Pub Date : 2009-03-16DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2009.4801803
K. Wong
In this investigation we have prototyped a wireless ECG (electrocardiogram) sensor for real-time heart rate variability (HRV) detection, based on a commercially available sensor node. An ECG amplifier circuit is designed on a PCB board that is similar size to the sensor node so that it is easily attached to this node to achieve a minimum system size. In this implementation, the ECG is detected from both a patient simulator and a healthy subject body. The ECG signal is band-limited to 0.05Hz and 100Hz and amplified 1000 times before ADC conversion. We utilize the TinyOS 2.0.x open source operating system for providing data acquisition, computing and wireless communication services. A real-time HRV detection algorithm is implemented on the ECG sensor. The purpose is to reduce throughput of wireless data, and hence prolong battery life. Due to high sampling rate requirement (e.g 200Hz) of ECG detection, the HRV algorithms is required to complete within 5msec sample inter-arrival period in order to ensure no samples are lost. The digitized cardiac information is transmitted at 868 MHz ISM license free frequency band. A PC is used for displaying and storing the cardiac information.
{"title":"Real-time heart rate variability detection on sensor node","authors":"K. Wong","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2009.4801803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2009.4801803","url":null,"abstract":"In this investigation we have prototyped a wireless ECG (electrocardiogram) sensor for real-time heart rate variability (HRV) detection, based on a commercially available sensor node. An ECG amplifier circuit is designed on a PCB board that is similar size to the sensor node so that it is easily attached to this node to achieve a minimum system size. In this implementation, the ECG is detected from both a patient simulator and a healthy subject body. The ECG signal is band-limited to 0.05Hz and 100Hz and amplified 1000 times before ADC conversion. We utilize the TinyOS 2.0.x open source operating system for providing data acquisition, computing and wireless communication services. A real-time HRV detection algorithm is implemented on the ECG sensor. The purpose is to reduce throughput of wireless data, and hence prolong battery life. Due to high sampling rate requirement (e.g 200Hz) of ECG detection, the HRV algorithms is required to complete within 5msec sample inter-arrival period in order to ensure no samples are lost. The digitized cardiac information is transmitted at 868 MHz ISM license free frequency band. A PC is used for displaying and storing the cardiac information.","PeriodicalId":410885,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114424104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-16DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2009.4801778
Szu-Chieh Wang, Chao‐Sung Lai, C. Lue, Chia‐Ming Yang
In this study, a novel approach for realization of an inorganic ISFET/REFET system was presented. Single Si3N4 layer was used as the sensing membrane of EIS structure directly on n and p type substrate. The differential pH sensitivity of them is 25.1 mV/pH, and the linearity is higher than 99%. The drift effect for the single Si3N4 EIS structures could be minimized to around 1 mV/h by this differential arrangement. Besides, light and hysteresis effect for both conditions were investigated.
{"title":"Single Si3N4 layer on dual substrate for pH sensing micro sensor","authors":"Szu-Chieh Wang, Chao‐Sung Lai, C. Lue, Chia‐Ming Yang","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2009.4801778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2009.4801778","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a novel approach for realization of an inorganic ISFET/REFET system was presented. Single Si3N4 layer was used as the sensing membrane of EIS structure directly on n and p type substrate. The differential pH sensitivity of them is 25.1 mV/pH, and the linearity is higher than 99%. The drift effect for the single Si3N4 EIS structures could be minimized to around 1 mV/h by this differential arrangement. Besides, light and hysteresis effect for both conditions were investigated.","PeriodicalId":410885,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114685072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-16DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2009.4801769
N. Saparkhojayev, D. Thompson
Matching algorithms, called classifiers, determine if a previously enrolled instance matches an observed instance based on some rules. They return a decision, which consists of three possible answers: match, non-match, and unclassified. A classifier assigns a class label to a sample and then checks the new instance with a sample one. Or, the classifier is trained with example instances so that it learns what class label should be applied to future unknown instances. Classifiers are based on statistical, probabilistic, and decision rules. In applying classifiers, the most important issue is finding the matching rates. Two important rates are the false acceptance rate (FAR) and the false rejection rate (FRR). In this work, we determine the FAR and FRR for the Hotelling's two-sample T2 algorithm applied to the application of matching electronic fingerprints of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags in the presence of simulated noise. The algorithm is found to be a robust classifier for this application.
{"title":"Matching electronic fingerprints of RFID tags using the Hotelling's algorithm","authors":"N. Saparkhojayev, D. Thompson","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2009.4801769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2009.4801769","url":null,"abstract":"Matching algorithms, called classifiers, determine if a previously enrolled instance matches an observed instance based on some rules. They return a decision, which consists of three possible answers: match, non-match, and unclassified. A classifier assigns a class label to a sample and then checks the new instance with a sample one. Or, the classifier is trained with example instances so that it learns what class label should be applied to future unknown instances. Classifiers are based on statistical, probabilistic, and decision rules. In applying classifiers, the most important issue is finding the matching rates. Two important rates are the false acceptance rate (FAR) and the false rejection rate (FRR). In this work, we determine the FAR and FRR for the Hotelling's two-sample T2 algorithm applied to the application of matching electronic fingerprints of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags in the presence of simulated noise. The algorithm is found to be a robust classifier for this application.","PeriodicalId":410885,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"330 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120888295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-16DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2009.4801795
Chuantong Wang, S. Woodard, B. Taylor
All sensors or sensor systems previously used for tire measurements have one common feature - the sensors are part of electrically closed circuits and electrical connections are used to form the closed circuits. In this paper, we present a new tire safety monitoring system using a recently developed method for designing, powering and interrogating sensors developed at NASA. In lieu of sensors being a collection of components assembled using electrical connections, the sensors are patterns of electrically conductive material that can store electric fields and magnetic fields without electrical connections. They are powered using oscillating magnetic fields and respond with their own magnetic fields whose signatures give information about the measured parameters. Because no electrical connections are used to power, communicate with the sensor or to make the sensor, there is no point on the sensor that if damaged, renders the sensor non-functional. Many damage events simply shift the sensor's frequency range. Survivability of the sensor allows it to continue measurement while damaged. The physical quantities to be measured are correlated to the sensor's magnetic field response amplitude, frequency and bandwidth. The proposed method measures wheel speed, rotation angle, direction, acceleration, temperature, damage and wear of tread element by using two or more sensors. In this study, two sensors are used. One of the sensors is coated with temperature sensitive dielectric material. The two sensors working cooperatively are able to measure the seven parameters. The results and multifunctional measurement strategies are presented.
{"title":"Sensing of multiple unrelated tire parameters using electrically open circuit sensors having no electrical connections","authors":"Chuantong Wang, S. Woodard, B. Taylor","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2009.4801795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2009.4801795","url":null,"abstract":"All sensors or sensor systems previously used for tire measurements have one common feature - the sensors are part of electrically closed circuits and electrical connections are used to form the closed circuits. In this paper, we present a new tire safety monitoring system using a recently developed method for designing, powering and interrogating sensors developed at NASA. In lieu of sensors being a collection of components assembled using electrical connections, the sensors are patterns of electrically conductive material that can store electric fields and magnetic fields without electrical connections. They are powered using oscillating magnetic fields and respond with their own magnetic fields whose signatures give information about the measured parameters. Because no electrical connections are used to power, communicate with the sensor or to make the sensor, there is no point on the sensor that if damaged, renders the sensor non-functional. Many damage events simply shift the sensor's frequency range. Survivability of the sensor allows it to continue measurement while damaged. The physical quantities to be measured are correlated to the sensor's magnetic field response amplitude, frequency and bandwidth. The proposed method measures wheel speed, rotation angle, direction, acceleration, temperature, damage and wear of tread element by using two or more sensors. In this study, two sensors are used. One of the sensors is coated with temperature sensitive dielectric material. The two sensors working cooperatively are able to measure the seven parameters. The results and multifunctional measurement strategies are presented.","PeriodicalId":410885,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123153895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-16DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2009.4801780
W. J. Yu, S. Noh, M. K. Park, H. Min, J. H. Park, H. Choi
The quality of ultrasonic images is crucially affected by the applied ultrasonic probe; thus, it is necessary to evaluate the ultrasonic probe to achieve optimal performance. In this paper, the 3D acoustic field analysis method using a hydrophone, one of the probe evaluation methods, was performed, and the efficacy of this evaluation method for quantitative evaluation was evaluated. To acquire the acoustic field distribution of ultrasound at 7.5 MHz, a 128-multi-element medical ultrasonic array probe, that is considered to be inferior, was attached to a shaft. The shaft could be controlled in the x, y, and z directions. The hydrophone was attached in a water bath. The acoustic field distribution of each channel was displayed, and some parameters such as maximum acoustic pressure, the volume of -3dB field, and the symmetry of acoustic field were calculated. Using these parameters, the acoustic fields of normal, abnormal and simulated channels were compared. Comparing acoustic field characteristics of each channel proves that the proposed 3D acoustic field parameters are reliable and efficient to assess the performance of the ultrasonic probe.
{"title":"Ultrasound field measuring using hydrophone for quantitative evaluation of medical ultrasonic probe","authors":"W. J. Yu, S. Noh, M. K. Park, H. Min, J. H. Park, H. Choi","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2009.4801780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2009.4801780","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of ultrasonic images is crucially affected by the applied ultrasonic probe; thus, it is necessary to evaluate the ultrasonic probe to achieve optimal performance. In this paper, the 3D acoustic field analysis method using a hydrophone, one of the probe evaluation methods, was performed, and the efficacy of this evaluation method for quantitative evaluation was evaluated. To acquire the acoustic field distribution of ultrasound at 7.5 MHz, a 128-multi-element medical ultrasonic array probe, that is considered to be inferior, was attached to a shaft. The shaft could be controlled in the x, y, and z directions. The hydrophone was attached in a water bath. The acoustic field distribution of each channel was displayed, and some parameters such as maximum acoustic pressure, the volume of -3dB field, and the symmetry of acoustic field were calculated. Using these parameters, the acoustic fields of normal, abnormal and simulated channels were compared. Comparing acoustic field characteristics of each channel proves that the proposed 3D acoustic field parameters are reliable and efficient to assess the performance of the ultrasonic probe.","PeriodicalId":410885,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125299776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-16DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2009.4801777
Chintan M. Bhatt, J. Nagaraju
Bread undergoes several physicochemical changes during storage that results in a rapid loss of freshness. These changes depend on moisture content present in bread product. An instrument based on electrical impedance spectroscopy technique is developed to estimate moisture content of bread at different zones using designed multi-channel ring electrodes. A dedicated AT89S52 microcontroller and associated peripherals are employed for hardware. A constant current is applied across bread loaf through central pair of electrodes and developed potential across different zones of bread loaf are measured using remaining four ring electrode pairs. These measured values of voltage and current are used to measure the impedance at each zone. Electrical impedance behavior of the bread loaf at crust and crumb is investigated during storage. A linear relationship is observed between the measured impedance and moisture content present in crust and crumb of bread loaf during storage of 120 hours.
{"title":"Non-destructive method to estimate the moisture content in bread using multi-channel electrical impedance spectroscopy","authors":"Chintan M. Bhatt, J. Nagaraju","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2009.4801777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2009.4801777","url":null,"abstract":"Bread undergoes several physicochemical changes during storage that results in a rapid loss of freshness. These changes depend on moisture content present in bread product. An instrument based on electrical impedance spectroscopy technique is developed to estimate moisture content of bread at different zones using designed multi-channel ring electrodes. A dedicated AT89S52 microcontroller and associated peripherals are employed for hardware. A constant current is applied across bread loaf through central pair of electrodes and developed potential across different zones of bread loaf are measured using remaining four ring electrode pairs. These measured values of voltage and current are used to measure the impedance at each zone. Electrical impedance behavior of the bread loaf at crust and crumb is investigated during storage. A linear relationship is observed between the measured impedance and moisture content present in crust and crumb of bread loaf during storage of 120 hours.","PeriodicalId":410885,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122266782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-16DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2009.4801775
C. Roychaudhuri, R. DevDas, S. RoyChaudhuri, S. Maji, S. Das, H. Saha
Salmonalla is one of the major causes of worldwide foodborne diseases. Conventional microbiological detection methods are time consuming and the recent signal transduction schemes based on fluorescence spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance and others require specialized bulky and expensive instruments, which will increase the overall production cost in the food industry. This paper reports for the first time the use of microcellular trapping channels of oxidized macroporous silicon substrate with stable contacts directly from macroporous silicon using antibody-antigen binding method for label free, rapid, field deployable and inexpensive electrical detection of Salmonella Typhimurium by impedance measurements. Macroporous silicon is a regular array of pores of 1-2µm diameter which act as microcellular trapping medium for capture of bacteria. The preliminary reports show that a 2mm by 1mm electrode structure with a spacing of 1mm on oxidized macroporous silicon, without any optimization has been able to detect 103CFU-107CFU/ml of Salmonella Typhimurium using this microcellular trapping medium at a significantly lower processing cost and is comparable to much more sophisticated impedimetric measurements using interdigitated microelectrode array with dielectrophoresis (DEP). The relatively high sensitivity achieved with large electrode spacing can be attributed to the localization of fringing electric field lines through the trap holes occupied by bacterial analyte solution near the electrode. Using this technique an array of such sensitive sensors can be easily realized to yield a biochip for detection of various foodborne pathogens down to 103CFU/ml.
{"title":"Label free electrical detection of salmonella typhimurium pathogens by microcellular trapping channels","authors":"C. Roychaudhuri, R. DevDas, S. RoyChaudhuri, S. Maji, S. Das, H. Saha","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2009.4801775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2009.4801775","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonalla is one of the major causes of worldwide foodborne diseases. Conventional microbiological detection methods are time consuming and the recent signal transduction schemes based on fluorescence spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance and others require specialized bulky and expensive instruments, which will increase the overall production cost in the food industry. This paper reports for the first time the use of microcellular trapping channels of oxidized macroporous silicon substrate with stable contacts directly from macroporous silicon using antibody-antigen binding method for label free, rapid, field deployable and inexpensive electrical detection of Salmonella Typhimurium by impedance measurements. Macroporous silicon is a regular array of pores of 1-2µm diameter which act as microcellular trapping medium for capture of bacteria. The preliminary reports show that a 2mm by 1mm electrode structure with a spacing of 1mm on oxidized macroporous silicon, without any optimization has been able to detect 103CFU-107CFU/ml of Salmonella Typhimurium using this microcellular trapping medium at a significantly lower processing cost and is comparable to much more sophisticated impedimetric measurements using interdigitated microelectrode array with dielectrophoresis (DEP). The relatively high sensitivity achieved with large electrode spacing can be attributed to the localization of fringing electric field lines through the trap holes occupied by bacterial analyte solution near the electrode. Using this technique an array of such sensitive sensors can be easily realized to yield a biochip for detection of various foodborne pathogens down to 103CFU/ml.","PeriodicalId":410885,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127950490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-16DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2009.4801770
S. Moller, T. Newe, S. Lochmann
Advances in wireless sensor networks (WSN) have opened up new opportunities and many applications. To achieve security in these kinds of networks, it is important to encrypt messages. This requires the use of key distribution protocols. Due to resource constraints, achieving such key distribution in WSN's is not trivial. We evaluate deterministic, probabilistic and hybrid key distribution algorithms for distributing pairwise, group wise and network wise keys.
{"title":"Evaluation of key distribution protocols for use with wireless sensor networks","authors":"S. Moller, T. Newe, S. Lochmann","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2009.4801770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2009.4801770","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in wireless sensor networks (WSN) have opened up new opportunities and many applications. To achieve security in these kinds of networks, it is important to encrypt messages. This requires the use of key distribution protocols. Due to resource constraints, achieving such key distribution in WSN's is not trivial. We evaluate deterministic, probabilistic and hybrid key distribution algorithms for distributing pairwise, group wise and network wise keys.","PeriodicalId":410885,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131457853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-16DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2009.4801802
Tariq Khan, P. Ramuhalli, R. Raveendra, W. Zhang
A novel approach using basis expansions of acoustic sources is proposed to better condition the inverse problem in NAH. Results indicate that the basis expansion representation of sources provides better source reconstruction results through effectively combating ill-posedness of the inverse problem. The source reconstruction accuracy in direct inversion increases if the measurement data is smoothed prior to inversion [12]. The effects of employing basis expansion technique on denoised/ smoothed data will be studied in future
{"title":"Near-field acoustic holography for acoustic noise source identification in turbomachinery","authors":"Tariq Khan, P. Ramuhalli, R. Raveendra, W. Zhang","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2009.4801802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2009.4801802","url":null,"abstract":"A novel approach using basis expansions of acoustic sources is proposed to better condition the inverse problem in NAH. Results indicate that the basis expansion representation of sources provides better source reconstruction results through effectively combating ill-posedness of the inverse problem. The source reconstruction accuracy in direct inversion increases if the measurement data is smoothed prior to inversion [12]. The effects of employing basis expansion technique on denoised/ smoothed data will be studied in future","PeriodicalId":410885,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133987806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-16DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2009.4801766
K. Fowler
I conducted a survey in September 2008 to canvas both industry professionals and academics for their estimates of sensor network development over the next 5 years. The survey results projected the growth in numbers and types of sensors, which should grow between 20% and 50% in both categories. The bandwidth of sensor networks will increase by more than 100%. Secure transmissions within sensor networks could increase by as much as 50%. A final portion of the survey collected responses from about current work being done with sensors to form a basis for understanding the potential absolute growth.
{"title":"The future of sensors and sensor networks survey results projecting the next 5 years","authors":"K. Fowler","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2009.4801766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2009.4801766","url":null,"abstract":"I conducted a survey in September 2008 to canvas both industry professionals and academics for their estimates of sensor network development over the next 5 years. The survey results projected the growth in numbers and types of sensors, which should grow between 20% and 50% in both categories. The bandwidth of sensor networks will increase by more than 100%. Secure transmissions within sensor networks could increase by as much as 50%. A final portion of the survey collected responses from about current work being done with sensors to form a basis for understanding the potential absolute growth.","PeriodicalId":410885,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117264534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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