M. Manca, Z. Prochazkova, U. Berardi, Licini Alfaro, Felipe Pich-Aguilera
The awareness of the environmental impact of buildings during their entire whole life cycle has seen a growing interest in recent years. In fact, as buildings become more energy-efficient, life cycle impacts become increasingly important. Investors in the building sector are becoming aware of the direct and indirect benefits of a design process that enables the control of the impact of the building, ensuring the higher quality, intrinsic value of materials under a circular economy point of view. The durability is, together with reusability and recyclability, one of the main characteristics of construction materials. In this framework, the purpose of this paper is to describe a BIM-based approach to life cycle assessment (LCA) from the initial stages of the design of the Socrates Building in Viladecans. For this scope, a digital model in the TCQi GMA software was created to assist in the evaluation, optimization, and comparison of different design and construction alternatives. An integrated project delivery contract was adopted. These aspects altogether showed the potential of increasing the real estate value and the profitability of the building. This paper discusses problems that emerged during the digital project management, assessing criticalities and opportunities.
{"title":"Building Circular Economy: a Case Study Designed and Built Following a BIM-Based Life Cycle Assessment Approach","authors":"M. Manca, Z. Prochazkova, U. Berardi, Licini Alfaro, Felipe Pich-Aguilera","doi":"10.23967/dbmc.2020.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.179","url":null,"abstract":"The awareness of the environmental impact of buildings during their entire whole life cycle has seen a growing interest in recent years. In fact, as buildings become more energy-efficient, life cycle impacts become increasingly important. Investors in the building sector are becoming aware of the direct and indirect benefits of a design process that enables the control of the impact of the building, ensuring the higher quality, intrinsic value of materials under a circular economy point of view. The durability is, together with reusability and recyclability, one of the main characteristics of construction materials. In this framework, the purpose of this paper is to describe a BIM-based approach to life cycle assessment (LCA) from the initial stages of the design of the Socrates Building in Viladecans. For this scope, a digital model in the TCQi GMA software was created to assist in the evaluation, optimization, and comparison of different design and construction alternatives. An integrated project delivery contract was adopted. These aspects altogether showed the potential of increasing the real estate value and the profitability of the building. This paper discusses problems that emerged during the digital project management, assessing criticalities and opportunities.","PeriodicalId":409611,"journal":{"name":"XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. eBook of Proceedings","volume":"299302 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116580202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raül Serra i Fabregà, J. L. Z. Mestre, Paloma Arias
This contribution presents previous results of a study carried out with the aim of achieving better results in the restoration processes by replacing the tiles of an exterior mosaic tiling of the Trencadís type of Catalan Modernism. In this case the trencadís tiles come from the cutting of pieces, called piastras, of opaque and mass-colored glass called Smalti Murano glass. These companies have extensive color catalogs that, although not exactly the same as they were a century ago, are close enough for these replacement tasks. Each color corresponds, however, to a different composition of glass and a slightly different manufacturing process. These differences favor that the differences of color always go accompanied also of differences of superficial aspect. However, not all color references currently available have the same surface quality since this product, during its manufacture, acquires primary defects typical of artisanal processes. So far the predominant criteria for the selection of the new references of piastras that must replace the product damaged by the extensive exposure to the weather as a coating are based primarily on color. However, durability requirements must also be part of the selection criteria for substitution references. The primary defects that a product already presents in its superficial quality are often indicators of either a more irregular quality or of circumstances that favor the early appearance of secondary defects throughout its useful life. The main objective of this study is to ensure, in restoration work by substitution, the selection of the best piastras from the point of view of surface quality, to apply on site the most similar tiles of tone and with greater durability. This study is part of a collaboration between the study group LiTA (Laboratori d'Innovació i Tecnologia de l'Arquitectura) (UPC) and a private non-profit organization.
这篇文章介绍了之前的一项研究结果，该研究的目的是通过替换加泰罗尼亚现代主义Trencadís类型的外部马赛克瓷砖，在修复过程中取得更好的结果。在这种情况下，trencadís瓷砖来自于被称为piastras的不透明和大量彩色玻璃(称为Smalti Murano玻璃)的切割。这些公司拥有丰富的彩色目录，尽管与一个世纪前的不完全相同，但足以应付这些更换任务。然而，每种颜色都对应着不同的玻璃成分和略有不同的制造工艺。这些差异有利于颜色的差异也总是伴随着表面的差异而去。然而，并不是所有可用的颜色参考都具有相同的表面质量，因为该产品在制造过程中，获得了典型的手工工艺的主要缺陷。到目前为止，选择新材料的主要标准是颜色，这些材料必须取代因长期暴露在天气下而损坏的产品。然而，耐久性要求也必须是替代参考选择标准的一部分。一个产品在其表面质量上已经表现出的主要缺陷往往是一个更不规则的质量的指示器，或者是在其使用寿命中有利于次要缺陷早期出现的环境的指示器。本研究的主要目的是确保在替代修复工作中，从表面质量的角度选择最佳的piastras，在现场应用最相似的色调和更大的耐用性瓷砖。这项研究是研究小组LiTA (Laboratori d'Innovació i Tecnologia de l’arquitectura) (UPC)和一家私人非营利组织合作的一部分。
{"title":"Smalti Murano Glass Tessella’s Applied Outdoor in the Trencadís Catalan Modernism Mosaic: Recognition of Preliminary Alteration Patterns","authors":"Raül Serra i Fabregà, J. L. Z. Mestre, Paloma Arias","doi":"10.23967/dbmc.2020.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.126","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution presents previous results of a study carried out with the aim of achieving better results in the restoration processes by replacing the tiles of an exterior mosaic tiling of the Trencadís type of Catalan Modernism. In this case the trencadís tiles come from the cutting of pieces, called piastras, of opaque and mass-colored glass called Smalti Murano glass. These companies have extensive color catalogs that, although not exactly the same as they were a century ago, are close enough for these replacement tasks. Each color corresponds, however, to a different composition of glass and a slightly different manufacturing process. These differences favor that the differences of color always go accompanied also of differences of superficial aspect. However, not all color references currently available have the same surface quality since this product, during its manufacture, acquires primary defects typical of artisanal processes. So far the predominant criteria for the selection of the new references of piastras that must replace the product damaged by the extensive exposure to the weather as a coating are based primarily on color. However, durability requirements must also be part of the selection criteria for substitution references. The primary defects that a product already presents in its superficial quality are often indicators of either a more irregular quality or of circumstances that favor the early appearance of secondary defects throughout its useful life. The main objective of this study is to ensure, in restoration work by substitution, the selection of the best piastras from the point of view of surface quality, to apply on site the most similar tiles of tone and with greater durability. This study is part of a collaboration between the study group LiTA (Laboratori d'Innovació i Tecnologia de l'Arquitectura) (UPC) and a private non-profit organization.","PeriodicalId":409611,"journal":{"name":"XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. eBook of Proceedings","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114384820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. An increase in the population has led to the progressive construction of infrastructures and buildings. This causes severe environmental problems, firstly high emissions of CO2 are caused in cement production; secondly, a high volume of construction and demolition waste is landfilled and thirdly, it is necessary to look for new, no natural resources for the production of construction materials. The objective of this work is to analyse the influence of fine recycled aggregates and high volumes of fly ash in the properties of high-performance self-compacting (SC) microconcrete. The experimental work presented in this paper was carried out in two phases. In phase 1, SC-microconcrete were produced with 100% of Portland cement, and natural sand was replaced by both mixed and ceramics recycled aggregates in 30% and 50%. In phase 2, SC-microconcretes were produced with the replacement of 50% of Portland cement by fly ash, and natural sand was replaced by both mixed and ceramics recycled aggregates in 30% and 50%. In each phase, the drying and autogenous shrinkage of all mortars was measured via their storage in a climate chamber after 24 hours of casting and the determining of properties during 90 days. In order to assess the influence of the shrinkage effect on the mechanical properties, the prismatic samples were also stored in a climatic chamber, and the compressive strength at several ages was determined in all of the SC mixtures. The results showed that the microconcretes produced employing mixed and ceramic fine aggregates achieved higher compressive strength and lower autogenous shrinkage. Although the C-N achieved the lowest drying shrinkage, the mixtures with 30% of CRA and MRA were found to have similar values. The employment of the CRA aggregates improved the drying shrinkage and compressive strength of the C-FA-N mixture.
{"title":"Effect of Supplementary Cementitious Material and Fine Recycled Aggregates on Shrinkage Properties of Self-Compacting Microconcrete","authors":"M. Etxeberria, B. Reddy","doi":"10.23967/dbmc.2020.057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.057","url":null,"abstract":". An increase in the population has led to the progressive construction of infrastructures and buildings. This causes severe environmental problems, firstly high emissions of CO2 are caused in cement production; secondly, a high volume of construction and demolition waste is landfilled and thirdly, it is necessary to look for new, no natural resources for the production of construction materials. The objective of this work is to analyse the influence of fine recycled aggregates and high volumes of fly ash in the properties of high-performance self-compacting (SC) microconcrete. The experimental work presented in this paper was carried out in two phases. In phase 1, SC-microconcrete were produced with 100% of Portland cement, and natural sand was replaced by both mixed and ceramics recycled aggregates in 30% and 50%. In phase 2, SC-microconcretes were produced with the replacement of 50% of Portland cement by fly ash, and natural sand was replaced by both mixed and ceramics recycled aggregates in 30% and 50%. In each phase, the drying and autogenous shrinkage of all mortars was measured via their storage in a climate chamber after 24 hours of casting and the determining of properties during 90 days. In order to assess the influence of the shrinkage effect on the mechanical properties, the prismatic samples were also stored in a climatic chamber, and the compressive strength at several ages was determined in all of the SC mixtures. The results showed that the microconcretes produced employing mixed and ceramic fine aggregates achieved higher compressive strength and lower autogenous shrinkage. Although the C-N achieved the lowest drying shrinkage, the mixtures with 30% of CRA and MRA were found to have similar values. The employment of the CRA aggregates improved the drying shrinkage and compressive strength of the C-FA-N mixture.","PeriodicalId":409611,"journal":{"name":"XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. eBook of Proceedings","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124459859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomas Makaveckas, R. Bliūdžius, Aurelija Levinskytė
. For most building insulation materials, dependency of the thermal conductivity on temperature is close to linear, and it increases with rising materials temperature, but the thermal conductivity of the polyisocyanurate foam (PIR) increases in the lower temperature range, so the heat transfer through the partition insulated with this material is increased in the cold season. The thermal conductivity of PIR also increases during the aging process, especially during the later operating period, which is not covered by the standard aging procedure used to determine the declared thermal conductivity value. Also, there is a lack of information how PIR reacts to the certain temperatures and other climate conditions, and how fast it loses its thermal properties. The aim of this experimental research was to analyse the change of the thermal conductivity depending on aging temperature. 30, 50 mm thick PIR samples were prepared for the test, and the thermal conductivity of all specimens was measured at the standard conditions prior to the start of the test using the heat flow meter FOX 314, and again after each stage of aging, when the samples were kept at the certain temperature for 21 days. The results showed that the thermal conductivity of PIR increases more (up to 10 %) when kept at higher temperatures (+50 ° C, and +70 ° C), and after specimens undergo negative temperatures (-18 ° C) it has a minor influence to the change of thermal conductivity of PIR.
{"title":"Analysis of the Variation of Thermal Conductivity of Rigid Polyisocyanurate Foam (PIR) in The Context of Aging","authors":"Tomas Makaveckas, R. Bliūdžius, Aurelija Levinskytė","doi":"10.23967/dbmc.2020.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.009","url":null,"abstract":". For most building insulation materials, dependency of the thermal conductivity on temperature is close to linear, and it increases with rising materials temperature, but the thermal conductivity of the polyisocyanurate foam (PIR) increases in the lower temperature range, so the heat transfer through the partition insulated with this material is increased in the cold season. The thermal conductivity of PIR also increases during the aging process, especially during the later operating period, which is not covered by the standard aging procedure used to determine the declared thermal conductivity value. Also, there is a lack of information how PIR reacts to the certain temperatures and other climate conditions, and how fast it loses its thermal properties. The aim of this experimental research was to analyse the change of the thermal conductivity depending on aging temperature. 30, 50 mm thick PIR samples were prepared for the test, and the thermal conductivity of all specimens was measured at the standard conditions prior to the start of the test using the heat flow meter FOX 314, and again after each stage of aging, when the samples were kept at the certain temperature for 21 days. The results showed that the thermal conductivity of PIR increases more (up to 10 %) when kept at higher temperatures (+50 ° C, and +70 ° C), and after specimens undergo negative temperatures (-18 ° C) it has a minor influence to the change of thermal conductivity of PIR.","PeriodicalId":409611,"journal":{"name":"XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. eBook of Proceedings","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132087943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. Previously, only solutions with long-term experience were used in the building sector and it was sufficient to describe, e.g. in the building regulations, how they should be constructed. However, the innovation rate has gradually increased, encouraged by industrialization and by building regulations becoming more functional based. As a result, the required performance is often described for the whole building or for a building component, but not at product level. Furthermore, CE marking makes it possible to market and sell a product in any country within the European Union if only one or a few properties are declared, and these may even not be the most relevant ones for a specific application in a technical solution. A CE mark is therefore neither a quality mark nor an approval of the product for a specific application, although clients and consultants often believe this is the case. It is therefore a major challenge for the building sector to determine if a new building product is suitable in a specific technical solution (wall, roof, etc.). The paper identifies a gap between performance-based requirements for a technical solution and specific requirements to properties of building products. Two cases (flat roofs with no slope, MgO-containing boards used as wind barriers) show the possible economic consequences of not closing this gap; the technical solution failed, as one of the products was not suitable for Danish weather conditions. The first case initiated the formation of the Danish Building Defects Fund in 1986, the second one from 2015 shows that the gap still exits, 30 years later. The cases show how difficult it can be even for professionals to understand different certifications, especially when a product seems to be well suited for a specific use. Based on the cases, the paper presents a systematic approach that guides users through important issues relating to requirements for a moisture-safe building envelope.
{"title":"How to Determine when a New Building Product is Suitable - Certifications and Experience","authors":"E. Hansen, ørgen Nielsen, E. Møller, R. Peuhkuri","doi":"10.23967/dbmc.2020.074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.074","url":null,"abstract":". Previously, only solutions with long-term experience were used in the building sector and it was sufficient to describe, e.g. in the building regulations, how they should be constructed. However, the innovation rate has gradually increased, encouraged by industrialization and by building regulations becoming more functional based. As a result, the required performance is often described for the whole building or for a building component, but not at product level. Furthermore, CE marking makes it possible to market and sell a product in any country within the European Union if only one or a few properties are declared, and these may even not be the most relevant ones for a specific application in a technical solution. A CE mark is therefore neither a quality mark nor an approval of the product for a specific application, although clients and consultants often believe this is the case. It is therefore a major challenge for the building sector to determine if a new building product is suitable in a specific technical solution (wall, roof, etc.). The paper identifies a gap between performance-based requirements for a technical solution and specific requirements to properties of building products. Two cases (flat roofs with no slope, MgO-containing boards used as wind barriers) show the possible economic consequences of not closing this gap; the technical solution failed, as one of the products was not suitable for Danish weather conditions. The first case initiated the formation of the Danish Building Defects Fund in 1986, the second one from 2015 shows that the gap still exits, 30 years later. The cases show how difficult it can be even for professionals to understand different certifications, especially when a product seems to be well suited for a specific use. Based on the cases, the paper presents a systematic approach that guides users through important issues relating to requirements for a moisture-safe building envelope.","PeriodicalId":409611,"journal":{"name":"XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. eBook of Proceedings","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133274850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. Wood frame construction is the most widespread building method. In Belgium the number of wood frame buildings has grown in the last years: in 2018 over 10% of all new built dwellings were wood frame buildings. This increase can be partly attributed to the growing attention for energy performant buildings with a low environmental impact. In contrary to masonry construction, wood frame is more vulnerable to moisture problems, mould growth and wood rot. An important risk is water infiltration through imperfections in the building envelope as a result of driving rain. Therefore it is important for the design to be resilient and allow drying without consequential damage. To analyze the drying potential, an experimental set-up with 8 wood frame compartments was built. The compartments differ in the type of insulation material (mineral wool or cellulose) and the type of vapour retarder (OSB or smart vapour retarder) that were used. In this way 4 types of compartments were obtained, each having a different combination of insulation and vapour retarder. Of each combination there are 2 identical compartments. This allows to insert water in one of both, to mimic rain water infiltration from the outside into the compartment. Temperature, relative humidity and moisture content were measured on different locations in the construction (in total 92 sensors). In this way, the hygrothermal performance of the compartments with and without water infiltration can be analyzed, as well as the drying rate.
{"title":"Drying Potential of Wood Frame Walls Subjected to Accidental Water Infiltration","authors":"M. Steeman, N. V. Bossche, Klaas Calle","doi":"10.23967/dbmc.2020.039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.039","url":null,"abstract":". Wood frame construction is the most widespread building method. In Belgium the number of wood frame buildings has grown in the last years: in 2018 over 10% of all new built dwellings were wood frame buildings. This increase can be partly attributed to the growing attention for energy performant buildings with a low environmental impact. In contrary to masonry construction, wood frame is more vulnerable to moisture problems, mould growth and wood rot. An important risk is water infiltration through imperfections in the building envelope as a result of driving rain. Therefore it is important for the design to be resilient and allow drying without consequential damage. To analyze the drying potential, an experimental set-up with 8 wood frame compartments was built. The compartments differ in the type of insulation material (mineral wool or cellulose) and the type of vapour retarder (OSB or smart vapour retarder) that were used. In this way 4 types of compartments were obtained, each having a different combination of insulation and vapour retarder. Of each combination there are 2 identical compartments. This allows to insert water in one of both, to mimic rain water infiltration from the outside into the compartment. Temperature, relative humidity and moisture content were measured on different locations in the construction (in total 92 sensors). In this way, the hygrothermal performance of the compartments with and without water infiltration can be analyzed, as well as the drying rate.","PeriodicalId":409611,"journal":{"name":"XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. eBook of Proceedings","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123879637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Visual inspection forms the basis of the inspection planning process for concrete bridges. The authority responsible for bridge inspection maintains a database to record past inspection results, in order to plan future inspections. It is a challenge to recognize and classify bridges that it is essential to inspect based on inherent requirements. This is further exacerbated by the limited budget available. This manuscript describes a methodology for classifying bridges based on risk of potential failure and distributing the annual inspection budget for carrying out inspections on bridges accordingly. The absence of such a methodology allocation of resources for bridge inspection without real need. For example, on some occasions it is not necessary to inspect certain bridges on a time basis. Hence, this study focuses on developing an inspection-planning approach based on the actual and predicted condition (i.e. based on the database of past inspection data). It enables the bridges to be classified into different categories, based on the risk of potential failures. This enables the effective distribution of annual budgets among the bridges, avoiding unnecessary inspection that incurs pointless inspection costs.
{"title":"Risk-Based Approach for Improving Concrete Bridges‘ Inspection Planning","authors":"Sindre Tronsli, S. Samarakoon, R. Ratnayake","doi":"10.23967/dbmc.2020.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.120","url":null,"abstract":"Visual inspection forms the basis of the inspection planning process for concrete bridges. The authority responsible for bridge inspection maintains a database to record past inspection results, in order to plan future inspections. It is a challenge to recognize and classify bridges that it is essential to inspect based on inherent requirements. This is further exacerbated by the limited budget available. This manuscript describes a methodology for classifying bridges based on risk of potential failure and distributing the annual inspection budget for carrying out inspections on bridges accordingly. The absence of such a methodology allocation of resources for bridge inspection without real need. For example, on some occasions it is not necessary to inspect certain bridges on a time basis. Hence, this study focuses on developing an inspection-planning approach based on the actual and predicted condition (i.e. based on the database of past inspection data). It enables the bridges to be classified into different categories, based on the risk of potential failures. This enables the effective distribution of annual budgets among the bridges, avoiding unnecessary inspection that incurs pointless inspection costs.","PeriodicalId":409611,"journal":{"name":"XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. eBook of Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124341785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Mobaraki, S. Komarizadehasl, F. J. C. Pascual, J. Lozano-Galant
. Temperature and humidity measurements provide useful information on multiple areas of civil engineering application such as Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), Structural System Identification (SSI) and structures rehabilitation. Majority of the existing commercial systems are so costly and also these measurement paradigms need many reference spots for a full-scale structure. The aforesaid paradigms are based on collecting data through smart devices, transferring information to each other and in the final stage processing the obtained information collaboratively through cloud computing or the others technologies. Taking into account the above information and obstacles, utilizing the Open Source Platforms (OSP) microcontrollers like Arduino as well as low cost sensors are attracting more and more attention. This paper gives a comprehensive information about the most determinant aspects of the aforementioned kits in terms of their pros and cons, installation procedure, communication protocol, number of the required connections and specific characteristics of the data acquisition system.
{"title":"Environmental Monitoring System Based on Low-Cost Sensors","authors":"B. Mobaraki, S. Komarizadehasl, F. J. C. Pascual, J. Lozano-Galant","doi":"10.23967/dbmc.2020.201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.201","url":null,"abstract":". Temperature and humidity measurements provide useful information on multiple areas of civil engineering application such as Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), Structural System Identification (SSI) and structures rehabilitation. Majority of the existing commercial systems are so costly and also these measurement paradigms need many reference spots for a full-scale structure. The aforesaid paradigms are based on collecting data through smart devices, transferring information to each other and in the final stage processing the obtained information collaboratively through cloud computing or the others technologies. Taking into account the above information and obstacles, utilizing the Open Source Platforms (OSP) microcontrollers like Arduino as well as low cost sensors are attracting more and more attention. This paper gives a comprehensive information about the most determinant aspects of the aforementioned kits in terms of their pros and cons, installation procedure, communication protocol, number of the required connections and specific characteristics of the data acquisition system.","PeriodicalId":409611,"journal":{"name":"XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. eBook of Proceedings","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123024168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. Water is one of the main factors affecting the durability of porous materials and it is one of the most common causes of their degradation. Physical phenomena such as freezing or salt crystallization, as well as the development of fungi and moulds, are caused by the presence of moisture. In wet material thermal conductivity coefficient increases and the heat loss begins to rise. Hydrophobization is one of the protecting methods of porous materials against water. Two different type of water-repellent agents were used for the internal hydrophobization. The first of them is an aqueous emulsion of silane: triethoxy(octyl)silane (OTES) and the second one is also an aqueous emulsion but the matrix is poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The paper focuses on the use of organosilicon water repellents. The main purpose of this paper is to determinate the possibility of use organosilicon agents as admixtures to internal hydrophobization. We compared results obtained for two different silicon-based admixtures. We investigated influence of both water-repellents on basic characteristics such as: absorbability
{"title":"Effect of Internal Hydrophobization on the Properties of Porous, Cementitious Materials","authors":"K. Grabowska, M. Koniorczyk","doi":"10.23967/dbmc.2020.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.054","url":null,"abstract":". Water is one of the main factors affecting the durability of porous materials and it is one of the most common causes of their degradation. Physical phenomena such as freezing or salt crystallization, as well as the development of fungi and moulds, are caused by the presence of moisture. In wet material thermal conductivity coefficient increases and the heat loss begins to rise. Hydrophobization is one of the protecting methods of porous materials against water. Two different type of water-repellent agents were used for the internal hydrophobization. The first of them is an aqueous emulsion of silane: triethoxy(octyl)silane (OTES) and the second one is also an aqueous emulsion but the matrix is poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The paper focuses on the use of organosilicon water repellents. The main purpose of this paper is to determinate the possibility of use organosilicon agents as admixtures to internal hydrophobization. We compared results obtained for two different silicon-based admixtures. We investigated influence of both water-repellents on basic characteristics such as: absorbability","PeriodicalId":409611,"journal":{"name":"XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. eBook of Proceedings","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131705836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gold leaf Murano glass is a unique product that over the centuries, especially during Byzantine period, has been used as facing forming big flat or curved mosaics that result in an architecture full of light and symbolism. This product is presented in a format of squared piastras with the same approximate dimensions that the gold leaves ones have (8x8 cm). Piastras are cut in smaller squares (1-1,5cm) in order to obtain the tiles that form mosaic’s cladding. This cladding technique was incorporated during Catalan Modernism. Through this technique, beautiful pieces of tesseras of gold leaf Murano glass combined with others of opaline glass. In order to overcome the artistic challenges from this architectural movement, new mosaics were placed outdoors in order to shine by the incident sun beams and the square tiles were replaced by irregular tiles that form polygonal meshes capable of coating double curvature surfaces with great elegance. This location and prolonged exposure to the weather cause, over time, a deteriorated appearance, despite being composed of great resistant materials such as gold and glass. Studies oriented to know the phenomenology of this deterioration are being carried out and its impact on the expected durability of this coating. Being a handmade product and completely manual execution, the first studies have aimed to identify the primary anomalies that are originally generated in the different layers of this product at the time of manufacture, transport and handling. Knowing these primary anomalies must allow to prevent their occurrence and reduce their incidence in the manifestation of so-called secondary anomalies. All this in order to prolong the useful life of this appreciated architectural cladding.
{"title":"Gold Leaf Murano Glass Piastras‘ Performance in the Trencadís Catalan Modernism Mosaic: Recognition of Primary Alteration Patterns","authors":"H. Camargo, J. L. Z. Mestre","doi":"10.23967/dbmc.2020.237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.237","url":null,"abstract":"Gold leaf Murano glass is a unique product that over the centuries, especially during Byzantine period, has been used as facing forming big flat or curved mosaics that result in an architecture full of light and symbolism. This product is presented in a format of squared piastras with the same approximate dimensions that the gold leaves ones have (8x8 cm). Piastras are cut in smaller squares (1-1,5cm) in order to obtain the tiles that form mosaic’s cladding. This cladding technique was incorporated during Catalan Modernism. Through this technique, beautiful pieces of tesseras of gold leaf Murano glass combined with others of opaline glass. In order to overcome the artistic challenges from this architectural movement, new mosaics were placed outdoors in order to shine by the incident sun beams and the square tiles were replaced by irregular tiles that form polygonal meshes capable of coating double curvature surfaces with great elegance. This location and prolonged exposure to the weather cause, over time, a deteriorated appearance, despite being composed of great resistant materials such as gold and glass. Studies oriented to know the phenomenology of this deterioration are being carried out and its impact on the expected durability of this coating. Being a handmade product and completely manual execution, the first studies have aimed to identify the primary anomalies that are originally generated in the different layers of this product at the time of manufacture, transport and handling. Knowing these primary anomalies must allow to prevent their occurrence and reduce their incidence in the manifestation of so-called secondary anomalies. All this in order to prolong the useful life of this appreciated architectural cladding.","PeriodicalId":409611,"journal":{"name":"XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. eBook of Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115232776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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