Envisioned advanced multimedia video services include both rectangular and arbitrarily-shaped image segments. Image segments of the TV weather reporter produced by the chromo-key technique and image segments produced by video segmentation or image editing are typical examples. In this paper, we investigate efficient transform coding techniques of arbitrarily-shaped image segments. We formulate the optimal representation problem in two different domains — the full rectangular domain and the shape-projected domain. In the former, we still use the traditional rectangular transform coding method (e.g. DCT) but try to find optimal pixel values outside the segment boundary in order to make the transform spectrum as compact as possible. A simple but efficient mirror-image extension technique is proposed. In the shape-projected domain, we project the image segment and all basis functions into the subspace spanned over the image region only. Existing coding algorithms, such as orthogonal transform by Gilge [1] and iterative coding by Kaup and Aach [2], can be intuitively interpreted. To demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed formulation, we also derive a new KLT-like algorithm in the shape-projected domain. We analyze tradeoff between compression performance, computational complexity, and codec complexity for different coding schemes. Simulation results show that complicated algorithms (e.g. iterative, adaptive) can improve the quality by about 5-10 dB at some computational or hardware cost. On the other hand, the proposed simple mirror-image extension technique improves the quality by about 3-4 dB without any overheads. The contributions of this paper lie in efficient problem formulation, new transform coding techniques, and numerical tradeoff analyses. Currently, we are implementing a software program for AS image object editing and manipulation .
{"title":"Transform coding of arbitrarily-shaped image segments","authors":"Shih-Fu Chang, D. Messerschmitt","doi":"10.1145/166266.166275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.166275","url":null,"abstract":"Envisioned advanced multimedia video services include both rectangular and arbitrarily-shaped image segments. Image segments of the TV weather reporter produced by the chromo-key technique and image segments produced by video segmentation or image editing are typical examples. In this paper, we investigate efficient transform coding techniques of arbitrarily-shaped image segments. We formulate the optimal representation problem in two different domains — the full rectangular domain and the shape-projected domain. In the former, we still use the traditional rectangular transform coding method (e.g. DCT) but try to find optimal pixel values outside the segment boundary in order to make the transform spectrum as compact as possible. A simple but efficient mirror-image extension technique is proposed. In the shape-projected domain, we project the image segment and all basis functions into the subspace spanned over the image region only. Existing coding algorithms, such as orthogonal transform by Gilge [1] and iterative coding by Kaup and Aach [2], can be intuitively interpreted. To demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed formulation, we also derive a new KLT-like algorithm in the shape-projected domain. We analyze tradeoff between compression performance, computational complexity, and codec complexity for different coding schemes. Simulation results show that complicated algorithms (e.g. iterative, adaptive) can improve the quality by about 5-10 dB at some computational or hardware cost. On the other hand, the proposed simple mirror-image extension technique improves the quality by about 3-4 dB without any overheads. The contributions of this paper lie in efficient problem formulation, new transform coding techniques, and numerical tradeoff analyses. Currently, we are implementing a software program for AS image object editing and manipulation .","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127136973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The characteristics of digital video files and traffic differ substantially from those encountered with data applications: (i) video files are much larger than data files, and (ii) video traffic is continuous in nature while data traffic is bursty, with the data rate of a video stream much higher than the mean rate of a data traffic source. Accordingly, conventional file servers and associated storage systems are not well suited to support video services over local area networks; instead, new servers capable of handling the specific characteristics of video files and traffic are needed. In this paper, we describe a video applications server software called StarWorks ™ , focusing primarily on its underlying storage management system. The latter manages an array of Winchester disks, and uses a disk access algorithm particularly suitable for video streaming, and is thus referred to as " Streaming RAID ". We also characterize the performance of the system by determining the number of streams that can be supported for a given memory size and a given start-up latency requirement.
{"title":"Streaming RAID: a disk array management system for video files","authors":"F. Tobagi, J. Pang, R. Baird, M. Gang","doi":"10.1145/166266.168435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.168435","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristics of digital video files and traffic differ substantially from those encountered with data applications: (i) video files are much larger than data files, and (ii) video traffic is continuous in nature while data traffic is bursty, with the data rate of a video stream much higher than the mean rate of a data traffic source. Accordingly, conventional file servers and associated storage systems are not well suited to support video services over local area networks; instead, new servers capable of handling the specific characteristics of video files and traffic are needed. In this paper, we describe a video applications server software called StarWorks ™ , focusing primarily on its underlying storage management system. The latter manages an array of Winchester disks, and uses a disk access algorithm particularly suitable for video streaming, and is thus referred to as \" Streaming RAID \". We also characterize the performance of the system by determining the number of streams that can be supported for a given memory size and a given start-up latency requirement.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127443498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grouped Sweeping Scheduling was proposed in [1] as a general formulation of a class of disk arm scheduling schemes. This class includes, for example, the fixed-order and SCAN scheduling schemes. An optimum design was presented for the homogeneous case, i.e., when all multimedia streams have the same characteristics. In this paper we examine the more general situation in which a mixture of different format multimedia streams, with different characteristics, coexist on the disk. The emphasis is to present and prove a simple procedure for optimizing GSS in this heterogeneous situation. Finally, we discuss how GSS can be used in dynamic settings to support heterogeneous request streams.
{"title":"Optimization of the grouped sweeping scheduling (GSS) with heterogeneous multimedia streams","authors":"Monsong Chen, D. Kandlur, Philip S. Yu","doi":"10.1145/166266.166293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.166293","url":null,"abstract":"Grouped Sweeping Scheduling was proposed in [1] as a general formulation of a class of disk arm scheduling schemes. This class includes, for example, the fixed-order and SCAN scheduling schemes. An optimum design was presented for the homogeneous case, i.e., when all multimedia streams have the same characteristics. In this paper we examine the more general situation in which a mixture of different format multimedia streams, with different characteristics, coexist on the disk. The emphasis is to present and prove a simple procedure for optimizing GSS in this heterogeneous situation. Finally, we discuss how GSS can be used in dynamic settings to support heterogeneous request streams.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125594687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes Phoneshell, a telephone based application providing remote voice access to personal desktop databases such as voice mail, email, calendar, and rolodex. Several forms of information can also be faxed on demand. Phoneshell offers its users numerous opportunities to record voice entries into its underlying databases; this new utility for stored voice as a data type, necessitates multimedia support for the traditional graphical user interfaces to these same databases. The experiences of a small Phoneshell user community are discussed, with emphasis on key features which are most important to its success. The underlying software architecture used by Phoneshell includes a toolkit for building interactive telephone-based services.
{"title":"Phoneshell: the telephone as computer terminal","authors":"C. Schmandt","doi":"10.1145/166266.168430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.168430","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes Phoneshell, a telephone based application providing remote voice access to personal desktop databases such as voice mail, email, calendar, and rolodex. Several forms of information can also be faxed on demand. Phoneshell offers its users numerous opportunities to record voice entries into its underlying databases; this new utility for stored voice as a data type, necessitates multimedia support for the traditional graphical user interfaces to these same databases. The experiences of a small Phoneshell user community are discussed, with emphasis on key features which are most important to its success. The underlying software architecture used by Phoneshell includes a toolkit for building interactive telephone-based services.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131423220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Collaborative Environment for Concurrent Engineering Design (CECED) 1 is presented, which provides mechanisms that facilitate communicating effectively using multiple media and capturing the history of the informal phase of the specification and design process. The network-supported collaboration technology being developed in CECED is designed to support collaboration among multiple users of existing tools with minimal intrusion into existing software or user interaction styles. It integrates voice with other media exchanged in a multimedia conference by multiplexing the media in the same multicast connection for transport across a network or internet. It separates private workspaces from shared ones. It uses a distributed activity-sensing floor control algorithm to guarantee a single stream of input to unmodified single-user applications. It extends the shared screen paradigm prevalent in multimedia conferencing to shared and coordinated control of client applications and server resources. Finally, it supports the replication of applications and databases at each site, quick feedback to all conferees, and the ability to conference over low bandwidth communication networks.
{"title":"CECED: a system for informal multimedia collaboration","authors":"E. Craighill, R. Lang, Martin W. Fong, K. Skinner","doi":"10.1145/166266.168455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.168455","url":null,"abstract":"The Collaborative Environment for Concurrent Engineering Design (CECED) 1 is presented, which provides mechanisms that facilitate communicating effectively using multiple media and capturing the history of the informal phase of the specification and design process. The network-supported collaboration technology being developed in CECED is designed to support collaboration among multiple users of existing tools with minimal intrusion into existing software or user interaction styles. It integrates voice with other media exchanged in a multimedia conference by multiplexing the media in the same multicast connection for transport across a network or internet. It separates private workspaces from shared ones. It uses a distributed activity-sensing floor control algorithm to guarantee a single stream of input to unmodified single-user applications. It extends the shared screen paradigm prevalent in multimedia conferencing to shared and coordinated control of client applications and server resources. Finally, it supports the replication of applications and databases at each site, quick feedback to all conferees, and the ability to conference over low bandwidth communication networks.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130630405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The MHEG group began as an ad-hoc group in early 1989 under the chairmanship of Mr Francis Kretz to address the coded representation of final form multimedia and hypermedia objects that will be interchanged across services and applications, by any means e.g. storage media, LAN, wide area telecommunication or broadcast networks. The “MHEG object” is intended to be a basic component in a wide range of International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Recommendations, ISO and other standards, and user defined architectures and applications. MHEG objects will play a federating role, enabling different applications to share the basic information resource. See Figure 1. The work has been assigned to the the ISO/IEC working group SC29/WG12 known as MHEG. The term “MHEG” is used for the working group, the future standard 13522, and the objects defined, but the use is usually clear from the context.
{"title":"MHEG: an introduction to the future international standard for hypermedia object interchange","authors":"R. Price","doi":"10.1145/166266.166280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.166280","url":null,"abstract":"The MHEG group began as an ad-hoc group in early 1989 under the chairmanship of Mr Francis Kretz to address the coded representation of final form multimedia and hypermedia objects that will be interchanged across services and applications, by any means e.g. storage media, LAN, wide area telecommunication or broadcast networks. The “MHEG object” is intended to be a basic component in a wide range of International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Recommendations, ISO and other standards, and user defined architectures and applications. MHEG objects will play a federating role, enabling different applications to share the basic information resource. See Figure 1. The work has been assigned to the the ISO/IEC working group SC29/WG12 known as MHEG. The term “MHEG” is used for the working group, the future standard 13522, and the objects defined, but the use is usually clear from the context.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134244174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Baugher, Steve French, Alan Stephens, Isabel Van Horn
File system redirection is an established technique in personal computer local area networks for providing location transparent file access. This paper argues that redirection can be used for multimedia file access, and considers the extensions needed in the client, server, transport and network subsystems to enable multimedia redirection. Results are presented on an IBM LAN Server prototype which provides quality of service guarantees to multimedia clients on the Token Ring.
{"title":"A multimedia client to the IBM LAN server","authors":"M. Baugher, Steve French, Alan Stephens, Isabel Van Horn","doi":"10.1145/166266.166278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.166278","url":null,"abstract":"File system redirection is an established technique in personal computer local area networks for providing location transparent file access. This paper argues that redirection can be used for multimedia file access, and considers the extensions needed in the client, server, transport and network subsystems to enable multimedia redirection. Results are presented on an IBM LAN Server prototype which provides quality of service guarantees to multimedia clients on the Token Ring.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123639627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Toshiyuki Urabe, Hassan Afzal, G. Ho, P. Pancha, M. Zarki
In this paper, we describe MPEGTool, an X window-based tool that can be used to generate a motion picture expert group (MPEG) encoded bit stream for video sequences and to study the statistical properties of the encoded data. The tool was designed to study the characteristics of variable bit rate video sources for transmission over asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) based broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN). The tool, which has a window-based graphic user interface, allows a user to specify several of the MPEG parameters such as the intraframe-to-interframe ratio and the quantizer scale. The tool also includes a statistical package that allows the user to plot graphs of various statistics including bit distributions, ATM cell distributions, time se ries, autocorrelation functions and cell interarrival times.
{"title":"MPEGTool: an X window based MPEG encoder and statistics tool","authors":"Toshiyuki Urabe, Hassan Afzal, G. Ho, P. Pancha, M. Zarki","doi":"10.1145/166266.166296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.166296","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we describe MPEGTool, an X window-based tool that can be used to generate a motion picture expert group (MPEG) encoded bit stream for video sequences and to study the statistical properties of the encoded data. The tool was designed to study the characteristics of variable bit rate video sources for transmission over asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) based broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN). The tool, which has a window-based graphic user interface, allows a user to specify several of the MPEG parameters such as the intraframe-to-interframe ratio and the quantizer scale. The tool also includes a statistical package that allows the user to plot graphs of various statistics including bit distributions, ATM cell distributions, time se ries, autocorrelation functions and cell interarrival times.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125661919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of video conferencing on a token ring local area network","authors":"Steven M. Crimmins","doi":"10.1145/166266.168408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.168408","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122545233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present the user interface to the CMIF authoring environment for constructing and playing multimedia presentations. The CMIF authoring environment supports a rich hypermedia document model allowing structure-based composition of multimedia presentations and the specification of synchronization constraints between constituent media items. An author constructs a multimedia presentation in terms of its structure and additional synchronization constraints, from which the CMIF player derives the precise timing information for the presentation. We discuss the advantages of a structured approach to authoring multimedia, and describe the facilities in the CMIF authoring environment for supporting this approach. The authoring environment presents three main views of a multimedia presentation: the hierarchy view is used for manipulating and viewing a presentation’s hierarchical structure; the channel view is used for managing logical resources and specifying and viewing precise timing constraints; and the player for playing the presentation. We present the authoring environment in terms of a short example: constructing a walking tour of Amsterdam. CR Subject Classification (1991): [[TO BE PROVIDED]]
{"title":"Structured multimedia authoring","authors":"L. Hardman, G. Rossum, D. Bulterman","doi":"10.1145/166266.168402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.168402","url":null,"abstract":"We present the user interface to the CMIF authoring environment for constructing and playing multimedia presentations. The CMIF authoring environment supports a rich hypermedia document model allowing structure-based composition of multimedia presentations and the specification of synchronization constraints between constituent media items. An author constructs a multimedia presentation in terms of its structure and additional synchronization constraints, from which the CMIF player derives the precise timing information for the presentation. We discuss the advantages of a structured approach to authoring multimedia, and describe the facilities in the CMIF authoring environment for supporting this approach. The authoring environment presents three main views of a multimedia presentation: the hierarchy view is used for manipulating and viewing a presentation’s hierarchical structure; the channel view is used for managing logical resources and specifying and viewing precise timing constraints; and the player for playing the presentation. We present the authoring environment in terms of a short example: constructing a walking tour of Amsterdam. CR Subject Classification (1991): [[TO BE PROVIDED]]","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123101874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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