The study analyses the possible responses to cyber-attacks through cyberspace deterrence. The inundated cyber-attacks have prompted major powers to establish cyber deterrence. However, in the absence of a model of punishment, as it is empirically found in the nuclear domain, the efficacy of cyber deterrence is limited. The model of punishment against cyber-attacks is based on the traditional nuclear deterrence model, which is either deterrence by denial or deterrence by punishment. Cyber deterrence may not be a replica of traditional deterrence and give similar response measures in a cyber-attack. The assured retaliation in cyber requires an explanation of response measures that do not cause collateral damage. The paper concludes that cyber aggressors escaped retaliation due to the lack of attribution and not being punished due to limited retaliatory measures.
{"title":"ADDRESSING CYBER VULNERABILITIES THROUGH DETERRENCE","authors":"Nida Shahid, Ahmad Khan","doi":"10.54690/jcs.v11i1.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54690/jcs.v11i1.212","url":null,"abstract":"The study analyses the possible responses to cyber-attacks through cyberspace deterrence. The inundated cyber-attacks have prompted major powers to establish cyber deterrence. However, in the absence of a model of punishment, as it is empirically found in the nuclear domain, the efficacy of cyber deterrence is limited. The model of punishment against cyber-attacks is based on the traditional nuclear deterrence model, which is either deterrence by denial or deterrence by punishment. Cyber deterrence may not be a replica of traditional deterrence and give similar response measures in a cyber-attack. The assured retaliation in cyber requires an explanation of response measures that do not cause collateral damage. The paper concludes that cyber aggressors escaped retaliation due to the lack of attribution and not being punished due to limited retaliatory measures.","PeriodicalId":41210,"journal":{"name":"Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87268873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 21st century, climate change has emerged as one of the major threats to mankind. Although climate change is a global phenomenon, but it’s not affecting the world equally. The International Federation of Red Cross claims that in recent years— more than war and persecution—climate change disasters are a bigger cause of population displacement. This poses new challenges to the Global South. In the developing countries, it is not only climate change but other push factors which have compelled people to migrate internally or internationally. The study explores the causes of climate-induced migration and its impact on developing countries. The paper is based on qualitative research. To deal with climate-induced migration, the Global South requires a new framework for managing potential movements. It also need to collaborate and work on mitigation, adaptation, and risk reduction strategies at national and regional levels.
进入21世纪，气候变化已成为人类面临的主要威胁之一。虽然气候变化是一个全球现象，但它对世界的影响并不平等。国际红十字会(International Federation of Red Cross)声称，近年来，气候变化灾难是造成人口流离失所的更大原因，而不是战争和迫害。这给全球南方国家带来了新的挑战。在发展中国家，不仅是气候变化，还有其他推动因素迫使人们在国内或国际上迁移。该研究探讨了气候导致移民的原因及其对发展中国家的影响。本文以定性研究为基础。为了应对气候导致的移民问题，全球南方需要一个管理潜在移民的新框架。它还需要在国家和区域各级就缓解、适应和减少风险战略进行协作和工作。
{"title":"CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION:NEW CHALLENGES TO GLOBAL SOUTH","authors":"Erum Muzaffar","doi":"10.54690/jcs.v11i1.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54690/jcs.v11i1.213","url":null,"abstract":"In 21st century, climate change has emerged as one of the major threats to mankind. Although climate change is a global phenomenon, but it’s not affecting the world equally. The International Federation of Red Cross claims that in recent years— more than war and persecution—climate change disasters are a bigger cause of population displacement. This poses new challenges to the Global South. In the developing countries, it is not only climate change but other push factors which have compelled people to migrate internally or internationally. The study explores the causes of climate-induced migration and its impact on developing countries. The paper is based on qualitative research. To deal with climate-induced migration, the Global South requires a new framework for managing potential movements. It also need to collaborate and work on mitigation, adaptation, and risk reduction strategies at national and regional levels.","PeriodicalId":41210,"journal":{"name":"Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88417262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pakistan’s paradigm shift in foreign policy to geo-economics, necessitatesthat Islamabad look for opportunities within and outside the region to utilise its geographic and economic potential. This new policy shift makes the African region a key area of significance for Pakistan, owing to the huge trade and market potential of the region. The adoption of ‘Look Africa Policy’ by Pakistan is a key step. This paper aims to explore the options and opportunities for Pakistan in the African region. It analyses these opportunities and associated challenges in the light of economic diplomacy framework. The paper argues that Pakistan requires active diplomaticengagement at public and private levels both, to boost trade and economic relationship with African region for the mutual economic benefit.
{"title":"ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY IN AFRICA: OPTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PAKISTAN","authors":"S. Sulaiman","doi":"10.54690/jcs.v11i1.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54690/jcs.v11i1.209","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan’s paradigm shift in foreign policy to geo-economics, necessitatesthat Islamabad look for opportunities within and outside the region to utilise its geographic and economic potential. This new policy shift makes the African region a key area of significance for Pakistan, owing to the huge trade and market potential of the region. The adoption of ‘Look Africa Policy’ by Pakistan is a key step. This paper aims to explore the options and opportunities for Pakistan in the African region. It analyses these opportunities and associated challenges in the light of economic diplomacy framework. The paper argues that Pakistan requires active diplomaticengagement at public and private levels both, to boost trade and economic relationship with African region for the mutual economic benefit.","PeriodicalId":41210,"journal":{"name":"Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81966416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Socio-economic disparities can pose threat to the security of a nation-state. They may even threaten a state’s survival. Thereby States have to adopt a comprehensive security approach to address socio-economic disparities. Pakistan is also challenged by socio-economic disparities caused by several internal and external factors. National Security Policy (NSP) 2022-2026 has duly recognised these factors and proposed a comprehensive security paradigm for the country. This study deploys a Comprehensive security approach as propounded by Copenhagen School to understand the linkage between socio-economic disparities and the national security of Pakistan. It attempts to explain how socio-economic disparities affect Pakistan's national security and what can be done to address them.
{"title":"SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISPARITIES AND NATIONAL SECURITY OF PAKISTAN","authors":"M. Niaz","doi":"10.54690/jcs.v11i1.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54690/jcs.v11i1.215","url":null,"abstract":"Socio-economic disparities can pose threat to the security of a nation-state. They may even threaten a state’s survival. Thereby States have to adopt a comprehensive security approach to address socio-economic disparities. Pakistan is also challenged by socio-economic disparities caused by several internal and external factors. National Security Policy (NSP) 2022-2026 has duly recognised these factors and proposed a comprehensive security paradigm for the country. This study deploys a Comprehensive security approach as propounded by Copenhagen School to understand the linkage between socio-economic disparities and the national security of Pakistan. It attempts to explain how socio-economic disparities affect Pakistan's national security and what can be done to address them.","PeriodicalId":41210,"journal":{"name":"Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87180767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The nexus between climate change and military security is essentially non-existent in Pakistan’s security discourse. The paper argues for the connection between these two sectors - from the Copenhagen School framework of security - and presents how threats from climate change threaten Pakistan’s military security. Most notable threats, in severity and frequency, are sea level rise, cyclone risks, drastic floods, warming patterns, and glacial melting. Sea level rise and cyclone risks impact naval assets and infrastructure while warming patterns and glacial melting affect troop movement, deployments, and logistics. Resultantly, military training, force capacity, and operational readiness is affected. Threats are more potent in strategically significant locations (Siachen, Sindh, and Punjab) which house important forward military bases. The paper provides actionable recommendations that create foundations for future steps as well.
{"title":"THREATS FROM CLIMATE CHANGE TO THE MILITARY SECURITY OF PAKISTAN","authors":"Faraz Haider, A. Sultan","doi":"10.54690/jcs.v11i1.211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54690/jcs.v11i1.211","url":null,"abstract":"The nexus between climate change and military security is essentially non-existent in Pakistan’s security discourse. The paper argues for the connection between these two sectors - from the Copenhagen School framework of security - and presents how threats from climate change threaten Pakistan’s military security. Most notable threats, in severity and frequency, are sea level rise, cyclone risks, drastic floods, warming patterns, and glacial melting. Sea level rise and cyclone risks impact naval assets and infrastructure while warming patterns and glacial melting affect troop movement, deployments, and logistics. Resultantly, military training, force capacity, and operational readiness is affected. Threats are more potent in strategically significant locations (Siachen, Sindh, and Punjab) which house important forward military bases. The paper provides actionable recommendations that create foundations for future steps as well.","PeriodicalId":41210,"journal":{"name":"Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79387394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
“The objectives of foreign policy must be defined in terms of the national interest and must be supported with adequate power.”– Hans J. Morgenthau Even though, national interest is one of the most developed concepts of IR scholarship, yet it remains under the debate in academic and policy circles. Various scholars and institutions contextualize and categorize national interests varyingly. There are five main issues under deliberation: first, the interplay of power and morality in formulation and pursuit of national interests; second, longevity, durability and permanency of national interests; third, the interaction between national and public interests, and the process of interest adjudication, which is the function of the political system; fourth, Islamic perspective on national interest; and fifth, the future of national interest in the wake of growing power of the non-state actors, which have started challenging the notion of national interest. This paper revisits the concept and context of national interest with strategic arguments on different debates on national interest. Important attributes of the power potential affecting national interests are considered and conceptualized by the author. The research is descriptive, explanatory, analytical and perspective in nature.
{"title":"NATIONAL INTEREST: PERSPECTIVES AND PRACTICES","authors":"Ehsan Mehmood Khan","doi":"10.54690/jcs.v11i1.210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54690/jcs.v11i1.210","url":null,"abstract":"“The objectives of foreign policy must be defined in terms of the national interest and must be supported with adequate power.”– Hans J. Morgenthau \u0000Even though, national interest is one of the most developed concepts of IR scholarship, yet it remains under the debate in academic and policy circles. Various scholars and institutions contextualize and categorize national interests varyingly. There are five main issues under deliberation: first, the interplay of power and morality in formulation and pursuit of national interests; second, longevity, durability and permanency of national interests; third, the interaction between national and public interests, and the process of interest adjudication, which is the function of the political system; fourth, Islamic perspective on national interest; and fifth, the future of national interest in the wake of growing power of the non-state actors, which have started challenging the notion of national interest. This paper revisits the concept and context of national interest with strategic arguments on different debates on national interest. Important attributes of the power potential affecting national interests are considered and conceptualized by the author. The research is descriptive, explanatory, analytical and perspective in nature. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":41210,"journal":{"name":"Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78984578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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