The article presents the original text of a previously unknown letter of Lübeck to the citizens of Reval from 1571. The letter deposited in the Tallinn City Archives contains a program for the preservation and expansion of the privileges of the Hanseatic League in Russia and Livonia. Being in a difficult economic and political situation, Lübeck was interested not only in preserving the old markets, but also in expanding its trading activity. The shifting of the center of the international trade at the Baltic Sea to some Russian cities could simultaneously contribute to the preservation of the old Hanseatic trade system and was thus highly desirable for Lübeck. In this case, all lucrative trade between Europe and Russia would have been under its control. To achieve this goal, Lübeck intended to use the mediation of Reval in the upcoming Russian–Swedish talks.
{"title":"DER RUSSLANDHANDEL LÜBECKS IM PAMPHLET „KURTZER BERICHT UNDT INFORMATION DER HANSISCHEN VON ALTERS HERO AUF LIEFLANDT UND RUSSLANDT GEBRAUCHTER SIGILLATION, GEWERB UNDT HANTIRUNG“ VON 1571 AUS DEM STADTARCHIV TALLINN","authors":"M. Bessudnova","doi":"10.3176/HIST.2017.1.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/HIST.2017.1.07","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the original text of a previously unknown letter of Lübeck to the citizens of Reval from 1571. The letter deposited in the Tallinn City Archives contains a program for the preservation and expansion of the privileges of the Hanseatic League in Russia and Livonia. Being in a difficult economic and political situation, Lübeck was interested not only in preserving the old markets, but also in expanding its trading activity. The shifting of the center of the international trade at the Baltic Sea to some Russian cities could simultaneously contribute to the preservation of the old Hanseatic trade system and was thus highly desirable for Lübeck. In this case, all lucrative trade between Europe and Russia would have been under its control. To achieve this goal, Lübeck intended to use the mediation of Reval in the upcoming Russian–Swedish talks.","PeriodicalId":40943,"journal":{"name":"Acta Historica Tallinnensia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69891086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article discusses the use of the cult of the Holy King in the context of the Baltic Crusades at the end of the 12th century and in the early 13th century. The analysis is based on the account of the miracle of St Olaf performed in Estonia, the story of the King’s visit to the island of Gotland reflected by Gutasagan and the spatial relation of St Olaf’s churches to the landscape. It also discusses three Danish sources which have previously not received attention from historians dealing with the Baltic Crusades, but which actually can change our understanding of the history of the Baltic Sea region and the foundation of the town Reval as well. Particular focus will be placed on the commercial interest of the Danes in communication with the Rus’ and its reflections in the building of St Olaf’s churches.
{"title":"FROM RUS’ TRADE TO CRUSADE: ST OLAF’S CHURCHES IN THE EASTERN BALTIC SEA REGION","authors":"K. Markus","doi":"10.3176/hist.2017.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/hist.2017.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the use of the cult of the Holy King in the context of the Baltic Crusades at the end of the 12th century and in the early 13th century. The analysis is based on the account of the miracle of St Olaf performed in Estonia, the story of the King’s visit to the island of Gotland reflected by Gutasagan and the spatial relation of St Olaf’s churches to the landscape. It also discusses three Danish sources which have previously not received attention from historians dealing with the Baltic Crusades, but which actually can change our understanding of the history of the Baltic Sea region and the foundation of the town Reval as well. Particular focus will be placed on the commercial interest of the Danes in communication with the Rus’ and its reflections in the building of St Olaf’s churches.","PeriodicalId":40943,"journal":{"name":"Acta Historica Tallinnensia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3176/hist.2017.1.03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69890591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article focuses on the unique position of the Baltic Provinces of Estland, Livland, and Kurland in terms of literacy rates in the Russian Empire in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The modern censuses that began to appear by the 1860s revealed reading rates that were triple the all-Russian average in 1897, especially among the mainly Protestant nationalities (the Germans, Estonians, and Latvians). In contrast to the all-Russian situation where the cities and males were much more advanced in literacy skills, the Baltic Provinces also showed a striking equality among urban and rural areas as well as the two genders. The roots of the Baltic region evolving into this outlier position must be sought in certain key historical factors, including the Reformation and the onset of Lutheranism, the aggressive promotion of literacy by the Swedish state, the role of German pietism and the Moravian Brethren, and the early emphasis placed on at least a minimal education for all elements of the population.
{"title":"LITERACY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY: THE STRIKING CASE OF THE BALTIC PROVINCES","authors":"T. Raun","doi":"10.3176/hist.2017.1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/hist.2017.1.06","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the unique position of the Baltic Provinces of Estland, Livland, and Kurland in terms of literacy rates in the Russian Empire in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The modern censuses that began to appear by the 1860s revealed reading rates that were triple the all-Russian average in 1897, especially among the mainly Protestant nationalities (the Germans, Estonians, and Latvians). In contrast to the all-Russian situation where the cities and males were much more advanced in literacy skills, the Baltic Provinces also showed a striking equality among urban and rural areas as well as the two genders. The roots of the Baltic region evolving into this outlier position must be sought in certain key historical factors, including the Reformation and the onset of Lutheranism, the aggressive promotion of literacy by the Swedish state, the role of German pietism and the Moravian Brethren, and the early emphasis placed on at least a minimal education for all elements of the population.","PeriodicalId":40943,"journal":{"name":"Acta Historica Tallinnensia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3176/hist.2017.1.06","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69890776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The American Relief Administration sponsored Children’s Relief Program that operated in Europe in 1919–1922. The program was initiated and organized by Herbert Hoover, the head of the American Relief Administration (ARA) in Europe. The article provides a comprehensive account of the program in-so-far as it affected Estonia. The financing, the administration, and the distribution of food to children via the Estonian Children’s Relief Committees will be covered.
{"title":"THE AMERICAN CHILDREN’S RELIEF PROGRAM AND THE ESTONIAN CHILDREN’S RELIEF SOCIETIES IN 1919","authors":"O. Arens","doi":"10.3176/hist.2017.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/hist.2017.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"The American Relief Administration sponsored Children’s Relief Program that operated in Europe in 1919–1922. The program was initiated and organized by Herbert Hoover, the head of the American Relief Administration (ARA) in Europe. The article provides a comprehensive account of the program in-so-far as it affected Estonia. The financing, the administration, and the distribution of food to children via the Estonian Children’s Relief Committees will be covered.","PeriodicalId":40943,"journal":{"name":"Acta Historica Tallinnensia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3176/hist.2017.1.04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69890654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"VEERAND SAJANDIT KÜLMUTATUD KONFLIKTI. GRUUSIA-ABHAASIA SUHTED JA ABHAASIA PÜÜDLUSED RAHVUSVAHELISELE TUNNUSTATUSELE","authors":"A. Jürgenson","doi":"10.3176/HIST.2017.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/HIST.2017.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40943,"journal":{"name":"Acta Historica Tallinnensia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3176/HIST.2017.1.02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69890569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"RAHVUSVAHELISE TÖÖORGANISATSIOONI 1928. AASTA KONVENTSIOON NR 26 MIINIMUMPALGA KINDLAKSMÄÄRAMISE MEETODITE KOHTA JA EESTI","authors":"M. Pihlamägi","doi":"10.3176/hist.2017.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/hist.2017.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40943,"journal":{"name":"Acta Historica Tallinnensia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3176/hist.2017.1.05","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69890697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article discusses the significance of animals in late medieval gift-giving and diplomatic culture. It demonstrates that animals as presents were needed, desired and publicly displayed. Some animals were widely recognized as markers of status. In the case of some other animals, it was their symbolic value that mattered the most. Sources from the medieval Livonian cities indicate the use of the following local and exotic animals and birds as a gift: horse, deer, beaver and turkey. The gifts could also include animal products, such as pelts and garments, or food.
{"title":"HORSES, STAGS AND BEAVERS: ANIMALS AS PRESENTS IN LATE-MEDIEVAL LIVONIA","authors":"A. Mänd","doi":"10.3176/HIST.2016.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/HIST.2016.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the significance of animals in late medieval gift-giving and diplomatic culture. It demonstrates that animals as presents were needed, desired and publicly displayed. Some animals were widely recognized as markers of status. In the case of some other animals, it was their symbolic value that mattered the most. Sources from the medieval Livonian cities indicate the use of the following local and exotic animals and birds as a gift: horse, deer, beaver and turkey. The gifts could also include animal products, such as pelts and garments, or food.","PeriodicalId":40943,"journal":{"name":"Acta Historica Tallinnensia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3176/HIST.2016.1.01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69890246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"SELTSI- JA RAHVAMAJAD – EESTI UUS RUUMILINE KULTUURIMUDEL LÄÄNELIKU MODERNISEERUMISE NING KUJUNEVA KULTUURIPOLIITIKA KONTEKSTIS","authors":"E. Kulbok-Lattik","doi":"10.3176/hist.2016.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/hist.2016.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40943,"journal":{"name":"Acta Historica Tallinnensia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3176/hist.2016.1.03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69890392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"RAHVUSVAHELISE TÖÖORGANISATSIOONI (ILO) MERETÖÖD REGULEERIVATE KONVENTSIOONIDE RATIFITSEERIMISEST EESTIS AASTAIL 1920–1940","authors":"M. Pihlamägi","doi":"10.3176/hist.2016.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/hist.2016.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40943,"journal":{"name":"Acta Historica Tallinnensia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3176/hist.2016.1.04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69890410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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