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Book review: Raising Dublin, Raising Ireland: A Friar’s Campaign. Father John Spratt, O. Carm. (1796–1871) 书评:《提高都柏林,提高爱尔兰:一个修士的运动》。约翰·斯普拉特神父,欧·卡姆。(1796 - 1871)
IF 0.6 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0332489320969995c
C. McCabe
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Church and Settlement in Ireland 书评:《爱尔兰的教会与定居》
IF 0.6 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0332489320969995h
Elizabeth Boyle
teeth of the child skeletons exhibit both subtle and substantial marks of disease, malnutrition and trauma, and the manner in which they were buried has exposed how they were cared for in death’ (p. 86). Famine orphans in Canada are the focus of three essays in the book. Mark G. McGowan’s essay challenges the rose-tinted view of French-Canadian families adopting these children and welcoming them into their homes. A study of 619 Famine orphans who arrived at Quebec City suggests that many ‘children were essentially in a semiindentured service to the families in which they were placed’ and wanted to leave ‘their placements as soon as possible in order to secure independence or reunite with extended family members elsewhere’ in North America (pp. 96–7). An essay by Jason King demonstrates ‘the magnitude of distress that separated families suffer during migration crises’ (p. 136). King traces the efforts made by Famine orphan Robert Walsh to find his baby sister who had been left behind in Ireland when their family migrated across the Atlantic. Walsh became an orphan at the age of seven after his parents and younger brother died in the fever sheds of Grosse Île, Quebec. He was taken in by a caring French-Canadian family, and, unusually for a Famine orphan, he received a good education and became a priest. He travelled to Ireland in 1871–2 in hopes of fulfilling his dream of finding his long-lost sister. Lacking accurate information about his family’s origins, he searched in the wrong part of Ireland and found no trace of her. Distraught, he returned to Canada and died at the age of 33, having ‘succumbed to complications of typhus from which he had not fully recovered’ as a migrant child (p. 133). Koral LaVorgna’s essay examines the short-lived Emigrant Orphan Asylum in Saint John, New Brunswick, which was established in response to the high number of parentless children among Irish immigrants arriving in the late 1840s. The asylum, which operated for two years from 1847 to 1849, sought ‘to rescue destitute and orphaned children from the dangers of idleness’ and educate them (p. 153). The asylum closed once the Famine-driven crisis subsided, with the remaining twenty-three children transferred to the almshouse. As these examples show, this essay collection provides an illuminating and often harrowing introduction to the ways in which children experienced the Great Hunger and how these experiences have been remembered.
儿童骨骼的牙齿既有细微又明显的疾病、营养不良和创伤痕迹,它们的埋葬方式暴露了它们在死亡时是如何得到照顾的”(第86页)。加拿大的饥荒孤儿是本书三篇文章的焦点。Mark G.McGowan的文章挑战了法裔加拿大家庭收养这些孩子并欢迎他们回家的玫瑰色观点。一项针对抵达魁北克市的619名饥荒孤儿的研究表明,在北美,许多“儿童基本上是在为他们所在的家庭提供半契约服务”,并希望“尽快离开他们的安置地,以确保独立或与其他地方的大家庭成员团聚”(第96-7页)。杰森·金的一篇文章展示了“离散家庭在移民危机中遭受的巨大痛苦”(第136页)。金追溯了饥荒孤儿罗伯特·沃尔什为寻找他的妹妹所做的努力,当他们全家穿越大西洋移民时,妹妹被留在了爱尔兰。沃尔什在七岁时成为孤儿,他的父母和弟弟死于魁北克省格罗斯岛的发热棚。他被一个充满爱心的法裔加拿大家庭收留,作为一个饥荒孤儿,他接受了良好的教育,成为了一名牧师。1871-2年,他前往爱尔兰,希望能实现寻找失散多年的妹妹的梦想。由于缺乏关于其家族起源的准确信息,他在爱尔兰的错误地区进行了搜索,没有发现她的踪迹。心烦意乱的他回到加拿大,在33岁时去世,他作为一名移民儿童“死于斑疹伤寒并发症,尚未完全康复”(第133页)。Koral LaVorgna的文章探讨了新不伦瑞克省圣约翰市短暂的移民孤儿院,该院是为应对19世纪40年代末抵达的爱尔兰移民中大量无父母子女而设立的。该收容所从1847年到1849年运作了两年,旨在“将贫困和孤儿从无所事事的危险中解救出来”并对他们进行教育(第153页)。饥荒引发的危机平息后,收容所关闭,剩下的23名儿童被转移到救济院。正如这些例子所示,这本散文集提供了一个启发性的、往往令人痛心的介绍,介绍了儿童经历大饥饿的方式,以及这些经历是如何被记住的。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: The Archives of the Valuation of Ireland, 1830–65 书评:爱尔兰估价档案,1830-65
IF 0.6 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0332489320969995j
W. Roulston
badly received decision away. In chapters nine and ten, Australia’s engagement with Irish politics is explored, both in relation to views on Home Rule and also the experiences of Irish politicians who undertook speaking tours of Australia. Malcolm and Hall conclude the book with an epilogue on Irish Australia in the twenty-first century. They bring together many of the themes of the book by discussing Irish-Australian jokes. It seems that the same tropes and stereotypes always find their way back into public discourse. Throughout A New History of the Irish in Australia, Malcolm and Hall emphasise the work still to be done on the Irish in Australia while demonstrating how research into the Irish diaspora elsewhere can be used to make wider arguments about Ireland and transnational connections. At times, the emphasis on individual stories threatens the overall chapter arguments, making it feel like a collection of anecdotes. Where O’Farrell extrapolated the experiences of a few to the many, Malcolm and Hall go the other direction, particularly in the first section. However, this may be required to emphasise the heterogeneous nature of ‘the Irish in Australia’. Their wide sweep approach to those of Irish ancestry or birth, bringing together Catholic and Protestant, imperialists and republicans, and those living in urban centres and rural areas, emphasises the very problems which exist in talking about ‘the Irish in Australia’. This book stresses the mixed nature of the Irish diaspora and further expands our knowledge of Irish communities outside the United States and United Kingdom. It is therefore an important addition to the literature on both Ireland and Australia.
收到错误的决定,走开。第九章和第十章探讨了澳大利亚与爱尔兰政治的关系,既包括对地方自治的看法,也包括在澳大利亚进行巡回演讲的爱尔兰政治家的经历。马尔科姆和霍尔以二十一世纪爱尔兰澳大利亚的后记结束了这本书。他们通过讨论爱尔兰和澳大利亚的笑话,将书中的许多主题结合在一起。似乎同样的比喻和刻板印象总是会回到公共话语中。在《澳大利亚爱尔兰人的新历史》一书中,马尔科姆和霍尔强调了关于澳大利亚爱尔兰人的工作仍有待完成,同时展示了如何利用对其他地方爱尔兰侨民的研究来对爱尔兰和跨国联系进行更广泛的讨论。有时,对个别故事的强调会威胁到整个章节的论点,让它感觉像是一个轶事的集合。奥法雷尔将少数人的经历推断为大多数人的经历,而马尔科姆和霍尔则相反,尤其是在第一部分。然而,这可能需要强调“在澳大利亚的爱尔兰人”的异质性。他们对爱尔兰血统或出生的人进行了广泛的研究,将天主教徒和新教徒、帝国主义者和共和党人,以及生活在城市中心和农村地区的人聚集在一起,强调了谈论“澳大利亚的爱尔兰人”时存在的问题。这本书强调了爱尔兰侨民的混合性质,并进一步扩大了我们对美国和英国以外的爱尔兰社区的了解。因此,这是对爱尔兰和澳大利亚文学的重要补充。
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引用次数: 0
Economic and Social History Society of Ireland: Secretary’s Report for the Year 2019 爱尔兰经济和社会历史学会:2019年秘书报告
IF 0.6 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0332489320969229
Rebecca Stuart
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Early Modern Ireland: New Sources, Methods, and Perspectives 书评:近代早期爱尔兰:新的来源、方法和观点
IF 0.6 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0332489320969995b
B. Cunningham
forensic examination of the subject. Oddly, Murray’s presence on Whately’s commission goes unmentioned by Morrissey, and more could have been made of the Catholic archbishop’s views on poverty and welfare through the sources that the author does engage with – Murray’s personal papers, his published sermons and newspaper articles of his public utterances, typically delivered at annual meetings of charitable societies. Perhaps the chronological structure to Morrissey’s book does not lend itself to an exploration of certain themes, whereas, for instance, Boylan’s thematic structure allows her to devote two of her fourteen chapters to her subject’s chairmanship of the Poor Inquiry and his wider views on poverty. Boylan makes good use of Whately’s 1835 sermon Christ’s Example, delivered in aid of Dr Steevens’s Hospital in Dublin, which captures his application of principles of political economy to matters of social concern. Whately loathed – as did his intellectual guide, Thomas Malthus – indiscriminate almsgiving and found legitimation for his opposition to the relief of the able-bodied poor in scripture: Christ relieved the hungry multitudes only twice and refused a third time because, in Whately’s words, indiscriminately and continually relieving the poor would ‘have been the means of drawing off the greater part of the population in those countries from their ordinary employments by which they gained their bread, when they found bread provided for them, by miracle, without any labour on their part’ (Boylan, p. 161). The Church of Scotland minister and social commentator Thomas Chalmers also drew on the parable of the Loaves and Fishes to suggest that two millennia before the writings of Thomas Malthus, Christ imposed principles of political economy in the Galilea! A joint reading of these two excellent biographies reveals moderation and steadfastness – both in their personal relationships and in their wider public roles – as being key themes in the lives of Daniel Murray and Richard Whately. The approach taken by these two important nineteenth-century prelates in their dealings with more zealous and radical internal opponents was aptly captured by Whately: ‘to me it appears that true Christianity is a very quiet and deliberate religion. It keeps the steam acting on the wheels, instead of noisily whizzing out at the safety valve’ (Boylan, p. 83).
对对象的法医检查。奇怪的是,莫里西并没有提到穆雷在惠特利的委托下的存在,而且通过作者确实参与的资料来源——穆雷的个人文件、他发表的布道和他的公开演讲的报纸文章,通常是在慈善协会的年度会议上发表的,本可以更多地了解这位天主教大主教对贫困和福利的看法。也许莫里西的书的时间结构不适合对某些主题的探索,然而,例如,博伊兰的主题结构允许她在14章中花两章来讲述她的主人公担任穷人调查委员会主席以及他对贫困的更广泛的看法。博伊兰很好地利用了惠特利1835年的布道《基督的榜样》,这篇布道是为了帮助都柏林的史蒂文斯医生医院而发表的,它抓住了他将政治经济学原理应用于社会关注的问题。正如他的思想导师托马斯·马尔萨斯一样,他对不分青红皂白的施舍感到厌恶,并在圣经中为自己反对救济健全的穷人找到了理由:基督只救济了饥饿的群众两次,拒绝了第三次,因为,用惠特利的话来说,不加区别地、持续地救济穷人,“会使这些国家的大部分人口从他们赖以谋生的普通工作中解脱出来,当他们发现面包奇迹般地提供给他们时,他们不需要任何劳动”(博伊兰,第161页)。苏格兰教会牧师和社会评论家托马斯·查尔默斯也引用了面包和鱼的寓言,认为在托马斯·马尔萨斯的著作出现两千年前,基督就在《加利利》中强加了政治经济学的原则。把这两本优秀的传记合在一起读,你会发现,无论是在个人关系上,还是在更广泛的公众角色上,节制和坚定都是丹尼尔·默里和理查德·惠特利生活的关键主题。这两位19世纪重要的高级教士在处理更狂热激进的内部反对者时所采取的方法被惠特利恰如其分地抓住:“对我来说,真正的基督教似乎是一个非常安静和深思熟虑的宗教。它使蒸汽作用于车轮,而不是在安全阀处发出嘈杂的呼啸声”(博伊兰,第83页)。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: The Life and Career of Archbishop Richard Whately: Ireland, Religion and Reform, The Life and Times of Daniel Murray, Archbishop of Dublin 1823–1852 书评:Richard Whately大主教的生活和职业生涯:爱尔兰、宗教和改革,都柏林大主教Daniel Murray的生活和时代1823–1852
IF 0.6 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0332489320969995a
C. McCabe
bishops of Dublin and Armagh respectively was extremely limited indeed. It was not the case in the Pale, as Booker mistakenly states, that most beneficed clergy employed curates (p. 118); rather that the holders of the revenues of impropriated benefices, mostly religious houses, commonly employed stipendiary priests rather than vicars to serve the cure of souls – and this reviewer showed several years ago that the overwhelming majority of the stipendiary parish priests of County Louth in the early sixteenth century were Irish, a number of them from clerical families from Ulster. There was, of course, a very small number of Irish clergy who secured middleranking positions in the administration of the Church in the Pale (such as Cormac Roth of Armagh who, again, was long known to have been Irish), but like their secular counterparts they were exceptional. Hence, the status of Irish priests within the Church in the Pale generally mirrored that accorded to the Irish population in the wider community, and if Church played a positive role in interethnic relations within the Pale, the work of Murray, in particular, suggests that it was nothing as positive as that ascribed to it by Booker. This book concludes with the observation that ‘the region [of the Pale] and its English inhabitants were profoundly influenced by Irish culture and Irish people, who in turn were shaped by their time in the colony’ (p. 249). The Irish were disproportionately represented in the poorer segments of society, but an exceptional minority managed to become wealthy despite a raft of anti-Irish legislation intended to copper-fasten the privileges of the colonial community at the expense of the indigenous population. The irony is that when English identity was redefined on the basis of Protestantism during the Tudor reformations, the old colonial community in Ireland found itself victimised alongside the indigenous community by new anti-Irish legislation framed to copperfasten Protestant privilege at the expense of Catholics.
都柏林和阿马的主教人数确实极为有限。正如布克错误地指出的那样,《苍白》中的情况并非如此,大多数行善的神职人员都雇佣了副牧师(第118页);相反,不适当的慈善机构(主要是宗教机构)的收入持有者通常雇佣有津贴的牧师而不是牧师来为灵魂的治疗服务——这位评论家几年前就表明,16世纪初劳斯郡绝大多数有津贴的教区牧师都是爱尔兰人,其中一些人来自阿尔斯特的牧师家庭。当然,在Pale教会的管理中,有极少数爱尔兰神职人员获得了中级职位(比如Armagh的Cormac Roth,他也是众所周知的爱尔兰人),但与世俗神职人员一样,他们也是例外。因此,爱尔兰牧师在帕莱教会中的地位通常反映了更广泛社区中爱尔兰人的地位,如果教会在帕莱的种族间关系中发挥了积极作用,特别是默里的工作表明,这并不像布克所说的那样积极。这本书的结论是,“(帕莱)地区及其英国居民深受爱尔兰文化和爱尔兰人的影响,而爱尔兰人又受到他们在殖民地的时间的影响”(第249页)。爱尔兰人在社会的贫困阶层中所占比例过高,但尽管一系列反爱尔兰立法旨在以牺牲土著人口为代价来巩固殖民社区的特权,但仍有少数人成功致富。具有讽刺意味的是,当都铎王朝改革时期,英国人的身份在新教的基础上被重新定义时,爱尔兰的旧殖民地社区发现自己与土著社区一起受到了新的反爱尔兰立法的伤害,该立法旨在以牺牲天主教徒为代价来巩固新教特权。
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引用次数: 0
Centuries of Irish Childhoods 几个世纪的爱尔兰童年
IF 0.6 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0332489320950077
Marnie Hay
This article serves as an introduction to a special issue of Irish Economic and Social History (Volume 47) that illuminates the diversity of childhoods experienced by children growing up in Ireland and in the Irish diaspora between the mid sixteenth and the early twentieth centuries. The article explores the development of the history of children and childhood in Ireland as a growing area of academic enquiry and discusses the problems and challenges associated with studying children and childhood in the past. It also contextualises the articles included in the special issue of the journal, which demonstrate how age, class, gender, geography, religion and ethnicity combined with adult control to influence the lives of children ranging from infancy to early adolescence. Adult control was reflected in decisions made regarding the feeding, fostering, educating, employing, entertaining and punishing of children. Such decisions could have lifelong consequences for the children concerned. This introductory article highlights the central role of adults in influencing, controlling and representing children’s lives but also provides insight into the diverse experiences of Irish childhoods during five centuries.
这篇文章作为爱尔兰经济和社会历史(第47卷)特刊的介绍,阐明了16世纪中期到20世纪初在爱尔兰和爱尔兰侨民中长大的儿童所经历的童年的多样性。这篇文章探讨了爱尔兰儿童和童年历史的发展,作为一个日益增长的学术研究领域,并讨论了与过去研究儿童和童年相关的问题和挑战。它还将该杂志特刊中的文章置于背景中,这些文章展示了年龄、阶级、性别、地理位置、宗教和种族如何与成人控制相结合,影响从婴儿期到青春期早期儿童的生活。成人的控制反映在对儿童的喂养、培养、教育、雇用、娱乐和惩罚的决定上。这样的决定可能对有关儿童产生终生的影响。这篇介绍性文章强调了成年人在影响、控制和代表儿童生活方面的核心作用,但也提供了对五个世纪以来爱尔兰儿童不同经历的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: The Colonial World of Richard Boyle, First Earl of Cork 书评:第一代科克伯爵理查德·博伊尔的殖民世界
IF 0.6 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0332489320969995e
E. Darcy
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引用次数: 0
Book review: The Irish Presbyterian Mind: Conservative Theology, Evangelical Experience, and Modern Criticism, 1830–1930 书评:《爱尔兰长老会思想:保守神学、福音派经验和现代批评,1830-1930》
IF 0.6 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0332489320969995f
Daniel E. Ritchie
therefore, offers a welcome injection that will reinvigorate debates about Boyle. Fenlon’s account of Boyle splurging on new clothes and his subsequent obsessive fascination with his spending (pp. 158–9) offers another (entertaining) reminder of Boyle’s parsimoniousness and his desire to promote English ‘manners’ and ‘fashions’ in Ireland. Furthermore, the significance of Boyle’s life to other contexts has been highlighted. Horning’s and Edwards’s chapters on the wider colonial context offer nuanced discussions that will contribute to broader debates about colonialism in the seventeenth-century Atlantic World. As in any edited collection of essays, the quality across the chapters varies, as does the individual authors’ approach. Some chapters place greater emphasis on describing the evidence in Boyle’s archive (thereby revealing the potential of future research), while others attempt to engage more explicitly with the key debates. As a result, some of the chapters suggest that more work needs to be done, indicating the tentative nature of some of the conclusions. It is a pity that there is a lack of dedicated discussion of Boyle’s faith or his promotion of Protestantism. Nonetheless, this book highlights the richness of Boyle’s archive in the National Library of Ireland and Chatsworth House in Derbyshire. Thus, The Colonial World of Richard Boyle sets the agenda for, and suggests the potential spoils of, future research not just on Boyle but also on seventeenth-century Irish society and economy and its place in the wider Atlantic World.
因此,这将为博伊尔的辩论注入新的活力。芬伦描述了波伊尔在新衣服上的挥霍,以及随后对他的消费的痴迷(第158-9页),这又一次(有趣地)提醒了我们波伊尔的节俭,以及他在爱尔兰推广英国“礼仪”和“时尚”的愿望。此外,波义耳的生活对其他语境的意义也得到了强调。霍宁和爱德华兹关于更广泛的殖民背景的章节提供了细致的讨论,这些讨论将有助于对17世纪大西洋世界的殖民主义进行更广泛的辩论。与任何编辑过的文集一样,各章的质量各不相同,作者的写作方法也不尽相同。有些章节更加强调描述博伊尔档案中的证据(从而揭示未来研究的潜力),而其他章节则试图更明确地参与关键辩论。因此,有些章节表明需要做更多的工作,这表明一些结论是尝试性的。遗憾的是,没有专门讨论波义耳的信仰或他对新教的推广。尽管如此,这本书还是突出了博伊尔在爱尔兰国家图书馆和德比郡查茨沃斯庄园的丰富档案。因此,《理查德·博伊尔的殖民世界》为未来的研究设定了议程,并提出了潜在的好处,不仅是对博伊尔的研究,还有对17世纪爱尔兰社会和经济及其在更广阔的大西洋世界中的地位的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Justice and Uncertainty 正义与不确定性
IF 0.6 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0332489319878012
W. Murphy
Padraic Kenney, Dance in Chains: Political Imprisonment in the Modern Prison (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, ix þ 330 pp., €24 hardback) Ian Miller, A History of Force Feeding: Hunger Strikes, Prisons and Medical Ethics 1909-1974 (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2016, ix þ 267 pp., Open Access, Ebook) Ian O’Donnell, Justice, Mercy and Caprice: Clemency and the Death Penalty in Ireland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, xxi þ 307 pp., €75 hardback)
帕德赖克·肯尼,《锁链中的Dance in Chains: Political Prison in Modern Prison》(牛津:牛津大学出版社,2017年,9 + 330页,精装本24欧元)伊恩·米勒,《强制喂食的历史:绝食抗议、监狱和医学伦理1909-1974》(伦敦:Palgrave MacMillan出版社,2016年,9 + 267页,开放获取,电子书)伊恩·奥唐奈,《正义、仁慈和任性:爱尔兰的宽恕和死刑》(牛津:牛津大学出版社,2017年,21 + 307页,精装本75欧元)
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Irish Economic and Social History
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