Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2022.68979
Luciana Aparecida Bastos, Jesus Crepaldi, Rodrigo Monteiro da Silva, Victor Hugo Bartolomeu de Araújo Bartolomeu de Araújo, Aline de Queiroz Pancera, B. Iqbal
The first attempts at the Latin American integration process showed a highly pragmatic character, without many concerns for medium and long-term projects. The main concern was to expand intra and extra-regional trade. However, since the 1980s (the decade considered the lost decade for Latin America), when the external debt crises and the adjustment policies recommended by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) led the region to a higher poverty rate due to the social costs of such policies, Latin America has been rethinking its integration. The creation of LAIA (Latin American Integration Association), in 1980, replacing LAFTA (Latin American Free Trade Association), in 1960, and its sub-regional integration have changed Latin America’s economic growth trajectory from the 1990s. Within the scope of LAIA, Mercosur was created in 1991, with the objective of promoting intra and extra-regional trade expansion through the elimination of tariff barriers among its members, implementing a Common External Tariff. The full members of Mercosur are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The bloc also has associated members: Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana and Suriname and observer members, namely Mexico and New Zealand. This work was developed to verify whether Mercosur, with the elimination of tariff barriers between full members and the Common External Tariff, has been able to meet its main objective, which is to expand intraregional trade among its members. Therefore, the main objective was to verify whether there was trade expansion between the bloc's full partners between the years 2016 and 2020. The methodologies used for this purpose were descriptive statistics and literature review. Aiming to evaluate the annualized rate of change of trade in the period covered, it was decided to use the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), which is a differential of this research. The results showed that within the bloc, Brazil had Argentina as its main trading partner. It was observed that there was an expansion of intraregional trade between 2016 and 2018, followed by a considerable reduction of this trade during the period 2019-2020, but that Brazil still continued to be the member that obtained the largest intra-regional trade balances. Paraguay, in turn, did not show the same trend of commercial reduction for all other partners in 2019 and 2020. In addition, in 2020, even with the COVID 19 pandemic, Paraguay managed to increase its exports to Brazil and Argentina, showing a contrary trend only to their exports to Uruguay. Uruguay, in turn, expanded its imports from partners throughout the period, except for Paraguay in 2020, where its exports exceeded imports. With regard to Argentina, its exports to members began to fall in 2019 and increased in 2020, especially in relation to Brazil. The country also drastically reduced its imports from Brazil and Paraguay in 2019 and 2020, although it also considerably expanded imports from Paraguay
{"title":"Evolution of Mercosur intra-regional trade from 2016 to 2020","authors":"Luciana Aparecida Bastos, Jesus Crepaldi, Rodrigo Monteiro da Silva, Victor Hugo Bartolomeu de Araújo Bartolomeu de Araújo, Aline de Queiroz Pancera, B. Iqbal","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2022.68979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2022.68979","url":null,"abstract":"The first attempts at the Latin American integration process showed a highly pragmatic character, without many concerns for medium and long-term projects. The main concern was to expand intra and extra-regional trade. However, since the 1980s (the decade considered the lost decade for Latin America), when the external debt crises and the adjustment policies recommended by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) led the region to a higher poverty rate due to the social costs of such policies, Latin America has been rethinking its integration.\u0000The creation of LAIA (Latin American Integration Association), in 1980, replacing LAFTA (Latin American Free Trade Association), in 1960, and its sub-regional integration have changed Latin America’s economic growth trajectory from the 1990s.\u0000Within the scope of LAIA, Mercosur was created in 1991, with the objective of promoting intra and extra-regional trade expansion through the elimination of tariff barriers among its members, implementing a Common External Tariff. The full members of Mercosur are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The bloc also has associated members: Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana and Suriname and observer members, namely Mexico and New Zealand. This work was developed to verify whether Mercosur, with the elimination of tariff barriers between full members and the Common External Tariff, has been able to meet its main objective, which is to expand intraregional trade among its members. Therefore, the main objective was to verify whether there was trade expansion between the bloc's full partners between the years 2016 and 2020.\u0000The methodologies used for this purpose were descriptive statistics and literature review. Aiming to evaluate the annualized rate of change of trade in the period covered, it was decided to use the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), which is a differential of this research. The results showed that within the bloc, Brazil had Argentina as its main trading partner. It was observed that there was an expansion of intraregional trade between 2016 and 2018, followed by a considerable reduction of this trade during the period 2019-2020, but that Brazil still continued to be the member that obtained the largest intra-regional trade balances. Paraguay, in turn, did not show the same trend of commercial reduction for all other partners in 2019 and 2020. In addition, in 2020, even with the COVID 19 pandemic, Paraguay managed to increase its exports to Brazil and Argentina, showing a contrary trend only to their exports to Uruguay. Uruguay, in turn, expanded its imports from partners throughout the period, except for Paraguay in 2020, where its exports exceeded imports. With regard to Argentina, its exports to members began to fall in 2019 and increased in 2020, especially in relation to Brazil. The country also drastically reduced its imports from Brazil and Paraguay in 2019 and 2020, although it also considerably expanded imports from Paraguay","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129914839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2022.69407
Nicolás Albertoni, J. Cáceres, Camila Massa
El cambio climático es hoy unos de los principales desafíos globales que enfrenta la humanidad, y por ello uno de los principales temas de discusión en foros y encuentros internacionales. A pesar de que en diferentes rondas multilaterales se ha tratado este tema, incluyendo compromisos firmados como el Acuerdo de París, y que los países han llegado a consensos sobre la necesidad de contener el aumento de temperatura global por debajo de 2 grados Celsius para el año 2030, las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) continúan creciendo y el tiempo para lograr las metas sigue reduciéndose (OCDE, 2021). Mitigar los efectos del calentamiento global (tendencia que ha ocurrido durante los últimos 150 años debido al aumento de emisiones de GEI derivados de la quema de combustibles fósiles) y adaptarse a sus consecuencias requiere una activa participación hacia el desarrollo de actividades económicas que salvaguarden la conservación de la biodiversidad (National Geographic, 2020). En este contexto, se calcula que el 25% de las emisiones de GEI globales están relacionadas al comercio de bienes, con un 7% directamente ligado al transporte de estas mercancías (ITF, 2016). Desde este problema, nace la oportunidad de diseñar e implementar políticas comerciales instrumentales para el diálogo entre el comercio y medio ambiente, y la consecución de objetivos ligados al desarrollo sostenible.
{"title":"Una revisión de los debates actuales vinculados al comercio internacional y la sostenibilidad ambiental","authors":"Nicolás Albertoni, J. Cáceres, Camila Massa","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2022.69407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2022.69407","url":null,"abstract":"El cambio climático es hoy unos de los principales desafíos globales que enfrenta la humanidad, y por ello uno de los principales temas de discusión en foros y encuentros internacionales. A pesar de que en diferentes rondas multilaterales se ha tratado este tema, incluyendo compromisos firmados como el Acuerdo de París, y que los países han llegado a consensos sobre la necesidad de contener el aumento de temperatura global por debajo de 2 grados Celsius para el año 2030, las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) continúan creciendo y el tiempo para lograr las metas sigue reduciéndose (OCDE, 2021). Mitigar los efectos del calentamiento global (tendencia que ha ocurrido durante los últimos 150 años debido al aumento de emisiones de GEI derivados de la quema de combustibles fósiles) y adaptarse a sus consecuencias requiere una activa participación hacia el desarrollo de actividades económicas que salvaguarden la conservación de la biodiversidad (National Geographic, 2020). En este contexto, se calcula que el 25% de las emisiones de GEI globales están relacionadas al comercio de bienes, con un 7% directamente ligado al transporte de estas mercancías (ITF, 2016). Desde este problema, nace la oportunidad de diseñar e implementar políticas comerciales instrumentales para el diálogo entre el comercio y medio ambiente, y la consecución de objetivos ligados al desarrollo sostenible.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116880030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2022.66924
Ismail Amani, Nadjet Kaci
This study aims to assess Belt and Road Initiative impact on bilateral trade between China and the partner countries. Thus, a Panel EGLS gravity model on data of 123 countries from 2012 to 2019 has been elaborated including standard gravity model variables as geographical and socio-cultural distance, local income. This model has been enhanced by introducing a dummy variable representing the membership of the partner country in the BRI and/or in WTO. Results show that standard gravity variables have their usual effects, a negative impact of distance while local incomes and sharing a common language have a positive effect. WTO membership has a positive impact too on bilateral trade between the considered countries. BRI also has a positive impact on bilateral trade between China and partner countries, hence its benefits for both. This positive impact is higher in BRI main road’s regions, Middle East, Europe, South and East Asia, while it lower in other regions as Latin America and North Africa.
{"title":"Belt and Road Initiative Impact on Bilateral Trade Flows","authors":"Ismail Amani, Nadjet Kaci","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2022.66924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2022.66924","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to assess Belt and Road Initiative impact on bilateral trade between China and the partner countries. Thus, a Panel EGLS gravity model on data of 123 countries from 2012 to 2019 has been elaborated including standard gravity model variables as geographical and socio-cultural distance, local income. This model has been enhanced by introducing a dummy variable representing the membership of the partner country in the BRI and/or in WTO. \u0000Results show that standard gravity variables have their usual effects, a negative impact of distance while local incomes and sharing a common language have a positive effect. WTO membership has a positive impact too on bilateral trade between the considered countries. BRI also has a positive impact on bilateral trade between China and partner countries, hence its benefits for both. This positive impact is higher in BRI main road’s regions, Middle East, Europe, South and East Asia, while it lower in other regions as Latin America and North Africa.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115452024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2022.67930
Jael Cortes Rondoy
Following a definition of development that brings back the role of productive capabilities and endorses structural change, this paper examines two key elements and their trends: industrialization and trade patterns. Through the analysis of economic factors covering the period 1980-2019, this paper aims to offer insights into the elements that have led to divergent development outcomes in China and Latin America, paying particular attention to the cases of Chile and Mexico. Indicators including yearly GDP growth, the share of the world GDP, and per-capita GDP will be used to show that China has outpaced Latin America in terms of growth. Moreover, it will also be demonstrated that while Latin America is experiencing a deindustrialization trend, evidenced by a decline in the manufacturing sector and low levels of high-technology exports, China has experienced rapid industrialization. Moreover, China's exports serve as an illustration of a country that transitioned from producing and exporting low-value manufactured items to more complex goods with higher added value, while Chile has not been able to leave behind its reliance on natural resources. In the case of Mexico, although its exports are not concentrated in primary commodities, they are built on a maquiladora model that relegates it to the bottom of industrial value chains.
{"title":"Divergent Development experiences: A general outlook of China and Latin America’s Development trends","authors":"Jael Cortes Rondoy","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2022.67930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2022.67930","url":null,"abstract":"Following a definition of development that brings back the role of productive capabilities and endorses structural change, this paper examines two key elements and their trends: industrialization and trade patterns. Through the analysis of economic factors covering the period 1980-2019, this paper aims to offer insights into the elements that have led to divergent development outcomes in China and Latin America, paying particular attention to the cases of Chile and Mexico. Indicators including yearly GDP growth, the share of the world GDP, and per-capita GDP will be used to show that China has outpaced Latin America in terms of growth. Moreover, it will also be demonstrated that while Latin America is experiencing a deindustrialization trend, evidenced by a decline in the manufacturing sector and low levels of high-technology exports, China has experienced rapid industrialization. Moreover, China's exports serve as an illustration of a country that transitioned from producing and exporting low-value manufactured items to more complex goods with higher added value, while Chile has not been able to leave behind its reliance on natural resources. In the case of Mexico, although its exports are not concentrated in primary commodities, they are built on a maquiladora model that relegates it to the bottom of industrial value chains.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122569574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-16DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2022.66785
Juliana Peixoto Batista, Vanesa Knoop
La Ayuda para el Comercio como iniciativa es relativamente reciente, si bien ha sido una idea presente desde los inicios del en el sistema multilateral de comercio. Luego de innúmeras presiones de los países en desarrollo, y la necesidad de dar respuestas al aumento de las asimetrías en el sistema a raíz de los acuerdos que crearon la OMC, la iniciativa fue lanzada. Hasta hoy enfrenta muchos desafíos, técnicos y políticos, que reflejan la política de los programas de desarrollo por detrás de cada organismo internacional que la impulsa. La crisis del multilateralismo abrió camino a pensar la Ayuda para el Comercio de maneras más creativas, por medio de procesos regionales o de la cooperación Sur-Sur. Este artículo ayuda a reflexionar sobre la iniciativa, sus orígenes, sus desafíos presentes y futuros, en un mundo en convulsión, donde se suma una pandemia entre las amenazas a los objetivos de desarrollo.
{"title":"ayuda para el comercio, sus límites y desafíos","authors":"Juliana Peixoto Batista, Vanesa Knoop","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2022.66785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2022.66785","url":null,"abstract":"La Ayuda para el Comercio como iniciativa es relativamente reciente, si bien ha sido una idea presente desde los inicios del en el sistema multilateral de comercio. Luego de innúmeras presiones de los países en desarrollo, y la necesidad de dar respuestas al aumento de las asimetrías en el sistema a raíz de los acuerdos que crearon la OMC, la iniciativa fue lanzada. Hasta hoy enfrenta muchos desafíos, técnicos y políticos, que reflejan la política de los programas de desarrollo por detrás de cada organismo internacional que la impulsa. La crisis del multilateralismo abrió camino a pensar la Ayuda para el Comercio de maneras más creativas, por medio de procesos regionales o de la cooperación Sur-Sur. Este artículo ayuda a reflexionar sobre la iniciativa, sus orígenes, sus desafíos presentes y futuros, en un mundo en convulsión, donde se suma una pandemia entre las amenazas a los objetivos de desarrollo.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115201877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-16DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2022.65463
André C Jordaan
Globalization conveys the widely accepted idea that we are living in a border-less world. According to this view, no notice is taken of distance or national policy anymore, dictated by global markets. However, the concept of de-globalization is starting to appear in literature with evidence of a growing awareness. It seems that there is a transition from globalization and trade integration to economic nationalism or de-globalization. Recent data suggests that the level of de-globalization is on the increase globally. This phenomenon may cause vulnerable countries to reassess their position in the global trade environment as conventional trade agreements and partners may be jeopardized. The COVID-19 pandemic has spilled over to the global economy triggering a massive decline in economic activity, mainly because of government mandated lockdowns and general mobility restrictions. This has also had a dramatic effect on the functioning of global value chains, increasing the visible threat of de-globalization. Recent trends associated with the move towards de-globalization among G-20 countries and concomitant risks are also explored.
{"title":"De-Globalization","authors":"André C Jordaan","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2022.65463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2022.65463","url":null,"abstract":"Globalization conveys the widely accepted idea that we are living in a border-less world. According to this view, no notice is taken of distance or national policy anymore, dictated by global markets. However, the concept of de-globalization is starting to appear in literature with evidence of a growing awareness. It seems that there is a transition from globalization and trade integration to economic nationalism or de-globalization. Recent data suggests that the level of de-globalization is on the increase globally. This phenomenon may cause vulnerable countries to reassess their position in the global trade environment as conventional trade agreements and partners may be jeopardized. The COVID-19 pandemic has spilled over to the global economy triggering a massive decline in economic activity, mainly because of government mandated lockdowns and general mobility restrictions. This has also had a dramatic effect on the functioning of global value chains, increasing the visible threat of de-globalization. Recent trends associated with the move towards de-globalization among G-20 countries and concomitant risks are also explored.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130216373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-16DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2022.64897
V. Mlambo, X. Thusi, Sphephelo P. Zubane, D. N. Mlambo
Free trade agreements have been known to have numerous benefits, especially from an economic point of view, however, it has been argued that for them to be successful, they ought to be complemented by a conducive socio-economic –and by extension political environment. Regrettably, the African Continental Free Trade Area agreement (AfCFTA) arrived at a time when Africa was economically and politically unstable; conflict and economic insecurity have exacerbated the lack of development in the contintent. As a result of the above, this paper seeks to understand how African states will navigate their various economic and, by extension, political interests in the hope of contributing to the success of the AfCFTA. Finally, the paper will answer whether Africa is ready for a free trade agreement by employing a qualitative research approach and reviewing current literature.
{"title":"The African Continental Free Trade Area:","authors":"V. Mlambo, X. Thusi, Sphephelo P. Zubane, D. N. Mlambo","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2022.64897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2022.64897","url":null,"abstract":"Free trade agreements have been known to have numerous benefits, especially from an economic point of view, however, it has been argued that for them to be successful, they ought to be complemented by a conducive socio-economic –and by extension political environment. Regrettably, the African Continental Free Trade Area agreement (AfCFTA) arrived at a time when Africa was economically and politically unstable; conflict and economic insecurity have exacerbated the lack of development in the contintent. As a result of the above, this paper seeks to understand how African states will navigate their various economic and, by extension, political interests in the hope of contributing to the success of the AfCFTA. Finally, the paper will answer whether Africa is ready for a free trade agreement by employing a qualitative research approach and reviewing current literature.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130603245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La alta interdependencia del comercio mundial originada por la creciente red de acuerdos comerciales existentes y las cadenas globales de valor hace necesario que se incorporen nuevas variables al análisis sobre la performance de la inserción internacional de un país. En este marco, el Índice de Vulnerabilidad Comercial (IVC) elaborado por el Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo (CED) de Uruguay, busca incorporar alguna de esas otras variables al debate para tener una mirada basada en evidencia, sobre el estado de la inserción internacional de un país en la economía mundial.
{"title":"Nuevos datos basados en el Índice Vulnerabilidad Comercial (IVC):","authors":"Nicolás Albertoni, Ramiro Correa, Agustín Irurralde","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2022.66694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2022.66694","url":null,"abstract":"La alta interdependencia del comercio mundial originada por la creciente red de acuerdos comerciales existentes y las cadenas globales de valor hace necesario que se incorporen nuevas variables al análisis sobre la performance de la inserción internacional de un país. En este marco, el Índice de Vulnerabilidad Comercial (IVC) elaborado por el Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo (CED) de Uruguay, busca incorporar alguna de esas otras variables al debate para tener una mirada basada en evidencia, sobre el estado de la inserción internacional de un país en la economía mundial.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121273046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-16DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2022.67061
A. J. Adenigbo, Joash Mageto, R. Luke
Air cargo flows in a country represent air trade volume involving the exchange of goods between countries, and it is significant to the economic development of nations. However, the instability of macroeconomic variables makes air cargo trade fluctuate with its decision-making challenges. This paper examines air cargo flows by volume, origin, destination, and Ghana’s macroeconomic determinants of air trade. The study collected categorized cargo volume data from Ghana Airport Company Ltd and macroeconomic data from the Bank of Ghana from 1991 to 2020. The study employed descriptive, correlation and regression to analyze data. ArcGIS mapping shows that European countries form the primary origins and destinations of cargo traffic in Ghana. The regression analysis found exchange rate (r = 0.43) and interest rate (r = 0.50) as the significant macroeconomic variables influencing air cargo trade in Ghana. This study highlights the need for policy decisions that promote an extensive bilateral exchange and lower interest rates for local production and export goods by air in Ghana.
{"title":"Macroeconomic Determinants of Air Cargo Flows in Ghana","authors":"A. J. Adenigbo, Joash Mageto, R. Luke","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2022.67061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2022.67061","url":null,"abstract":"Air cargo flows in a country represent air trade volume involving the exchange of goods between countries, and it is significant to the economic development of nations. However, the instability of macroeconomic variables makes air cargo trade fluctuate with its decision-making challenges. This paper examines air cargo flows by volume, origin, destination, and Ghana’s macroeconomic determinants of air trade. The study collected categorized cargo volume data from Ghana Airport Company Ltd and macroeconomic data from the Bank of Ghana from 1991 to 2020. The study employed descriptive, correlation and regression to analyze data. ArcGIS mapping shows that European countries form the primary origins and destinations of cargo traffic in Ghana. The regression analysis found exchange rate (r = 0.43) and interest rate (r = 0.50) as the significant macroeconomic variables influencing air cargo trade in Ghana. This study highlights the need for policy decisions that promote an extensive bilateral exchange and lower interest rates for local production and export goods by air in Ghana.","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123000546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.5354/0719-9368.2021.65667
A. Bahri
In the recent years, there has been an upsurge in the number of FTAs that are mainstreaming gender equality concerns in their trade agreements. But is gender mainstreaming enough, and does it mean that countries that “mainstream” gender equality concerns in their trade agreements also “adopt” actions to address these concerns? What is gender mainstreaming in trade policy context? How can trade agreements help in fostering women empowerment? What kinds of relevant provisions have already been included in existing trade agreements, and what remains undone? This article seeks to respond to these questions
{"title":"Making Trade Agreements Work for Women Empowerment:","authors":"A. Bahri","doi":"10.5354/0719-9368.2021.65667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2021.65667","url":null,"abstract":"In the recent years, there has been an upsurge in the number of FTAs that are mainstreaming gender equality concerns in their trade agreements. But is gender mainstreaming enough, and does it mean that countries that “mainstream” gender equality concerns in their trade agreements also “adopt” actions to address these concerns? What is gender mainstreaming in trade policy context? How can trade agreements help in fostering women empowerment? What kinds of relevant provisions have already been included in existing trade agreements, and what remains undone? This article seeks to respond to these questions","PeriodicalId":409959,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Trade Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117250395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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