Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/0332489319878012
W. Murphy
Padraic Kenney, Dance in Chains: Political Imprisonment in the Modern Prison (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, ix þ 330 pp., €24 hardback) Ian Miller, A History of Force Feeding: Hunger Strikes, Prisons and Medical Ethics 1909-1974 (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2016, ix þ 267 pp., Open Access, Ebook) Ian O’Donnell, Justice, Mercy and Caprice: Clemency and the Death Penalty in Ireland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, xxi þ 307 pp., €75 hardback)
帕德赖克·肯尼，《锁链中的Dance in Chains: Political Prison in Modern Prison》(牛津:牛津大学出版社，2017年，9 + 330页，精装本24欧元)伊恩·米勒，《强制喂食的历史:绝食抗议、监狱和医学伦理1909-1974》(伦敦:Palgrave MacMillan出版社，2016年，9 + 267页，开放获取，电子书)伊恩·奥唐奈，《正义、仁慈和任性:爱尔兰的宽恕和死刑》(牛津:牛津大学出版社，2017年，21 + 307页，精装本75欧元)
{"title":"Justice and Uncertainty","authors":"W. Murphy","doi":"10.1177/0332489319878012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0332489319878012","url":null,"abstract":"Padraic Kenney, Dance in Chains: Political Imprisonment in the Modern Prison (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, ix þ 330 pp., €24 hardback) Ian Miller, A History of Force Feeding: Hunger Strikes, Prisons and Medical Ethics 1909-1974 (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2016, ix þ 267 pp., Open Access, Ebook) Ian O’Donnell, Justice, Mercy and Caprice: Clemency and the Death Penalty in Ireland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, xxi þ 307 pp., €75 hardback)","PeriodicalId":41191,"journal":{"name":"Irish Economic and Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0332489319878012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42760532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/0332489320970017
Deirdre J Foley
{"title":"Selected list of writings on Irish Economic and Social History published in 2019","authors":"Deirdre J Foley","doi":"10.1177/0332489320970017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0332489320970017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41191,"journal":{"name":"Irish Economic and Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0332489320970017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45491209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.1177/0332489320969995
Henry A. Jefferies
This study of modem Qur'iin interpretation presupposes familiarity with the details of Bible criticism. The attentoin is focused on Qur'finjc (narrations) about events that are believed by Muslims to be historic, such as the construction of the Ka'ba by Abraham and Ishmael or the story of prophets like Joseph, Moses, and Jesus. A basic shortcoming of the book under review is its taking for granted that these legends have scientifically been proved to be unhistoric. It is certainly known to many a Muslim theologian that some historians of the Bible consider Abraham a mere symbolic figure and that Jesus had once been shown to be nothing but an amalgam of Near Eastern myths. It would have lent tangibility to the book had there been an incipient chapter or at least a section where the latest findings were epitomized along with an indication of the most relevant sources, in other words, an effort to render plausible, if not cogent, why for instance Abraham is finally to be discarded as an historic personality and why the historicity of Jesus is now established beyond doubt. Without such an exposition all the author's insistence on the necessity of dissecting those tales in the Qur'iin and adopting an entirely new conception of them floats in a sort of void at least when looked at from the Muslim angle. For the non-Muslim historiaa of religions it should be of interest to know concretely what there is so utterly unhistoric about the Qur'anic q i w (said to be distorted versions of the Biblical stories) and why all this difference with traditionalist Muslims who are wont to regard the material revealed to Mubarnmad as superior, being convinced that they possess the only authentic edition of the reports about the prophets of God.
{"title":"Book Review: Cultural Exchange and Identity in Late Medieval Ireland: The English and the Irish of the Four Obedient Shires","authors":"Henry A. Jefferies","doi":"10.1177/0332489320969995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0332489320969995","url":null,"abstract":"This study of modem Qur'iin interpretation presupposes familiarity with the details of Bible criticism. The attentoin is focused on Qur'finjc (narrations) about events that are believed by Muslims to be historic, such as the construction of the Ka'ba by Abraham and Ishmael or the story of prophets like Joseph, Moses, and Jesus. A basic shortcoming of the book under review is its taking for granted that these legends have scientifically been proved to be unhistoric. It is certainly known to many a Muslim theologian that some historians of the Bible consider Abraham a mere symbolic figure and that Jesus had once been shown to be nothing but an amalgam of Near Eastern myths. It would have lent tangibility to the book had there been an incipient chapter or at least a section where the latest findings were epitomized along with an indication of the most relevant sources, in other words, an effort to render plausible, if not cogent, why for instance Abraham is finally to be discarded as an historic personality and why the historicity of Jesus is now established beyond doubt. Without such an exposition all the author's insistence on the necessity of dissecting those tales in the Qur'iin and adopting an entirely new conception of them floats in a sort of void at least when looked at from the Muslim angle. For the non-Muslim historiaa of religions it should be of interest to know concretely what there is so utterly unhistoric about the Qur'anic q i w (said to be distorted versions of the Biblical stories) and why all this difference with traditionalist Muslims who are wont to regard the material revealed to Mubarnmad as superior, being convinced that they possess the only authentic edition of the reports about the prophets of God.","PeriodicalId":41191,"journal":{"name":"Irish Economic and Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0332489320969995","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48994765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-25DOI: 10.1177/0332489320964389
Brendan Scott
As a new wave of British settlers moved into Ulster following the plantation there in the early seventeenth century, ports, towns, markets and fairs were both established and further developed. The survival of the port books for Londonderry, Coleraine, Carrickfergus and the Lecale ports of County Down for the years 1612–15 offers detailed information of goods imported into Ulster which affords us insights into the consumer habits and preferences of the British settlers now living in that province. While it was hoped by some that the introduction of a new market and trade culture would have a ‘civilising’ effect upon the Gaelic Irish, evidence of consumer preferences tells a somewhat different story, which a study of Ulster’s import trade and settler society in early Plantation Ulster can illustrate.
{"title":"Commodities and the Import Trade in Early Plantation Ulster","authors":"Brendan Scott","doi":"10.1177/0332489320964389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0332489320964389","url":null,"abstract":"As a new wave of British settlers moved into Ulster following the plantation there in the early seventeenth century, ports, towns, markets and fairs were both established and further developed. The survival of the port books for Londonderry, Coleraine, Carrickfergus and the Lecale ports of County Down for the years 1612–15 offers detailed information of goods imported into Ulster which affords us insights into the consumer habits and preferences of the British settlers now living in that province. While it was hoped by some that the introduction of a new market and trade culture would have a ‘civilising’ effect upon the Gaelic Irish, evidence of consumer preferences tells a somewhat different story, which a study of Ulster’s import trade and settler society in early Plantation Ulster can illustrate.","PeriodicalId":41191,"journal":{"name":"Irish Economic and Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0332489320964389","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47848309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-17DOI: 10.1177/0332489320957189
Olivia Frehill
St Joseph’s Asylum for Aged and Virtuous Females catered for Catholic aged, single women from 1836 to 1993, with the focus of this article on the period 1836–1922. Founded prior to the 1838 advent of poor law, St Joseph’s embodied an alternative miniature welfare system for its inmates, which served the wider ‘divine economy’. Operating at a time of limited labour market opportunities for females, functional age and inability to earn serve as important factors for considering why individuals might enter, particularly younger inmates. Chronological and cultural definitions of age also remain significant. This article discusses St Joseph’s management, financing, model of life, values and provides a sense of life within, to demonstrate how this system functioned. Despite a paucity of source material documenting lived experience, inmate emotional responses are tentatively probed. It argues that Catholicism is an important lens for understanding not solely the ethos and funding of St Joseph’s but the rhythm of daily life and death.
{"title":"Serving the ‘Divine Economy’: St Joseph’s Asylum for Aged and Virtuous Females, Dublin, 1836–1922","authors":"Olivia Frehill","doi":"10.1177/0332489320957189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0332489320957189","url":null,"abstract":"St Joseph’s Asylum for Aged and Virtuous Females catered for Catholic aged, single women from 1836 to 1993, with the focus of this article on the period 1836–1922. Founded prior to the 1838 advent of poor law, St Joseph’s embodied an alternative miniature welfare system for its inmates, which served the wider ‘divine economy’. Operating at a time of limited labour market opportunities for females, functional age and inability to earn serve as important factors for considering why individuals might enter, particularly younger inmates. Chronological and cultural definitions of age also remain significant. This article discusses St Joseph’s management, financing, model of life, values and provides a sense of life within, to demonstrate how this system functioned. Despite a paucity of source material documenting lived experience, inmate emotional responses are tentatively probed. It argues that Catholicism is an important lens for understanding not solely the ethos and funding of St Joseph’s but the rhythm of daily life and death.","PeriodicalId":41191,"journal":{"name":"Irish Economic and Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0332489320957189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48709281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-17DOI: 10.1177/0332489320956616
J. Cunningham
What was more important to consumers in seventeenth-century Ireland: the fashion or the function of their silver? This article disentangles the multiple and complex motivations informing the robust acquisition and consumption by individuals and institutions of a wide-ranging assortment of silverwares. Using the body of extant plate and a large array of documentary sources, this article poses and addresses several questions that have hitherto received little or no attention in the literature: How was silver used in seventeenth-century Ireland? Can we dismiss or prioritise the use value of items ostensibly acquired for symbolic, ceremonial or commemorative purposes? Did design and decoration matter? And, if so, how did this impact on value and utility? By answering these questions, this article evaluates plate as a material simultaneously facilitating functional purposes and expressing taste. This article uses these conclusions to generate a greater understanding of early modern Irish consumer society and the role of silver within this society.
{"title":"Fashion or Function? The Use of Silver in Seventeenth-Century Irish Society","authors":"J. Cunningham","doi":"10.1177/0332489320956616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0332489320956616","url":null,"abstract":"What was more important to consumers in seventeenth-century Ireland: the fashion or the function of their silver? This article disentangles the multiple and complex motivations informing the robust acquisition and consumption by individuals and institutions of a wide-ranging assortment of silverwares. Using the body of extant plate and a large array of documentary sources, this article poses and addresses several questions that have hitherto received little or no attention in the literature: How was silver used in seventeenth-century Ireland? Can we dismiss or prioritise the use value of items ostensibly acquired for symbolic, ceremonial or commemorative purposes? Did design and decoration matter? And, if so, how did this impact on value and utility? By answering these questions, this article evaluates plate as a material simultaneously facilitating functional purposes and expressing taste. This article uses these conclusions to generate a greater understanding of early modern Irish consumer society and the role of silver within this society.","PeriodicalId":41191,"journal":{"name":"Irish Economic and Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0332489320956616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41780116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-27DOI: 10.1177/0332489320950078
M. Hatfield
This article traces the educational mission of three Catholic convent boarding schools from the late eighteenth century until the 1920s, highlighting striking similarities in Catholic female education across different temporal and geographical contexts. Using institutional records, community annals and student roll books, this article considers how the priorities and structure of female education can shed light on implicit assumptions held by Catholic woman about the nature of girlhood and the purpose of education. It aims at a fuller understanding of the pedagogical model shared by these boarding schools and provides evidence of a strong cultural continuity in the ideals of Catholic girlhood across time. In doing so, it contributes to a perennial debate within the history of childhood on the historical narrativisation of continuity.
{"title":"Catholic Convent Schools and the History of Irish Girlhood: Curriculum and Continuity 1780–1920","authors":"M. Hatfield","doi":"10.1177/0332489320950078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0332489320950078","url":null,"abstract":"This article traces the educational mission of three Catholic convent boarding schools from the late eighteenth century until the 1920s, highlighting striking similarities in Catholic female education across different temporal and geographical contexts. Using institutional records, community annals and student roll books, this article considers how the priorities and structure of female education can shed light on implicit assumptions held by Catholic woman about the nature of girlhood and the purpose of education. It aims at a fuller understanding of the pedagogical model shared by these boarding schools and provides evidence of a strong cultural continuity in the ideals of Catholic girlhood across time. In doing so, it contributes to a perennial debate within the history of childhood on the historical narrativisation of continuity.","PeriodicalId":41191,"journal":{"name":"Irish Economic and Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0332489320950078","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48712242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1177/0332489320934588
G. Curtin
In the 1850s, tens of thousands of children were imprisoned in Ireland. At that time there was a growing concern internationally that incarceration of children with adult criminals was inappropriate. This concern resulted in the passage of legislation in 1858 which facilitated the opening of reformatory schools in Ireland. By 1870, ten reformatories had opened, yet, as this article argues, three quarters of children given custodial sentences in that year were sent to prison and not to the new institutions. In the second half of the nineteenth century, there were attempts to improve conditions for children in prison; however, as the century drew to a close, there was a general agreement that any form of imprisonment was unsuitable for children. New laws, culminating in the Children Act of 1908, gradually brought about the removal of children from prisons, so that by 1912 there were only five children imprisoned in Ireland.
{"title":"‘The Child Condemned’: The Imprisonment of Children in Ireland, 1850–19081","authors":"G. Curtin","doi":"10.1177/0332489320934588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0332489320934588","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1850s, tens of thousands of children were imprisoned in Ireland. At that time there was a growing concern internationally that incarceration of children with adult criminals was inappropriate. This concern resulted in the passage of legislation in 1858 which facilitated the opening of reformatory schools in Ireland. By 1870, ten reformatories had opened, yet, as this article argues, three quarters of children given custodial sentences in that year were sent to prison and not to the new institutions. In the second half of the nineteenth century, there were attempts to improve conditions for children in prison; however, as the century drew to a close, there was a general agreement that any form of imprisonment was unsuitable for children. New laws, culminating in the Children Act of 1908, gradually brought about the removal of children from prisons, so that by 1912 there were only five children imprisoned in Ireland.","PeriodicalId":41191,"journal":{"name":"Irish Economic and Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0332489320934588","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46199788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-24DOI: 10.1177/0332489320929917
Mary MacDiarmada
The Gaelic League of London (GLL) was founded in 1896 and by the early 1900s had about 2,000 members engaged in language learning and cultural activities. This article describes how the GLL reached out to children, believing that while the parents might be beyond ‘redemption’, the children offered new hope for the future of the Irish language. The article also examines the themes and tropes which underpinned this strategy. Irish language tuition was seen as a preparation for return to Ireland for children who were ‘unfortunate’ to be born to Irish exiles. Their lives in London were critiqued as bleak and sad, while Ireland was portrayed as a place which would lift their spirits, and was pure and good. The different strategies adopted by the GLL such as drama, essay competitions and holidays in the Gaeltacht are examined and the reaction of the children to their Irish heritage is analysed. Ultimately, however, as the article demonstrates, it was difficult to hold the interest of these children and many adults queried the value of teaching them Irish while they were destined to live in London. By 1913, the heyday of GLL activities for children was over.
{"title":"‘Those little ones immersed in a sea of foreign influences’: Teaching Irish Language and Culture to Children in London in the Early 1900s","authors":"Mary MacDiarmada","doi":"10.1177/0332489320929917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0332489320929917","url":null,"abstract":"The Gaelic League of London (GLL) was founded in 1896 and by the early 1900s had about 2,000 members engaged in language learning and cultural activities. This article describes how the GLL reached out to children, believing that while the parents might be beyond ‘redemption’, the children offered new hope for the future of the Irish language. The article also examines the themes and tropes which underpinned this strategy. Irish language tuition was seen as a preparation for return to Ireland for children who were ‘unfortunate’ to be born to Irish exiles. Their lives in London were critiqued as bleak and sad, while Ireland was portrayed as a place which would lift their spirits, and was pure and good. The different strategies adopted by the GLL such as drama, essay competitions and holidays in the Gaeltacht are examined and the reaction of the children to their Irish heritage is analysed. Ultimately, however, as the article demonstrates, it was difficult to hold the interest of these children and many adults queried the value of teaching them Irish while they were destined to live in London. By 1913, the heyday of GLL activities for children was over.","PeriodicalId":41191,"journal":{"name":"Irish Economic and Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0332489320929917","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47714522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-24DOI: 10.1177/0332489320933059
Manolis Manioudis
John Stuart Mill is regarded as the last representative of the classical school of political economy. However, in a variety of issues, he developed interesting and radical economic views. The Irish land question is one of the most characteristic cases of his transition from classical economic analysis to a liberal version of socialism. This article attempts to illustrate this transition by highlighting Mill’s pluralistic and historically specific political economy. This is achieved through the delineation of his views on the Irish land question indexing his Principles of Political Economy (1848), England and Ireland (1868) and his pamphlet Land Tenure Reform (1871). The article concludes that Mill’s heretic views regarding the Irish land question are associated with his transition towards socialist views and facilitated the emergence of the Irish historical school of the late nineteenth century.
{"title":"J.S.Mill and the Irish Land Question: From Irish Economic History to Coherent Socialism and Irish Historicism","authors":"Manolis Manioudis","doi":"10.1177/0332489320933059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0332489320933059","url":null,"abstract":"John Stuart Mill is regarded as the last representative of the classical school of political economy. However, in a variety of issues, he developed interesting and radical economic views. The Irish land question is one of the most characteristic cases of his transition from classical economic analysis to a liberal version of socialism. This article attempts to illustrate this transition by highlighting Mill’s pluralistic and historically specific political economy. This is achieved through the delineation of his views on the Irish land question indexing his Principles of Political Economy (1848), England and Ireland (1868) and his pamphlet Land Tenure Reform (1871). The article concludes that Mill’s heretic views regarding the Irish land question are associated with his transition towards socialist views and facilitated the emergence of the Irish historical school of the late nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":41191,"journal":{"name":"Irish Economic and Social History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0332489320933059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47010791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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