chironomidae was used once in single and again in combination with others. Google Scholar, Scopus, Springer, ScienceDirect, PubMed, ProQuest, JSTOR, EBSCO, BioOne, ResearchGate, Sage, Wiley Online Library, and SID were used as databases or search engines. Then, the results were sorted into four sections: Distribution and ecology, biotic indicators, food, and paleoecological studies. Results: The identification key of chironomids should be improved based on morphological and molecular data to determine this family more clearly. Identifying sub-fossil chironomid insects found in the sediments of lakes unravels the range of environments during the history of its aquatic habitat through paleoecological investigations. Conclusions: Chironomidae at genera or species has variations in traits in the ecosystems. Each species as a bio-indicator has different tolerable condition in its own habitat .Overall, the role of this family in all types of pollutants is ambiguous. More studies are needed to particularize the importance of Chironomidae based on genera and species.","PeriodicalId":408913,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Medical Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122388158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Hooshmand, K. Rahmanian, V. Rahmanian, Masihollah Shakeri, Abdolreza Sotoodeh Jahromi
Background: The effect of exercise on serum and salivary cortisol levels depends on the intensity of sports. So far, no study has evaluated the effect of acute exercise on cortisol levels. Objectives: This study aimed to determine and compare the salivary cortisol concentration two weeks and 30 minutes before competition in elite adolescent boy swimmers. Also, we determined the association between anxiety and salivary cortisol levels. Methods: We included 14 elite boy swimmers aged 10 - 13 years old. Anxiety was assessed using the Sports Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) 30 minutes before the competition. Saliva samples were measured two weeks and 30 minutes before the swimming competition. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to assess salivary cortisol levels. Using paired t-test, we compared salivary cortisol levels 30 minutes and two weeks before the competition. Also, we used linear regression to examine the effect of anxiety on salivary cortisol levels before the competition. Results: Our results showed a significantly elevated cortisol level 30 minutes before the competition compared to two weeks before the competition (5.24 ± 1.97 vs. 3.47 ± 1.03 µg/dL, P = 0.007). However, pre-competition salivary cortisol levels were not significantly related to SCAT, somatic, and cognitive anxiety (P > 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, swimming competition influenced salivary cortisol response before the competition.
背景:运动对血清和唾液皮质醇水平的影响取决于运动强度。到目前为止，还没有研究评估急性运动对皮质醇水平的影响。目的:本研究旨在测定和比较优秀少年游泳运动员比赛前2周和30分钟的唾液皮质醇浓度。此外，我们还确定了焦虑和唾液皮质醇水平之间的关系。方法:选取14名年龄在10 ~ 13岁的优秀游泳男孩。比赛前30分钟采用体育竞赛焦虑测验(SCAT)评估焦虑。在游泳比赛前两周30分钟测量唾液样本。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)技术评估唾液皮质醇水平。使用配对t检验，我们比较了比赛前30分钟和两周的唾液皮质醇水平。此外，我们使用线性回归来检验焦虑对比赛前唾液皮质醇水平的影响。结果:我们的研究结果显示，与比赛前两周相比，比赛前30分钟皮质醇水平显著升高(5.24±1.97 vs. 3.47±1.03µg/dL, P = 0.007)。然而，赛前唾液皮质醇水平与SCAT、躯体焦虑和认知焦虑无显著相关性(P < 0.05)。结论:根据本研究结果，游泳比赛对赛前唾液皮质醇反应有影响。
{"title":"Effect of Competition on the Salivary Cortisol Level in Elite Boy Swimmers","authors":"F. Hooshmand, K. Rahmanian, V. Rahmanian, Masihollah Shakeri, Abdolreza Sotoodeh Jahromi","doi":"10.5812/tms-129845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/tms-129845","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The effect of exercise on serum and salivary cortisol levels depends on the intensity of sports. So far, no study has evaluated the effect of acute exercise on cortisol levels. Objectives: This study aimed to determine and compare the salivary cortisol concentration two weeks and 30 minutes before competition in elite adolescent boy swimmers. Also, we determined the association between anxiety and salivary cortisol levels. Methods: We included 14 elite boy swimmers aged 10 - 13 years old. Anxiety was assessed using the Sports Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) 30 minutes before the competition. Saliva samples were measured two weeks and 30 minutes before the swimming competition. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to assess salivary cortisol levels. Using paired t-test, we compared salivary cortisol levels 30 minutes and two weeks before the competition. Also, we used linear regression to examine the effect of anxiety on salivary cortisol levels before the competition. Results: Our results showed a significantly elevated cortisol level 30 minutes before the competition compared to two weeks before the competition (5.24 ± 1.97 vs. 3.47 ± 1.03 µg/dL, P = 0.007). However, pre-competition salivary cortisol levels were not significantly related to SCAT, somatic, and cognitive anxiety (P > 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, swimming competition influenced salivary cortisol response before the competition.","PeriodicalId":408913,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Medical Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117234702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: We are witnessing the increasing use of antibiotics and the upward trend of resistant nosocomial infections. Therefore, identifying pathogens and determining the local patterns of antibiotic resistance are the health system's priorities in any region. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Non-ICU wards, the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), alpha-toxin (Hla), and pantone-valentine leucocidin (PVL) genes in S. aureus strains, and antibiotic resistance patterns to provide a clinical guide for clinicians in Southwest Iran. Methods: Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from clinical specimens between 2018 and 2020. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was detected by cefoxitin screening. Then, the antimicrobial resistance of all isolates was tested with the disk diffusion (DD) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. Virulence genes, including TSST-1, Hla, and PVL, were evaluated by the PCR method. Results: Of 186 S. aureus strains isolated from various specimens, 51 (27.4%) were MRSA, with a 26.8% rate in the ICU. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, daptomycin, and quinupristin-dalfopristin. The penicillin-resistant S. aureus proportion was 93.5% (174/186), and more than 50% of all S. aureus isolates were resistant to fluoroquinolones. The incidence rates of virulence factors, including TSST-1, Hla, and PVL genes in MRSA, were 3.9%, 39.2%, and 2%, respectively. Conclusions: It is recommended to start empiric treatment against MRSA in case of severe infections in the ICU with either quinupristin-dalfopristin, daptomycin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, or linezolid until the culture and antibiotic susceptibility test results are available. Nevertheless, following the antibiotic resistance pattern is necessary to start treatment for other infections.
{"title":"Characterization of Virulence Genes and Antibiotic Resistance of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) Isolates in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Non-ICU Wards","authors":"Javad Moazen, Fatemeh Riyahi Zaniani, Behzad Hallaj Asghar","doi":"10.5812/tms-129037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/tms-129037","url":null,"abstract":"Background: We are witnessing the increasing use of antibiotics and the upward trend of resistant nosocomial infections. Therefore, identifying pathogens and determining the local patterns of antibiotic resistance are the health system's priorities in any region. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Non-ICU wards, the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), alpha-toxin (Hla), and pantone-valentine leucocidin (PVL) genes in S. aureus strains, and antibiotic resistance patterns to provide a clinical guide for clinicians in Southwest Iran. Methods: Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from clinical specimens between 2018 and 2020. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was detected by cefoxitin screening. Then, the antimicrobial resistance of all isolates was tested with the disk diffusion (DD) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. Virulence genes, including TSST-1, Hla, and PVL, were evaluated by the PCR method. Results: Of 186 S. aureus strains isolated from various specimens, 51 (27.4%) were MRSA, with a 26.8% rate in the ICU. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, daptomycin, and quinupristin-dalfopristin. The penicillin-resistant S. aureus proportion was 93.5% (174/186), and more than 50% of all S. aureus isolates were resistant to fluoroquinolones. The incidence rates of virulence factors, including TSST-1, Hla, and PVL genes in MRSA, were 3.9%, 39.2%, and 2%, respectively. Conclusions: It is recommended to start empiric treatment against MRSA in case of severe infections in the ICU with either quinupristin-dalfopristin, daptomycin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, or linezolid until the culture and antibiotic susceptibility test results are available. Nevertheless, following the antibiotic resistance pattern is necessary to start treatment for other infections.","PeriodicalId":408913,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Medical Sciences","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116139239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"COVID-19 Vaccines Approved by the US Food and Drug Administration","authors":"Pouya Safarzadeh Kozani, Pooria Safarzadeh Kozani, Setareh Dashti Shokoohi, Sahar Evazi Bakhshi, Samira Narimani Kohnehshahri, Mehdi Sheikhi, Fatemeh Khalaf Shamsabadi, Narges Baharifar, A. Sheikhi","doi":"10.5812/tms-129322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/tms-129322","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":408913,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Medical Sciences","volume":"02 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129870712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death among men worldwide. The early detection of prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) increases the disease treatment in the early stages. Moreover, knowledge and screening for PSA for prostate cancer in men decreases the mortality rate. Objectives: The present study aimed to screen prostate cancer behaviors according to the Health Belief Model in Men Aged above 40 in Dezful. Methods: This cross-sectional study encompassed 120 male employees aged above 40 years working at the Dezful University of Medical Sciences in 2018. The participants were selected using a random cluster sampling method. Data collection tools were a researcher-made, three-section questionnaire with questions on demographic characteristics, awareness, Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs, and prostate cancer screening behaviors. Results: The participants’ mean age was 46.22 ± 4.56 years (ranging from 40 to 60 years). Total awareness of prostate cancer and screening behavior among men was acceptable (5.59 ± 4.13). The performance of PSA was 20.8%. There was no significant difference between the mean age and PSA (P = 0.39). In the logistic regression analysis, perceived sensitivity to prostate cancer yielded a psychological predictor of prostate cancer screening behaviors (OR = 0.92, P value = 0.01). Conclusions: The findings showed a relationship between perceived sensitivity and the frequency of PSA. Moreover, the participants’ poor knowledge and performance indicated an urgent need for formal training programs to promote their sensitivity to the significance of prostate cancer screening. Factors affecting prostate cancer screening behaviors should be included in these training programs.
{"title":"Prostate Cancer Screening Behavior Based on the Health Belief Model in Men Aged Over 40 Years","authors":"Leila Kalani, H. Aghababaeian, Mahnaz Nosratabadi, Leila Masoudiyekta, Nastaran Mirsamiyazdi, Hojat Rezaei-Bayatiyani, Motahareh Musavi Ghahfarokhi","doi":"10.5812/tms-119524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/tms-119524","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death among men worldwide. The early detection of prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) increases the disease treatment in the early stages. Moreover, knowledge and screening for PSA for prostate cancer in men decreases the mortality rate. Objectives: The present study aimed to screen prostate cancer behaviors according to the Health Belief Model in Men Aged above 40 in Dezful. Methods: This cross-sectional study encompassed 120 male employees aged above 40 years working at the Dezful University of Medical Sciences in 2018. The participants were selected using a random cluster sampling method. Data collection tools were a researcher-made, three-section questionnaire with questions on demographic characteristics, awareness, Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs, and prostate cancer screening behaviors. Results: The participants’ mean age was 46.22 ± 4.56 years (ranging from 40 to 60 years). Total awareness of prostate cancer and screening behavior among men was acceptable (5.59 ± 4.13). The performance of PSA was 20.8%. There was no significant difference between the mean age and PSA (P = 0.39). In the logistic regression analysis, perceived sensitivity to prostate cancer yielded a psychological predictor of prostate cancer screening behaviors (OR = 0.92, P value = 0.01). Conclusions: The findings showed a relationship between perceived sensitivity and the frequency of PSA. Moreover, the participants’ poor knowledge and performance indicated an urgent need for formal training programs to promote their sensitivity to the significance of prostate cancer screening. Factors affecting prostate cancer screening behaviors should be included in these training programs.","PeriodicalId":408913,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Medical Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126684388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Coagulation factor VII (FVII) is a vitamin K-dependent serine protease that plays a pivotal role in normal hemostasis. Mature FVII is a glycoprotein comprised γ-carboxyglutamic acid-rich (Gla) domain, two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, an activation domain, and a serine protease domain. FVII requires proteolytic activation followed by tissue factor (TF) binding for maximal activity. The F7 gene (14.8 kb) is located on 13q34, composed of nine exons and eight introns. The congenital FVII deficiency is a rare coagulopathy with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance that occurs due to mutation in the F7 gene. A considerable number of mutations of different types have been identified throughout this gene affecting the expression, structure, and post-translational alterations of the protein. FVII deficiency is the most frequently recessively inherited bleeding disorder. Subjects with FVII deficiency show a wide range of symptoms, including cutaneous hemorrhage, mucosal hemorrhage, gastrointestinal bleeding, joint bleeding, and central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhage. Unlike other coagulation factor deficiencies, serum levels of FVII do not demonstrate the severity of the disease, and there is no direct correlation between serum levels and clinical complications. Replacement therapy is the treatment of choice for FVII deficiency. Various therapeutic products such as prothrombin complex concentrate, plasma-derived FVII concentrate, fresh frozen plasma, and activated recombinant FVII are available to treat FVII deficient individuals. This review aims to provide information on molecular, biochemical, and clinical aspects of coagulation FVII, its role in hemostasis, and the consequences of its deficiency.
{"title":"Coagulation Factor VII: Genetic, Molecular, and Clinical Characteristics","authors":"A. Mashayekhi, Ezatollah Ghasemi","doi":"10.5812/tms-128397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/tms-128397","url":null,"abstract":": Coagulation factor VII (FVII) is a vitamin K-dependent serine protease that plays a pivotal role in normal hemostasis. Mature FVII is a glycoprotein comprised γ-carboxyglutamic acid-rich (Gla) domain, two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, an activation domain, and a serine protease domain. FVII requires proteolytic activation followed by tissue factor (TF) binding for maximal activity. The F7 gene (14.8 kb) is located on 13q34, composed of nine exons and eight introns. The congenital FVII deficiency is a rare coagulopathy with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance that occurs due to mutation in the F7 gene. A considerable number of mutations of different types have been identified throughout this gene affecting the expression, structure, and post-translational alterations of the protein. FVII deficiency is the most frequently recessively inherited bleeding disorder. Subjects with FVII deficiency show a wide range of symptoms, including cutaneous hemorrhage, mucosal hemorrhage, gastrointestinal bleeding, joint bleeding, and central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhage. Unlike other coagulation factor deficiencies, serum levels of FVII do not demonstrate the severity of the disease, and there is no direct correlation between serum levels and clinical complications. Replacement therapy is the treatment of choice for FVII deficiency. Various therapeutic products such as prothrombin complex concentrate, plasma-derived FVII concentrate, fresh frozen plasma, and activated recombinant FVII are available to treat FVII deficient individuals. This review aims to provide information on molecular, biochemical, and clinical aspects of coagulation FVII, its role in hemostasis, and the consequences of its deficiency.","PeriodicalId":408913,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Medical Sciences","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122497788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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