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Teachers’ interaction in combined physical and virtual learning environments: 物理与虚拟结合学习环境下教师互动:
Pub Date : 2021-10-18 DOI: 10.47862/apples.98339
Katri Hansell, M. Pörn, Sandra Bäck
The development of the Internet and digital tools for interaction has enabled computer-mediated communication as part of the communicative approach to language learning and teaching. This creates affordances for learners of any target language from any location to communicate with each other, for example, through tandem language learning – that is, reciprocal two-way learning in dyads of two students with different first languages. Previous studies on tandem learning have mainly focused on the interaction between tandem partners in informal learning situations. In this study, we explore the teacher’s role in virtual classroom tandem applied to curriculum-based language teaching. The aim is to describe teachers’ engagement in interactional situations in the classroom, including the interplay between the physical classroom and virtual learning environments (VLEs). The data comprise video and screen recordings of teacher activities and interactions. The results reveal that virtual classroom tandem is a strongly student-centred approach where the teacher interaction during tandem lessons is notably narrower compared with tandem language learning based entirely on face-to-face meetings in a formal school context and in classroom instruction generally.
互联网和数字互动工具的发展,使得以计算机为媒介的交流成为语言学习和教学交际方法的一部分。这为来自任何地方的任何目标语言的学习者提供了相互交流的便利,例如,通过串联语言学习-即在两个不同母语的学生的成对中进行互惠双向学习。以往关于串联学习的研究主要集中在非正式学习情境中串联伙伴之间的互动。在本研究中,我们探讨了教师在虚拟课堂串联应用于课程型语言教学中的角色。目的是描述教师在课堂互动情境中的参与情况,包括物理课堂和虚拟学习环境(VLEs)之间的相互作用。这些数据包括教师活动和互动的视频和屏幕记录。结果表明,虚拟课堂串联是一种强烈以学生为中心的方法,与完全基于正式学校背景和课堂教学中的面对面会议的串联语言学习相比,教师在串联课程中的互动明显更窄。
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引用次数: 0
English-medium instruction in Siberia: 西伯利亚的英语教学:
Pub Date : 2021-09-26 DOI: 10.47862/apples.102607
Melina Aarnikoivu, Daniel Kontowski
In this Discussion Note we elaborate on some of the English-medium instruction (EMI) related challenges at the School of Advanced Studies (SAS) in Russia. To do this, we will examine three viewpoints: the one of students, who are some of the first ones embarking on an EMI BA programme in Siberia; the one of faculty, who come from all around the world from a variety of educational, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds; and the one of staff (administration), who are constantly balancing between different expectations of students, faculty members and the university. We also provide suggestions on how the future at SAS might look like, hoping to offer valuable insight into other peripheral EMI contexts.
在本讨论笔记中,我们详细阐述了俄罗斯高等研究学院(SAS)的一些英语媒介教学(EMI)相关挑战。为此,我们将研究三个观点:一个是学生,他们是第一批在西伯利亚开始EMI学士课程的人;教职员工来自世界各地,有着不同的教育、文化和语言背景;还有一个工作人员(行政人员),他们不断地在学生、教师和大学的不同期望之间保持平衡。我们还就SAS的未来提供了一些建议,希望为其他外围EMI环境提供有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Perspectives on written L1 in Swedish CLIL education 对瑞典CLIL教学中书面L1的看法
Pub Date : 2021-09-10 DOI: 10.47862/apples.98178
E. Ohlsson
This article presents a longitudinal investigation of texts written by students in upper secondary schools in Sweden. The texts are collected at three different schools implementing Content and Language Integrated Learning, CLIL, where school subjects are taught in a second or foreign language, L2, in this case English. CLIL research with an L1 focus in the Swedish context is rare. The present study explores and compares vocabulary use in texts written in L1 Swedish by students attending schools where English is used as the medium of instruction to various degrees, thereby representing diverse CLIL models. One school uses English in practically all subjects except in language arts (subject area of Swedish and optional German/French/Spanish). The other two schools use L2 English in some lessons but not all, thus representing other CLIL models. The data comprises 306 pieces of texts that were analysed using quantitative and corpus linguistic methods to examine the vocabulary use including linguistic variables connected to academic writing. The texts were written at four different occasions during a period of three years, Results indicate that the L1 vocabulary use concerning specific word variables show no substantial diversifications between the three CLIL schools despite the dissimilar exposure to L2 English and L1 use. The impact of L2 on students’ L1 is sometimes raised as an apprehension against CLIL education in Sweden. The results regarding productive written academic vocabulary of the present study indicate that there are no grounds for such concerns.
这篇文章提出了纵向调查的文本写的学生在瑞典高中。这些文本是在三所不同的实施内容和语言综合学习(CLIL)的学校收集的,在这些学校中,学校科目用第二语言或外语(L2)教授,在这里是英语。以瑞典语为中心的CLIL研究很少。本研究探讨并比较了在不同程度上使用英语作为教学媒介的学校就读的学生在母语瑞典语写作文本中的词汇使用情况,从而代表了不同的CLIL模式。一所学校几乎所有科目都使用英语,除了语言艺术(瑞典语学科领域和选修的德语/法语/西班牙语)。另外两所学校在部分课程中使用第二语言,但不是全部,因此代表了其他CLIL模式。数据包括306篇文章,使用定量和语料库语言学方法来检查词汇使用,包括与学术写作相关的语言变量。结果表明,尽管三所CLIL学校的学生接触第二语言和母语的情况不同,但他们在特定词汇变量方面的母语词汇使用并没有明显的差异。在瑞典,L2对学生L1的影响有时被认为是对CLIL教育的一种担忧。本研究关于生产性书面学术词汇的结果表明,这种担忧没有根据。
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引用次数: 0
Linguistic genocide or linguicide? 语言灭绝还是语言灭绝?
Pub Date : 2021-09-07 DOI: 10.47862/apples.103419
Joshua James Zwisler
Forced language loss is a reality for many communities around the world and language loss brings with it an entire spectrum of negativities. This article examines two of the most common terms that are used in linguistics for forced language loss – linguistic genocide and linguicide. The terms are almost synonymous and recognize that the ultimate aim of forced language loss is usually forced assimilation or the destruction of group identity. However, through a critical reading of both terms, linguicide is argued as the preferred term for use in linguistics as linguistic genocide gives rise to linguistic essentialist positions that may harm communities that have suffered forced language loss.
对于世界各地的许多社区来说,强迫语言丧失是一个现实,语言丧失带来了一系列负面影响。这篇文章探讨了语言学中两个最常用的术语,用来描述强迫语言丧失——语言灭绝和语言灭绝。这两个术语几乎是同义的,并且认识到强迫语言丧失的最终目的通常是强迫同化或群体身份的破坏。然而,通过对这两个术语的批判性阅读,语言灭绝被认为是语言学中使用的首选术语,因为语言灭绝引起了语言本质主义的立场,可能会伤害那些遭受强迫语言丧失的社区。
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引用次数: 2
Repositioning teachers as assessors: 将教师重新定位为评估者:
Pub Date : 2021-09-07 DOI: 10.47862/apples.101524
Wook Namgung, J. Moate, Maria Ruohotie-Lyhty
The global trend to emphasise assessment for learning brings up the issue of repositioning teachers in assessment. The contemporary curricular policy reforms encourage teachers to take an agentic role in assessment, but multiple dimensions of the environment affect its realisation. Drawing on an ecological approach to teacher agency, this empirical study investigated how Korean secondary English teachers (KSETs) perceive and enact their own teacher agency in assessment within the ecosystem of Korean education. The dataset for the study comprises semi-structured interviews with 15 KSETs. The interview questions involved the main themes such as personal experiences over the life course regarding assessment and professional practice in assessment. The findings from the thematic analysis indicate that past environment like the excessive emphasis on high-stakes standardised testing still affected teacher perception and teacher agency in the present assessment practices directed by a curricular reform, and the incongruence the teachers experienced between past and present environment significantly influenced the enactment of teacher agency. The findings suggest teachers aspire to enact teacher agency regarding assessment through the critical interpretation of their iterative experiences, present affordances, and projective orientation. Aspirations can be compromised, however, through negotiations with the environmental conditions in assessment practice, and teachers struggle to enact teacher agency leading to ecological transformation. This study concludes with practical implications to enhance teacher agency in assessment, theoretical implications regarding the conceptual expansion of the ecological perspective and suggestions for future research.
强调学习评价的全球趋势提出了教师在评价中的重新定位问题。当代课程政策改革鼓励教师在评估中发挥代理作用,但环境的多个维度影响了其实现。借鉴教师代理的生态方法,本实证研究调查了韩国中学英语教师(kset)如何在韩国教育生态系统中感知和制定自己的教师代理评估。本研究的数据集包括对15个kset的半结构化访谈。访谈问题涉及的主题包括个人在评估过程中的个人经历和评估中的专业实践。主题分析的结果表明,在课程改革指导下的当前评估实践中,过度强调高风险标准化测试等过去环境仍然影响着教师的感知和教师代理,教师所经历的过去与现在环境的不一致显著影响着教师代理的制定。研究结果表明,教师渴望通过批判性地解释他们的迭代经验、当前的支持和投射取向来制定教师代理。然而,在评估实践中,通过与环境条件的谈判,愿望可以妥协,教师努力制定导致生态转型的教师代理。最后,本研究提出强化教师评核能动性的实践启示、生态观概念拓展的理论启示及未来研究的建议。
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引用次数: 1
Teacher professionality at a time of mobility: 教师专业化在一个流动的时代:
Pub Date : 2021-08-25 DOI: 10.47862/apples.99557
Åsa Wedin
This study aims to investigate how the educational and linguistic backgrounds of teachers affect how they are positioned and how they position themselves in relation to their profession in a language introduction programme at upper secondary school in Sweden. Material from two years of study at one school was used to conduct a nexus analysis. The material comprised policy documents at the national and local levels; interviews with principals and teachers; and classroom and school environment observations. Conflicting discourses appear in the analysis in terms of teacher competence and teacher roles. Those teachers who had the relevant professional competence, as according to national documents, felt that their knowledge was not acknowledged and that they were not listened to. Official documents state that principals are responsible for fulfilling stipulated demands; however, they do not always have the necessary knowledge as this is not a requirement for their position. Thus, an ambiguous picture appears where teachers who are positioned as competent at the national level are positioned only to teach their own subject and are not given voice on issues relating to general teacher competence and organisation of education at the local level. This article highlights the importance of knowledge and understanding relating to L2 student learning at the management level.
本研究旨在调查教师的教育和语言背景如何影响他们的定位,以及他们如何在瑞典高中的语言介绍课程中定位自己。在一所学校学习两年的材料被用来进行联系分析。这些材料包括国家和地方两级的政策文件;与校长及教师的访谈;教室和学校环境观察。在对教师能力和教师角色的分析中,出现了矛盾的话语。根据国家文件,那些具有相关专业能力的教师感到,他们的知识没有得到承认,也没有人听取他们的意见。官方文件声明,委托人有责任履行规定的要求;然而,他们并不总是拥有必要的知识,因为这不是他们职位的要求。因此,出现了一种模棱两可的情况,即在国家一级被定位为有能力的教师只被定位为教授他们自己的学科,而在与一般教师能力和地方一级教育组织有关的问题上没有发言权。这篇文章强调了知识和理解在管理层面对二语学生学习的重要性。
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引用次数: 2
“I felt a bit nervous” “我感到有点紧张。”
Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.47862/APPLES.99891
Judith Hahn
Virtual Exchange is a collective term for a set of collaborative online learning practices that cut across institutional, cultural, and international borders. Moving outside their learning environments, the participants engage in project work with foreign peers. The teams have to work across time zones, use foreign languages, manage cultural differences and apply digital tools for communication and collaboration. The virtual projects enhance the development of transversal work/life skills, which are an asset in today’s global labour market. The aim of the present study is to explore the emotional trajectory of Virtual Exchange based on the students’ e-portfolios. By analysing the self-evaluations, we can get a better understanding of the emotional experience of participating in Virtual Exchange and use the findings to develop the pedagogical facilitation of such projects. The research questions address the emotions that the students described when they were reporting on their learning experiences and the individual emotional trajectories that emerge in the students’ reports. Data was collected in the form of e-portfolios that the student participants submitted at the end of a Finnish-Polish Virtual Exchange project in 2019. The “Combining Expertise from Linguistics and Tourism: A Tale of Two Cities Told in Videos” collaboration had promotional discourse in tourism as its main theme. The participants (N=25) were university students majoring in tourism (Poland) and in foreign language studies (Finland). The e-portfolios were analysed with the help of dialogical approach combined with discourse analytical insights (Sullivan, 2012).
虚拟交换是一组协作在线学习实践的统称,它跨越了制度、文化和国际边界。离开他们的学习环境,参与者与外国同行一起参与项目工作。这些团队必须跨时区工作,使用外语,管理文化差异,并应用数字工具进行沟通和协作。虚拟项目加强了横向工作/生活技能的发展,这是当今全球劳动力市场的一项资产。本研究旨在探讨基于学生电子档案的虚拟交换情绪轨迹。通过分析自我评价,我们可以更好地了解参与虚拟交换的情感体验,并利用研究结果来开发此类项目的教学促进。研究问题涉及学生在报告学习经历时所描述的情绪,以及学生报告中出现的个人情绪轨迹。数据以电子投资组合的形式收集,这些电子投资组合是学生参与者在2019年芬兰-波兰虚拟交换项目结束时提交的。“语言学与旅游结合:影像双城记”合作以旅游宣传话语为主题。参与者(N=25)是主修旅游(波兰)和外语学习(芬兰)的大学生。电子投资组合的分析与对话方法结合话语分析的见解(沙利文,2012)的帮助下。
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引用次数: 0
Vivian about ready to choke a b*tch! – 薇薇安准备掐死一个婊子!- - - - - -
Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.47862/APPLES.98324
Matti Nikkilä
Drawing on nexus analysis, this study seeks to analyse some of the discursive practices and visual material produced during the Gamergate controversy. This is achieved through examining the cartoon mascot Vivian James and the discussions related to the character. The treatment of the character is discussed through the resemiotizations the character faced. Initially the character was designed with clear goals in mind to serve as a resource to perform boundary work within the community. This was achieved through an easily definable process of resemiotizations. However, the character eventually became objectified and sexualized, showing resemiotizations that were not within the initial goals of the community. This process of further resemiotizations also documents how the community was unable to maintain control over the character, which is also symptomatic of the way Gamergate was not able to sustain its efforts.
利用关系分析,本研究试图分析在“游戏门”争议期间产生的一些话语实践和视觉材料。这是通过对卡通吉祥物维维安·詹姆斯的考察和与角色相关的讨论来实现的。通过人物所面对的相似之处来讨论人物的处理。最初,这个角色的设计目标是明确的,作为社区内执行边界工作的资源。这是通过一个容易定义的相似过程实现的。然而,这个角色最终变得物化和性感,表现出与社区最初目标不符的相似之处。这种进一步的模仿过程也证明了社区是如何无法保持对角色的控制,这也是Gamergate无法维持其努力的一个症状。
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引用次数: 1
Response processes in L2 writing tasks with Internet access 上网条件下第二语言写作任务的响应过程
Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.47862/APPLES.99431
Dea Jespersen, Slobodanka Dimova
Technology has changed modern L2 written communication in many ways, but how these changes have affected our understanding of the L2 writing construct needs further investigation (Weigle, 2002). Given that the Internet provides access to numerous resources available to L2 writers, the Danish Ministry of Education conducted pilots to modernize the school-leaving exams by including an L2 writing assessment in French with Internet access (DAMVAD, 2013). This study is guided by questions related to (1) differences in students' writing performance with Internet access (IA) and without Internet access (WIA), (2) students' writing behavior when they have IA or WIA, and (3) students' perceptions of the writing assessment with IA. Using a balanced design, two writing tasks in a WIA and an IA version were administered to ninth-grade L2 learners of French (N=32). Scores, window tracker logs, and a student survey were used in the analysis. Results suggested that while students strongly preferred the IA tasks, the task format (IA or WIA) did not affect their scores. The students did not use online resources beyond dictionary and conjugation sites, for either the IA or the WIA task.
技术在许多方面改变了现代二语书面交流,但这些变化如何影响我们对二语写作结构的理解需要进一步调查(Weigle, 2002)。鉴于互联网为第二语言写作者提供了大量可用的资源,丹麦教育部进行了试点,通过在互联网上使用法语进行第二语言写作评估,使离校考试现代化(DAMVAD, 2013)。本研究以以下问题为指导:(1)上网(IA)与不上网(WIA)时学生写作表现的差异;(2)上网或不上网时学生的写作行为;(3)学生对上网后写作评估的看法。采用平衡设计,对九年级法语第二语言学习者(N=32)进行了WIA和IA版本的两个写作任务。在分析中使用了分数、窗口跟踪器日志和学生调查。结果表明,虽然学生非常喜欢IA任务,但任务格式(IA或WIA)并不影响他们的分数。在IA和WIA任务中,学生们除了使用词典和词形结合网站外,没有使用任何在线资源。
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引用次数: 0
Deconstructing grand narratives in Applied Linguistics: 解构应用语言学中的宏大叙事:
Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.47862/APPLES.98262
Marco Túlio de Urzêda-Freitas
My objective in this paper is to present some contributions from queer praxiologies to the field of language education. More specifically, I propose an inquiring analysis of the constructs education, language, beliefs, and interaction, which still reproduce a variety of concepts rooted in modern/colonial grand narratives that have operated as grand narratives themselves within Applied Linguistics. Based on a range of critical studies carried out in Brazil, the queering of these four constructs enables the comprehension of language education as queer literacies practice, that is, as an activity mediated by a set of textual repertoires which may foster the construction of new meanings of gender, sexuality, and other identity categories in the classroom. As a Brazilian/Latin American scholar, I hope my reflections work as a subversive micro-narrative from the tropics, inspiring other dialogues and teaching performances that might turn language education into a transformative activity in different contexts around the globe.
本文的目的是介绍酷儿行为学对语言教育领域的贡献。更具体地说,我建议对教育、语言、信仰和互动的结构进行探究性分析,这些结构仍然再现了植根于现代/殖民大叙事的各种概念,这些概念在应用语言学中作为大叙事本身运作。基于在巴西开展的一系列批判性研究,这四种构式的酷儿化使语言教育能够被理解为酷儿文学实践,也就是说,作为一种由一组文本库介导的活动,它可能促进性别、性行为和课堂上其他身份类别的新意义的构建。作为一名巴西/拉丁美洲学者,我希望我的反思能成为热带地区颠覆性的微观叙事,激发其他对话和教学表演,使语言教育成为全球不同背景下的变革活动。
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引用次数: 0
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Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies
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