We test whether commonly used measures of agglomeration economies encourage new firm entry in both urban and rural markets. Using new firm location decisions in Iowa and North Carolina, we find that measured agglomeration economies increase the probability of new firm entry in both urban and rural areas. Firms are more likely to locate in markets with an existing cluster of firms in the same industry, with greater concentrations of upstream suppliers or downstream customers, and with a larger proportion of college‐educated workers in the local labor supply. Firms are less likely to enter markets with no incumbent firms in the sector or where production is concentrated in relatively few sectors. The same factors encourage both stand‐alone start‐ups and establishments built by multiplant firms. Commuting decisions exhibit the same pattern as new firm entry with workers commuting from low to high agglomeration markets. Because agglomeration economies are important for rural firm entry also, policies encouraging new firm entry should focus on relatively few job centers rather than encouraging new firm entry in every small town.
{"title":"Does Agglomeration Matter Everywhere?: New Firm Location Decisions in Rural and Urban Markets","authors":"Georgeanne M. Artz, Younjun Kim, P. Orazem","doi":"10.1111/jors.12202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12202","url":null,"abstract":"We test whether commonly used measures of agglomeration economies encourage new firm entry in both urban and rural markets. Using new firm location decisions in Iowa and North Carolina, we find that measured agglomeration economies increase the probability of new firm entry in both urban and rural areas. Firms are more likely to locate in markets with an existing cluster of firms in the same industry, with greater concentrations of upstream suppliers or downstream customers, and with a larger proportion of college‐educated workers in the local labor supply. Firms are less likely to enter markets with no incumbent firms in the sector or where production is concentrated in relatively few sectors. The same factors encourage both stand‐alone start‐ups and establishments built by multiplant firms. Commuting decisions exhibit the same pattern as new firm entry with workers commuting from low to high agglomeration markets. Because agglomeration economies are important for rural firm entry also, policies encouraging new firm entry should focus on relatively few job centers rather than encouraging new firm entry in every small town.","PeriodicalId":410291,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Analytical Models (Topic)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124525423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies an extension of the Ramsey growth model of optimal capital accumulation in discrete time by departing from the standard assumption of constant population growth rate. More concretely, this rate is assumed to be decreasing over time and a general population growth law with this characteristic is introduced. In this setup, the model can be represented by a three dimensional dynamical system which admits a unique solution characterized by the Euler equation. It is shown that there is a unique nontrivial equilibrium which is a saddle point. In addition, the speed of convergence to the steady state is characterized.
{"title":"The Discrete-Time Ramsey Model with a Decreasing Population Growth Rate: Stability and Speed of Convergence","authors":"J. Brida, G. Cayssials, J. Pereyra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2677716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2677716","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies an extension of the Ramsey growth model of optimal capital accumulation in discrete time by departing from the standard assumption of constant population growth rate. More concretely, this rate is assumed to be decreasing over time and a general population growth law with this characteristic is introduced. In this setup, the model can be represented by a three dimensional dynamical system which admits a unique solution characterized by the Euler equation. It is shown that there is a unique nontrivial equilibrium which is a saddle point. In addition, the speed of convergence to the steady state is characterized.","PeriodicalId":410291,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Analytical Models (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130323099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We develop a model where workers both choose their residential location (geographical space) and their social interactions (social space). In equilibrium, we show under which condition some individuals reside close to the job center while others live far away from it. Even though the two populations have the same characteristics and no group experiences any discrimination, we show that the majority group always has a lower unemployment rate than the minority group both when ethnic minorities reside close and far away from the city-center where jobs are located. This is because they have a larger and better-quality social network. This result is quite unique as it can explain the high unemployment rates of ethnic minorities both in European and American cities.
{"title":"Urban Spatial Structure, Employment and Social Ties: European Versus American Cities","authors":"P. Picard, Y. Zenou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2655115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2655115","url":null,"abstract":"We develop a model where workers both choose their residential location (geographical space) and their social interactions (social space). In equilibrium, we show under which condition some individuals reside close to the job center while others live far away from it. Even though the two populations have the same characteristics and no group experiences any discrimination, we show that the majority group always has a lower unemployment rate than the minority group both when ethnic minorities reside close and far away from the city-center where jobs are located. This is because they have a larger and better-quality social network. This result is quite unique as it can explain the high unemployment rates of ethnic minorities both in European and American cities.","PeriodicalId":410291,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Analytical Models (Topic)","volume":"525 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123443480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.15446/CUAD.ECON.V34N66.44850
Joaquín Perrén, Laura Lamfre
Spanish Abstract: El presente articulo tiene como proposito analizar la segregacion residencial socioeconomica en una ciudad intermedia argentina. Nos detendremos en el caso de Neuquen, una aglomeracion situada en la Norpatagonia, durante el periodo entre 1991 y 2001. Se propone un recorrido con tres momentos claramente diferenciados. En una primera seccion, se describe el contexto que funciono como escenario del fenomeno que pretendemos explicar. Luego, se realiza una breve aproximacion a la idea de segregacion, utilizando la informacion de los censos nacionales de poblacion 1991 y 2001. Por ultimo, se presentan los principales resultados que obtuvimos en el analisis de algunas dimensiones para explorar las desigualdades socioespaciales que atravesaron la ciudad en el periodo. En todo este itinerario, a fin de reflejar en el espacio muchos de los fenomenos que las fuentes censales ponen en evidencia, se han elaborado cartografias tematicas a partir de la utilizacion de sistemas de informacion geografica (SIG).English Abstract: This article aims to analyze the socio-economic residential segregation in Argentina’s middle-income city. We stop in the case of Neuquen, an agglomeration located in Northern Patagonia, taking into account the period between 1991 and 2001. We propose a journey that has three distinct moments. In the first section, we describe the context that provided a stage for the phenomenon we want to explain. Then will make a brief summary of the idea of segregation, using the information provided by the national population censuses of 1991 and 2001. Finally, we present the main results obtained in the analysis of some of the socio-spatial inequalities that existed in the city during this period. Throughout this journey, in order to spatially represent many of the phenomena that the census data highlighted, we have developed thematic maps using GIS.
{"title":"La Segregación Residencial En Tiempos De La 'Gran Transformación Neoliberal.' Una Aproximación Al Caso De La Ciudad De Neuquén, 1991-2001 (Residential Segregation in Times of the 'Great Neoliberal Transformation.' An Approach to the Case of the City of Neuquén, 1991-2001)","authors":"Joaquín Perrén, Laura Lamfre","doi":"10.15446/CUAD.ECON.V34N66.44850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/CUAD.ECON.V34N66.44850","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: El presente articulo tiene como proposito analizar la segregacion residencial socioeconomica en una ciudad intermedia argentina. Nos detendremos en el caso de Neuquen, una aglomeracion situada en la Norpatagonia, durante el periodo entre 1991 y 2001. Se propone un recorrido con tres momentos claramente diferenciados. En una primera seccion, se describe el contexto que funciono como escenario del fenomeno que pretendemos explicar. Luego, se realiza una breve aproximacion a la idea de segregacion, utilizando la informacion de los censos nacionales de poblacion 1991 y 2001. Por ultimo, se presentan los principales resultados que obtuvimos en el analisis de algunas dimensiones para explorar las desigualdades socioespaciales que atravesaron la ciudad en el periodo. En todo este itinerario, a fin de reflejar en el espacio muchos de los fenomenos que las fuentes censales ponen en evidencia, se han elaborado cartografias tematicas a partir de la utilizacion de sistemas de informacion geografica (SIG).English Abstract: This article aims to analyze the socio-economic residential segregation in Argentina’s middle-income city. We stop in the case of Neuquen, an agglomeration located in Northern Patagonia, taking into account the period between 1991 and 2001. We propose a journey that has three distinct moments. In the first section, we describe the context that provided a stage for the phenomenon we want to explain. Then will make a brief summary of the idea of segregation, using the information provided by the national population censuses of 1991 and 2001. Finally, we present the main results obtained in the analysis of some of the socio-spatial inequalities that existed in the city during this period. Throughout this journey, in order to spatially represent many of the phenomena that the census data highlighted, we have developed thematic maps using GIS.","PeriodicalId":410291,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Analytical Models (Topic)","volume":"22 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131992505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the scaling relationship of pedestrian fatality counts as a function of the population size of 115 to 161 large U.S cities during the period of 1994 to 2011. We also examine the relationship of non-pedestrian and total traffic fatality counts as well. We used both annual and panel data bivariate and multivariate regression models.We found the scaling relationship display economy of scale or sublinear for pedestrian fatality. The relationship displays superlinear relationship in case of non-pedestrian fatality. When the relationship was examined by the subgroup of cities with different population sizes, the most pronounced scaling relationships was discovered for the group of mega cities. Implication from these findings will be presented.
{"title":"Higher Pedestrian Fatalities in Larger Cities? Scaling Analysis of Over 115 to 161 Large U.S. Cities","authors":"Yu Sang Chang, Won Jae Lee, Jae Hee Lee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2601231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2601231","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the scaling relationship of pedestrian fatality counts as a function of the population size of 115 to 161 large U.S cities during the period of 1994 to 2011. We also examine the relationship of non-pedestrian and total traffic fatality counts as well. We used both annual and panel data bivariate and multivariate regression models.We found the scaling relationship display economy of scale or sublinear for pedestrian fatality. The relationship displays superlinear relationship in case of non-pedestrian fatality. When the relationship was examined by the subgroup of cities with different population sizes, the most pronounced scaling relationships was discovered for the group of mega cities. Implication from these findings will be presented.","PeriodicalId":410291,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Analytical Models (Topic)","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133788855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the impact of the intensity of political competition on the leviathan behavior by political incumbents. Using panel data from German municipalities, we test whether the relative political strength of parties in local councils influences the spending behavior of officeholders. We find only weak evidence that strong officeholders (with weak political opponents) exhibit leviathan behavior in total government spending. Additionally, we test for political budget cycles at the local level. Here, we find strong empirical evidence that the spending pattern during a legislative period depends on the distribution of power in local councils. In municipalities with weak political competition the public spending reaches a peak in election years. The political incumbents act as self-preserving leviathans. If officeholders face politically strong opponents, they do not initiate a political budget cycle.
{"title":"Self-Preserving Leviathans - Evidence from Regional-Level Data","authors":"J. Kluge, Gunther Markwardt, C. Thater","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2559747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2559747","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the impact of the intensity of political competition on the leviathan behavior by political incumbents. Using panel data from German municipalities, we test whether the relative political strength of parties in local councils influences the spending behavior of officeholders. We find only weak evidence that strong officeholders (with weak political opponents) exhibit leviathan behavior in total government spending. Additionally, we test for political budget cycles at the local level. Here, we find strong empirical evidence that the spending pattern during a legislative period depends on the distribution of power in local councils. In municipalities with weak political competition the public spending reaches a peak in election years. The political incumbents act as self-preserving leviathans. If officeholders face politically strong opponents, they do not initiate a political budget cycle.","PeriodicalId":410291,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Analytical Models (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133600405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Grimes, Eyal Apatov, L. Lutchman, Anna Robinson
We analyse impacts that infrastructure provision and other factors have on long run urban growth. Reflecting spatial equilibrium insights, growing cities have preferred attributes relative to other cities. These attributes may include natural characteristics, social amenities and transport infrastructure that have productive and/or amenity value. We outline a theoretical model that includes distance-related effects on individual utility and thence population location, and we test this model using historical data covering 1926 to 2006 across 56 New Zealand towns. Instruments dating back to 1880 are used to deal with potential endogeneity issues, and we use spatial-econometrics techniques to test for spatial spillovers between cities. Our analysis shows that four dominant factors have impacted positively on urban growth, especially since 1966: nearby land-use capability, human capital, sunshine hours and proximity to the country’s dominant city, Auckland.
{"title":"Infrastructure's Long-Lived Impact on Urban Development: Theory and Empirics","authors":"A. Grimes, Eyal Apatov, L. Lutchman, Anna Robinson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2517085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2517085","url":null,"abstract":"We analyse impacts that infrastructure provision and other factors have on long run urban growth. Reflecting spatial equilibrium insights, growing cities have preferred attributes relative to other cities. These attributes may include natural characteristics, social amenities and transport infrastructure that have productive and/or amenity value. We outline a theoretical model that includes distance-related effects on individual utility and thence population location, and we test this model using historical data covering 1926 to 2006 across 56 New Zealand towns. Instruments dating back to 1880 are used to deal with potential endogeneity issues, and we use spatial-econometrics techniques to test for spatial spillovers between cities. Our analysis shows that four dominant factors have impacted positively on urban growth, especially since 1966: nearby land-use capability, human capital, sunshine hours and proximity to the country’s dominant city, Auckland.","PeriodicalId":410291,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Analytical Models (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128958896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article includes a logit model construction process to support the process of decision making in real estate market. The model of logistic regression which has been elaborated, shall define the probability of transactions in the real estate market and it will indicate statistic variables which influence the demand significantly. The process of decision making (based on logit models) - substantially prepared and correctly executed - is a key determinant having influence on improving the competitiveness of companies, especially during the global economic crisis.
{"title":"Logit Modelling as a Tool Supporting Decision Making in the Real Estate Market","authors":"Łukasz Mach","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2841737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2841737","url":null,"abstract":"The article includes a logit model construction process to support the process of decision making in real estate market. The model of logistic regression which has been elaborated, shall define the probability of transactions in the real estate market and it will indicate statistic variables which influence the demand significantly. The process of decision making (based on logit models) - substantially prepared and correctly executed - is a key determinant having influence on improving the competitiveness of companies, especially during the global economic crisis.","PeriodicalId":410291,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Analytical Models (Topic)","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121777712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
type="main"> This paper aims to provide empirical evidence on the extent and possible channels of tax competition among provincial governments in China. Using a panel of provincial-level data for 1993–2007, we find strong evidence of strategic tax interaction among provincial governments. Tax policy is approximated by average effective tax rates on foreign investment, taking into account the tax incentives available to foreign investors. In line with the predictions of the theoretical tax competition literature, we also highlight the impact of each province's characteristics (including its size and level of industrialization) on the strategic interaction with its neighbors. Finally, the paper explicitly identifies the establishment of development zones as an important conduit for tax competition among provinces.
{"title":"Interjurisdictional Tax Competition in China","authors":"Yongzheng Liu, J. Martínez-Vázquez","doi":"10.1111/jors.12097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12097","url":null,"abstract":"type=\"main\"> This paper aims to provide empirical evidence on the extent and possible channels of tax competition among provincial governments in China. Using a panel of provincial-level data for 1993–2007, we find strong evidence of strategic tax interaction among provincial governments. Tax policy is approximated by average effective tax rates on foreign investment, taking into account the tax incentives available to foreign investors. In line with the predictions of the theoretical tax competition literature, we also highlight the impact of each province's characteristics (including its size and level of industrialization) on the strategic interaction with its neighbors. Finally, the paper explicitly identifies the establishment of development zones as an important conduit for tax competition among provinces.","PeriodicalId":410291,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Analytical Models (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117812103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the regional pattern of ecological capital in Indonesia through the core principles of political economy. In this discourse, the gap between Biocapacity and Ecological Footprint in the regional level (provinces) typically lead a crux problem that determines ecological capital sustainability. From this perspective, thus, a major hypothesis describes that unevenness in ecological capital patterns occur in Indonesian provinces as the gap of Biocapacity and Ecological Footprint is characteristically heterogeneous. In order to demonstrate this hypothesis, this study employs three main analyses. The first analysis is to examine the gap between Biocapacity and Ecological Footprint in Indonesian provinces. It is followed by the second analysis that the regional pattern of ecological capital is scrutinized by the principles of political economy, which are principle of Hegemony, principle of Circular and Cumulative Causation (CCC) and principle of Contradiction. In the third analysis, several results of the second analysis is likely to be utilized for promoting several relevant outcome policies that link to ecological capital sustainability in Indonesia.
{"title":"Uneven Regional Pattern of Ecological Capital in Indonesia: A Heterodox-Political Economy Perspective","authors":"B. Samudro, H. Bloch, Ruhul Salim","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2467382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2467382","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the regional pattern of ecological capital in Indonesia through the core principles of political economy. In this discourse, the gap between Biocapacity and Ecological Footprint in the regional level (provinces) typically lead a crux problem that determines ecological capital sustainability. From this perspective, thus, a major hypothesis describes that unevenness in ecological capital patterns occur in Indonesian provinces as the gap of Biocapacity and Ecological Footprint is characteristically heterogeneous. In order to demonstrate this hypothesis, this study employs three main analyses. The first analysis is to examine the gap between Biocapacity and Ecological Footprint in Indonesian provinces. It is followed by the second analysis that the regional pattern of ecological capital is scrutinized by the principles of political economy, which are principle of Hegemony, principle of Circular and Cumulative Causation (CCC) and principle of Contradiction. In the third analysis, several results of the second analysis is likely to be utilized for promoting several relevant outcome policies that link to ecological capital sustainability in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":410291,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Analytical Models (Topic)","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123937262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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