Pub Date : 2020-02-01DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2019.56354
Editors Lajtp
{"title":"Presentación","authors":"Editors Lajtp","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2019.56354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2019.56354","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115265109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-07DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2019.54586
N. Pose
North-South Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) are an intensified version of the Uruguay round’s bargain, in which developing countries gain access to developed countries’ markets, expecting increase in inflows of foreign direct investment, but see their ‘policy space’ reduced (Shadlen, 2005). Focusing on United States’ PTAs in the Latin American region, this article seeks to answer why some Latin American countries found this bargain attractive while others did not. I argue that modern PTAs generate uncertainty over their costs and benefits, because there are not standardized tools to estimate the impact of the ‘trade-related’ provisions they include. As a result, policymakers turn to their general ideas about economic development, which assign different meanings to them, producing differing decisions. Empirically, it is shown that the argument complements previous explanations based on structural and societal variables.
{"title":"Economic Ideas and North-South Preferential Trade Agreements in the Americas","authors":"N. Pose","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2019.54586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2019.54586","url":null,"abstract":"North-South Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) are an intensified version of the Uruguay round’s bargain, in which developing countries gain access to developed countries’ markets, expecting increase in inflows of foreign direct investment, but see their ‘policy space’ reduced (Shadlen, 2005). Focusing on United States’ PTAs in the Latin American region, this article seeks to answer why some Latin American countries found this bargain attractive while others did not. I argue that modern PTAs generate uncertainty over their costs and benefits, because there are not standardized tools to estimate the impact of the ‘trade-related’ provisions they include. As a result, policymakers turn to their general ideas about economic development, which assign different meanings to them, producing differing decisions. Empirically, it is shown that the argument complements previous explanations based on structural and societal variables.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114730793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-07DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2019.54587
P. Carrasco
El actual uso del agua, además de ser regido por una ley que no se adapta a las necesidades ni el contexto de abundancia de agua del país, como el Código de Aguas de 1982, genera presión adicional sobre las cuencas y acuíferos que son usados intensamente o sobreexplotados por la industria minera y la agroindustria; esto hace que sigan pensando en la disponibilidad del agua usando soluciones tecnológicas convencionales anticuadas, que no están acorde con la situación real de escasez del agua en Chile. Ante esta situación, el objetivo de este artículo es presentar al proyecto “GIRAgua” como un proyecto de cooperación internacional pactado entre el Ministerio de Obras Públicas chileno y el Ministerio de Infraestructura y Medio Ambiente neerlandés, mediante la denominada “Carta de Intenciones”, firmada en julio del año 2016 como forma de promover el uso racional del agua y los conceptos de Gestión Integrada de los Recursos Hídricos y de Gobernanza del Agua; paradigmas claves para enfrentar el actual contexto de sobrecarga de acuíferos, uso intensivo
{"title":"Proyecto “GIRAgua”: síntesis de la cooperación internacional","authors":"P. Carrasco","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2019.54587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2019.54587","url":null,"abstract":"El actual uso del agua, además de ser regido por una ley que no se adapta a las necesidades ni el contexto de abundancia de agua del país, como el Código de Aguas de 1982, genera presión adicional sobre las cuencas y acuíferos que son usados intensamente o sobreexplotados por la industria minera y la agroindustria; esto hace que sigan pensando en la disponibilidad del agua usando soluciones tecnológicas convencionales anticuadas, que no están acorde con la situación real de escasez del agua en Chile. Ante esta situación, el objetivo de este artículo es presentar al proyecto “GIRAgua” como un proyecto de cooperación internacional pactado entre el Ministerio de Obras Públicas chileno y el Ministerio de Infraestructura y Medio Ambiente neerlandés, mediante la denominada “Carta de Intenciones”, firmada en julio del año 2016 como forma de promover el uso racional del agua y los conceptos de Gestión Integrada de los Recursos Hídricos y de Gobernanza del Agua; paradigmas claves para enfrentar el actual contexto de sobrecarga de acuíferos, uso intensivo","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120898420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-07DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2019.54585
Tomás Olcese, Luiz Ricardo de Miranda
Regulation – a notion first borrowed from the natural sciences by economists and then from economists by lawyers – has become increasingly common in international law. Within this article, we attempt to define the main features of international regulation. To do so, we will retrace, although not exhaustively, the path of the successive applications of this notion through its implementation in two major legal models. This will be a necessary step in defining its distinctive criteria. Thereafter, we will analyze the feasibility of employing these criteria into international regulation to determine whether the phenomenon observed within domestic legal systems is actually the same phenomenon or a completely different one.
{"title":"The Notion of Regulation in Internacional Law","authors":"Tomás Olcese, Luiz Ricardo de Miranda","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2019.54585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2019.54585","url":null,"abstract":"Regulation – a notion first borrowed from the natural sciences by economists and then from economists by lawyers – has become increasingly common in international law. Within this article, we attempt to define the main features of international regulation. To do so, we will retrace, although not exhaustively, the path of the successive applications of this notion through its implementation in two major legal models. This will be a necessary step in defining its distinctive criteria. Thereafter, we will analyze the feasibility of employing these criteria into international regulation to determine whether the phenomenon observed within domestic legal systems is actually the same phenomenon or a completely different one.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125137241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-02DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2019.53165
Juan Pablo Glasinovic Vernon
The Manila Galleon marked the beginning of globalization as we know it today, linking Asia with the Americas and Europe through trade, from the second half of the XVI century until the first decades of the XIX century. Only a few decades after its discovery and conquest by Spain, the American continent burst onto the global scene allowing quasi industrial production in China and global trade, based on the silver pattern. A combination of circumstances made possible this first wave of globalization, ignited by the Americas. Looking back at that experience, we can better understand the current status of world affairs and extract some important lessons for Latin America in order to recover prominence in the relationship with Asia.
{"title":"Revisiting the Manila Galleon, a Chilean Perspective from the XXI Century","authors":"Juan Pablo Glasinovic Vernon","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2019.53165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2019.53165","url":null,"abstract":"The Manila Galleon marked the beginning of globalization as we know it today, linking Asia with the Americas and Europe through trade, from the second half of the XVI century until the first decades of the XIX century. Only a few decades after its discovery and conquest by Spain, the American continent burst onto the global scene allowing quasi industrial production in China and global trade, based on the silver pattern. A combination of circumstances made possible this first wave of globalization, ignited by the Americas. Looking back at that experience, we can better understand the current status of world affairs and extract some important lessons for Latin America in order to recover prominence in the relationship with Asia.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131779609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-02DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2019.53162
Andrés Rosales Segura
La interinstitucionalidad es una forma distinta de entender la cooperación, representa la actividad conjunta entre instituciones, tanto estatales como internacionales, tomando como base los objetivos de integración y cooperación regional latinoamericanos, es decir situar la interinstitucionalidad desde el punto en donde se difumina la política exterior y la política interna. Este tema se ubica precisamente en esta disyuntiva de fronteras internas y externas, dejando de lado los temores de las injerencias o discusiones soberanas, y centrándose más en temas conjuntos, a través de estructuras democráticas y permanentes en el tiempo. Ello parece ser más práctico que las tradicionales decisiones unilaterales o de la situación particular del momento, incentivada por razones políticas o económicas en la mayoría de los casos.
{"title":"La Interinstitucionalidad en las Relaciones Multilaterales de la Cooperación Interregional en América Latina","authors":"Andrés Rosales Segura","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2019.53162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2019.53162","url":null,"abstract":"La interinstitucionalidad es una forma distinta de entender la cooperación, representa la actividad conjunta entre instituciones, tanto estatales como internacionales, tomando como base los objetivos de integración y cooperación regional latinoamericanos, es decir situar la interinstitucionalidad desde el punto en donde se difumina la política exterior y la política interna. \u0000 \u0000Este tema se ubica precisamente en esta disyuntiva de fronteras internas y externas, dejando de lado los temores de las injerencias o discusiones soberanas, y centrándose más en temas conjuntos, a través de estructuras democráticas y permanentes en el tiempo. Ello parece ser más práctico que las tradicionales decisiones unilaterales o de la situación particular del momento, incentivada por razones políticas o económicas en la mayoría de los casos.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121802438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-02DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2019.53163
Gonzalo Ghiggino
Tras el fin de la Guerra Fría y ante el impulso expansivo del capitalismo global, los países en vías de desarrollo iniciarán un proceso de reformas tanto estatales como económicas. Estas reformas se enmarcan en el proceso de globalización económica que tuvo su apogeo con la incorporación de nuevos mercados luego de 1991. Uno de los factores de este impulso a la globalización serán las Inversiones Extranjeras Directas (IED). Existe pues una relación directa de mutua correspondencia entre la globalización económica y las IED. Las IED tendrán una rápida expansión gracias a la globalización al tiempo que estas ayudaron al proceso globalizador. En este orden la discusión sobre el rol del Estado ante el impulso de la globalización será decisiva. La presencia o no de un Estado considerado “neoliberal” serán las variantes que se analizan en el presente texto dado que el rol del Estado en la promoción del desarrollo y el fomento de las IED será clave para el éxito o fracaso de las políticas económicas en China y Argentina.
{"title":"Estrategias estatales para las Inversiones Extranjeras Directas ¿Qué puede aprender Argentina de las reformas económicas en China?","authors":"Gonzalo Ghiggino","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2019.53163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2019.53163","url":null,"abstract":"Tras el fin de la Guerra Fría y ante el impulso expansivo del capitalismo global, los países en vías de desarrollo iniciarán un proceso de reformas tanto estatales como económicas. Estas reformas se enmarcan en el proceso de globalización económica que tuvo su apogeo con la incorporación de nuevos mercados luego de 1991. Uno de los factores de este impulso a la globalización serán las Inversiones Extranjeras Directas (IED). Existe pues una relación directa de mutua correspondencia entre la globalización económica y las IED. Las IED tendrán una rápida expansión gracias a la globalización al tiempo que estas ayudaron al proceso globalizador. En este orden la discusión sobre el rol del Estado ante el impulso de la globalización será decisiva. La presencia o no de un Estado considerado “neoliberal” serán las variantes que se analizan en el presente texto dado que el rol del Estado en la promoción del desarrollo y el fomento de las IED será clave para el éxito o fracaso de las políticas económicas en China y Argentina.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125304342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-02DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2019.53158
A. Naru, Faran Shoaib
International trade policy theorists have repeatedly focused their works on actors developing or implementing policies, rather than the actual policies themselves. Dani Rodrik, Chalmers Johnson and Peter Evans are amongst those renowned international trade and industrialization scholars who dedicated most of their research to human resource development in countries that delivered miraculous economic growth. Chile may be considered one of those miraculous states, in part due to the development of its salmon fishing industry. Tasmania, another southern hemisphere salmon producing region, has also procure a State-guided sectorial development. Both face common attributes and challenges. On one hand, Chile and Tasmania salmon development is highly explained due to the existence of a bureaucratic regime highly supportive of human capital development in the new sector. On the other hand, still both face challenges to find the right balance between profitability and environmental sustenance. Chile has shown record export growth, but it has raised questions on sanitary management; while Tasmania has enforced strict environmental compliance, it has hardly earned anything from exports of Salmon.
{"title":"International Trade of Chilean and Tasmanian Salmon and the Governmental Human Resource Policy enabling its Expansion","authors":"A. Naru, Faran Shoaib","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2019.53158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2019.53158","url":null,"abstract":"International trade policy theorists have repeatedly focused their works on actors developing or implementing policies, rather than the actual policies themselves. Dani Rodrik, Chalmers Johnson and Peter Evans are amongst those renowned international trade and industrialization scholars who dedicated most of their research to human resource development in countries that delivered miraculous economic growth. Chile may be considered one of those miraculous states, in part due to the development of its salmon fishing industry. Tasmania, another southern hemisphere salmon producing region, has also procure a State-guided sectorial development. Both face common attributes and challenges. On one hand, Chile and Tasmania salmon development is highly explained due to the existence of a bureaucratic regime highly supportive of human capital development in the new sector. On the other hand, still both face challenges to find the right balance between profitability and environmental sustenance. Chile has shown record export growth, but it has raised questions on sanitary management; while Tasmania has enforced strict environmental compliance, it has hardly earned anything from exports of Salmon.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129590898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-04DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2018.52140
B. Condon
The renegotiation of NAFTA was surrounded by a dramatic atmosphere, just as Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Chrystia Freeland predicted. The negotiations took place against a backdrop of unilateral trade measures, President Trump’s mercantilist approach to trade policy, and the United States’ specified preference for bilateral trade deals. This article argues that, for the most part, economic, political and cultural relations in the NAFTA countries are bilateral in nature, but with important trilateral production chains in specific sectors, most notably in the automotive sector. Beyond these trilateral sectors, the relationship between Canada and Mexico plays a relatively minor role. However, replacing NAFTA with bilateral agreements would have placed Canada and Mexico at a disadvantage, relative to the United States, in terms of attracting foreign direct investment. Nevertheless, Canadian and Mexican interests do not always coincide, nor do their negotiating positions. For example, Mexico was willing to give up Chapter 19 dispute settlement for trade remedies, whereas Canada insisted on keeping it in place. In end, USMCA Chapter 10 preserves this dispute settlement mechanism for all three parties. Canada was willing to give up NAFTA Chapter 11 on foreign investment disputes, whereas Mexico accepted a modified version. The result is a trilateral agreement with significant bilateral elements, as well as global elements that will serve as a possible model in future megaregional and multilateral negotiations.
{"title":"From NAFTA to USMCA: Two’s Company, Three’s a Crowd","authors":"B. Condon","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2018.52140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2018.52140","url":null,"abstract":"The renegotiation of NAFTA was surrounded by a dramatic atmosphere, just as Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Chrystia Freeland predicted. The negotiations took place against a backdrop of unilateral trade measures, President Trump’s mercantilist approach to trade policy, and the United States’ specified preference for bilateral trade deals. This article argues that, for the most part, economic, political and cultural relations in the NAFTA countries are bilateral in nature, but with important trilateral production chains in specific sectors, most notably in the automotive sector. Beyond these trilateral sectors, the relationship between Canada and Mexico plays a relatively minor role. However, replacing NAFTA with bilateral agreements would have placed Canada and Mexico at a disadvantage, relative to the United States, in terms of attracting foreign direct investment. Nevertheless, Canadian and Mexican interests do not always coincide, nor do their negotiating positions. For example, Mexico was willing to give up Chapter 19 dispute settlement for trade remedies, whereas Canada insisted on keeping it in place. In end, USMCA Chapter 10 preserves this dispute settlement mechanism for all three parties. Canada was willing to give up NAFTA Chapter 11 on foreign investment disputes, whereas Mexico accepted a modified version. The result is a trilateral agreement with significant bilateral elements, as well as global elements that will serve as a possible model in future megaregional and multilateral negotiations.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120836278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-04DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2018.52142
Julieta Zelicovich
After 12 years of Kirchnerist administrations, the government of Mauricio Macri have imparted substantial changes in the Argentinean foreign and economic policy. These changes have been reflected in a redesign of the foreign trade policy. We wonder what have been the characteristics of this policy during “Cambiemos” administration. In light balance of payments data, why have the results regarding the country's external trade insertion been limited? For this purpose, the paper analyzes the principles, objectives and actions implemented, as well as the articulation of internal and external constraints (or variables) in this government, between December 2015 and October 2018. It is argued that the foreign trade policy has faced a context that was not very permissive, and fell prey to foreign policy’s "bad diagnosis" of the international context; and that this, articulated with the political and economic contradictions that occurred at the domestic level, acted to the detriment of the objectives set for a “smart international insertion”.
{"title":"Keys and Tensions in Argentina's Foreign Trade Policy Strategy in the Search for an \"Smart Insertion into the World\" (2015-2018)","authors":"Julieta Zelicovich","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2018.52142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2018.52142","url":null,"abstract":"After 12 years of Kirchnerist administrations, the government of Mauricio Macri have imparted substantial changes in the Argentinean foreign and economic policy. These changes have been reflected in a redesign of the foreign trade policy. We wonder what have been the characteristics of this policy during “Cambiemos” administration. In light balance of payments data, why have the results regarding the country's external trade insertion been limited? For this purpose, the paper analyzes the principles, objectives and actions implemented, as well as the articulation of internal and external constraints (or variables) in this government, between December 2015 and October 2018. It is argued that the foreign trade policy has faced a context that was not very permissive, and fell prey to foreign policy’s \"bad diagnosis\" of the international context; and that this, articulated with the political and economic contradictions that occurred at the domestic level, acted to the detriment of the objectives set for a “smart international insertion”.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126950418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：