With the proliferation of new intelligent adapters, advanced bus architectures, and powerful microprocessors, the latest personal computers need a new architecture to coordinate the transfers of command and control information, data, and status between their system components in the most efficient manner. To this end, IBM has defined the Subsystem Control Block (SCB) architecture. In this paper, we would like to present our performance analysis of the SCB architecture in one of the most sophisticated multimedia applications today, the video conferencing environment. Our analysis demonstrates how effective the SCB architecture is in handling multiple video streams and file transfers concurrently in a typical video conferencing system based on personal computers.
{"title":"A performance analysis of the IBM subsystem control block architecture in a video conferencing environment","authors":"K. Huynh, T. Khoshgoftaar","doi":"10.1145/166266.168413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.168413","url":null,"abstract":"With the proliferation of new intelligent adapters, advanced bus architectures, and powerful microprocessors, the latest personal computers need a new architecture to coordinate the transfers of command and control information, data, and status between their system components in the most efficient manner. To this end, IBM has defined the Subsystem Control Block (SCB) architecture. In this paper, we would like to present our performance analysis of the SCB architecture in one of the most sophisticated multimedia applications today, the video conferencing environment. Our analysis demonstrates how effective the SCB architecture is in handling multiple video streams and file transfers concurrently in a typical video conferencing system based on personal computers.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127463279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MAEstro is a distributed, multimedia authoring environment designed to simplify the process of creating multimedia documents [5]. The environment consists of a suite of applications to manipulate various media, or sources of information. A messaging system, based on Sun remote procedure calls, is used to control playback of multimedia documents. This distributed nature of multimedia authorship and playback poses unique problems in the area of synchronization, but the MAEstro architecture also allows for a simple and relatively effective solution. The solution is a combination of policy to be followed by application programmers, and oneway (non-blocking) RPC calls during playback of multimedia documents [2]. The MAEstro solution to the synchronization problem works with any combination of media, if the author of a document is willing to live with coarse-grained synchronization (on the order of one second). Thus, MAEstro synchronization is not adequate for applications such as dubbing voice with video where the two media come from different sources, but for most applications, MAEstro synchronization is acceptable. This paper discusses the techniques used in the MAEstro environment to achieve synchronization.
{"title":"Synchronization in the MAEstro multimedia authoring environment","authors":"G. Drapeau","doi":"10.1145/166266.168417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.168417","url":null,"abstract":"MAEstro is a distributed, multimedia authoring environment designed to simplify the process of creating multimedia documents [5]. The environment consists of a suite of applications to manipulate various media, or sources of information. A messaging system, based on Sun remote procedure calls, is used to control playback of multimedia documents. This distributed nature of multimedia authorship and playback poses unique problems in the area of synchronization, but the MAEstro architecture also allows for a simple and relatively effective solution. The solution is a combination of policy to be followed by application programmers, and oneway (non-blocking) RPC calls during playback of multimedia documents [2]. The MAEstro solution to the synchronization problem works with any combination of media, if the author of a document is willing to live with coarse-grained synchronization (on the order of one second). Thus, MAEstro synchronization is not adequate for applications such as dubbing voice with video where the two media come from different sources, but for most applications, MAEstro synchronization is acceptable. This paper discusses the techniques used in the MAEstro environment to achieve synchronization.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123007533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Trehan, N. Sawashima, Koji Yamaguchi, Koichi Hasebe
We present a toolkit and architecture for supporting networked shared (multi-user) hypermedia applications. The toolkit supports a rich set of media types: text, graphics, pictures, live and pre-recorded sound, and live and pre-recorded video. Hypermedia links can be anchored to any media type and refer to nodes which contain media items. Nodes provide for abstractions such as pages, cards and general information networks. Media information can be accessed and changed by several users. The toolkit is realised as a class library on a distributed object oriented language based on C. The concurrent and distributed features of the underlying architecture provide for multi-users. Issues of sharing, version management and access control are addressed by considering database extensions to the object oriented architecture. Support for networking of continuous media streams is provided by extensions to the underlying runtime system. The toolkit has been used to develop and support conference and groupware applications.
{"title":"Toolkit for shared hypermedia on a distributed object oriented architecture","authors":"R. Trehan, N. Sawashima, Koji Yamaguchi, Koichi Hasebe","doi":"10.1145/166266.166286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.166286","url":null,"abstract":"We present a toolkit and architecture for supporting networked shared (multi-user) hypermedia applications. The toolkit supports a rich set of media types: text, graphics, pictures, live and pre-recorded sound, and live and pre-recorded video. Hypermedia links can be anchored to any media type and refer to nodes which contain media items. Nodes provide for abstractions such as pages, cards and general information networks. Media information can be accessed and changed by several users. The toolkit is realised as a class library on a distributed object oriented language based on C. The concurrent and distributed features of the underlying architecture provide for multi-users. Issues of sharing, version management and access control are addressed by considering database extensions to the object oriented architecture. Support for networking of continuous media streams is provided by extensions to the underlying runtime system. The toolkit has been used to develop and support conference and groupware applications.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125239398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An open architecture multimedia document publication system is described which integrates a number of different representation technologies to provide a medium offering a wide spectrum of usage, from emulation of current paper publication, through electronic document delivery, multimedia inclusion of video and sound, structured hypermedia linkage, and formal knowledge representation supporting simulation and inference. The research is targeted on exploring new forms of scholarly communication, and the publication system supports collaborative document development, the authentication of disseminated material, and the citation, annotation and reuse of such material. The document publication system provides a rich word processing and page makeup environment with all the facilities normally expected, and adds multimedia, hypermedia and computational facilities incrementally and naturally, with careful attention to the usability of the human-computer interface. The result is an interactive document in which knowledge is represented in a variety of ways, some targeted on human interaction, some targeted on computational analysis, simulation and inference, and such that the document can be printed as a conventional paper or book losing the dynamic aspects of the material but retaining the visual representation.
{"title":"Open architecture multimedia documents","authors":"B. Gaines, M. Shaw","doi":"10.1145/166266.166282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.166282","url":null,"abstract":"An open architecture multimedia document publication system is described which integrates a number of different representation technologies to provide a medium offering a wide spectrum of usage, from emulation of current paper publication, through electronic document delivery, multimedia inclusion of video and sound, structured hypermedia linkage, and formal knowledge representation supporting simulation and inference. The research is targeted on exploring new forms of scholarly communication, and the publication system supports collaborative document development, the authentication of disseminated material, and the citation, annotation and reuse of such material. The document publication system provides a rich word processing and page makeup environment with all the facilities normally expected, and adds multimedia, hypermedia and computational facilities incrementally and naturally, with careful attention to the usability of the human-computer interface. The result is an interactive document in which knowledge is represented in a variety of ways, some targeted on human interaction, some targeted on computational analysis, simulation and inference, and such that the document can be printed as a conventional paper or book losing the dynamic aspects of the material but retaining the visual representation.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122235157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We describe and evaluate the performanceof the algorithms used in Columbia University’s “Xphone” multimedia communication system. The system assumes a “best-effort” operating system and network, and provides synchronized video/audio acquisition/playback (locally or across a network) with minimized and bounded end-to-end delay. Synchronization is achieved using an algorithm based on timestamps and device state information. The effects of jitter (delay variation) are mitigated using silence detection; the end-to-end delay is kept bounded using a restart mechanism. Finally, for live video sources, we describe a source bit-rate adaptation algorithm that maximizes the video image quality to the available network bandwidth and video display window size. Keywords—Multimedia communication systems, media synchronization, source rate control, application development systems.
{"title":"Algorithms and performance evaluation of the Xphone multimedia communication system","authors":"A. Eleftheriadis, S. Pejhan, D. Anastassiou","doi":"10.1145/166266.168410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.168410","url":null,"abstract":"We describe and evaluate the performanceof the algorithms used in Columbia University’s “Xphone” multimedia communication system. The system assumes a “best-effort” operating system and network, and provides synchronized video/audio acquisition/playback (locally or across a network) with minimized and bounded end-to-end delay. Synchronization is achieved using an algorithm based on timestamps and device state information. The effects of jitter (delay variation) are mitigated using silence detection; the end-to-end delay is kept bounded using a restart mechanism. Finally, for live video sources, we describe a source bit-rate adaptation algorithm that maximizes the video image quality to the available network bandwidth and video display window size. Keywords—Multimedia communication systems, media synchronization, source rate control, application development systems.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130380542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the demand for multimedia information systems increases and network technology provides the capability to handle multimedia data, effective communication and synchronization mechanisms are needed in a distributed environment to realize the successful retrieval, composition and presentation of multimedia objects. In this paper, we propose a specification model for the communication and synchronization of multimedia objects in a distributed environment. This model specifies all the necessary functions for the communication and presentation of multimedia objects. We also implement several synchronization schemes in our model that provide mechanisms to handle synchronization anomalies during the presentation of multimedia objects.
{"title":"A synchronization and communication model for distributed multimedia objects","authors":"Naveed U. Qazi, Miae Woo, A. Ghafoor","doi":"10.1145/166266.166283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.166283","url":null,"abstract":"As the demand for multimedia information systems increases and network technology provides the capability to handle multimedia data, effective communication and synchronization mechanisms are needed in a distributed environment to realize the successful retrieval, composition and presentation of multimedia objects. In this paper, we propose a specification model for the communication and synchronization of multimedia objects in a distributed environment. This model specifies all the necessary functions for the communication and presentation of multimedia objects. We also implement several synchronization schemes in our model that provide mechanisms to handle synchronization anomalies during the presentation of multimedia objects.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"228 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116188653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a multimedia storage system video is probably the most demanding data type because of its large data volume and strict timing requirements. Image compression and parallel I/O architecture have been proposed in the literature to address the storage problem associated with digital video. This paper takes a systems approach by integrating video compression with data layout algorithms on parallel disk arrays to support high-quality video rendition. Specifically, we propose to use a multiresolution video representation scheme based on Gaussian and Laplacian Pyramids, which allows the storage system to satisfy video access requests by transferring only the minimum amount of data that is absolutely necessary. We also develope a new array storage layout algorithm for the Laplacian pyramid coding scheme to support jitter-free video rendering at the level of disk subsystems. We report on the results of a simulation study on the effectiveness of the proposed integrated design. The result shows that under the assumed workload the multi-resolution scheme is significantly better than the conventional representation in terms of the I/O rate, average waiting time, and average physical data bandwidth requirement. Specifically, the Laplacian Pyramid representation costs three to four times less data traffic, , reduces the average waiting time to one-eighth of that of the conventional approach, and achieves a five to ten times better average I/O rate.
{"title":"Multi-resolution video representation for parallel disk arrays","authors":"T. Chiueh, R. Katz","doi":"10.1145/166266.168438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.168438","url":null,"abstract":"In a multimedia storage system video is probably the most demanding data type because of its large data volume and strict timing requirements. Image compression and parallel I/O architecture have been proposed in the literature to address the storage problem associated with digital video. This paper takes a systems approach by integrating video compression with data layout algorithms on parallel disk arrays to support high-quality video rendition. Specifically, we propose to use a multiresolution video representation scheme based on Gaussian and Laplacian Pyramids, which allows the storage system to satisfy video access requests by transferring only the minimum amount of data that is absolutely necessary. We also develope a new array storage layout algorithm for the Laplacian pyramid coding scheme to support jitter-free video rendering at the level of disk subsystems. We report on the results of a simulation study on the effectiveness of the proposed integrated design. The result shows that under the assumed workload the multi-resolution scheme is significantly better than the conventional representation in terms of the I/O rate, average waiting time, and average physical data bandwidth requirement. Specifically, the Laplacian Pyramid representation costs three to four times less data traffic, , reduces the average waiting time to one-eighth of that of the conventional approach, and achieves a five to ten times better average I/O rate.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123486611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new class of images called salient stills is demonstrated and a software development platform for their creation is discussed. These images do not represent one discrete moment of time, as do a photograph or single video frame. Rather, one image reflects the aggregate of the temporal changes that occur in a moving image sequence with the salient features preserved. By the application of an affine transformation and non-linear temporal processing, multiple frames of an image sequence, which may include variations in focal-length or field-of-view, are combined to create a single still image. The still image may have multi-resolution patches, a larger field-of-view, or higher overall resolution than any individual frame in the original image sequence. It may also contain selected salient objects from any one of the sequence of video frames. The still can be created automatically or with user intervention. A by-product of the salient still process is a structured representation of moving image data.
{"title":"Salient video stills: content and context preserved","authors":"Laura Teodosio, W. Bender","doi":"10.1145/166266.166270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.166270","url":null,"abstract":"A new class of images called salient stills is demonstrated and a software development platform for their creation is discussed. These images do not represent one discrete moment of time, as do a photograph or single video frame. Rather, one image reflects the aggregate of the temporal changes that occur in a moving image sequence with the salient features preserved. By the application of an affine transformation and non-linear temporal processing, multiple frames of an image sequence, which may include variations in focal-length or field-of-view, are combined to create a single still image. The still image may have multi-resolution patches, a larger field-of-view, or higher overall resolution than any individual frame in the original image sequence. It may also contain selected salient objects from any one of the sequence of video frames. The still can be created automatically or with user intervention. A by-product of the salient still process is a structured representation of moving image data.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130392596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we present an object-oriented perspective to multimedia and discuss an approach for prototyping distributed multimedia applications. We describe the implementation of a component kit, an example application, called a virtual museum, and a visual composition tool. The tool allows interactive construction of multimedia applications from generic software components by direct manipulation and graphical editing. keywords: multimedia, visual composition, active objects, component-oriented software development.
{"title":"A multimedia component kit: experiences with visual composition of applications","authors":"Vicki de Mey, S. Gibbs","doi":"10.1145/166266.168406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/166266.168406","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present an object-oriented perspective to multimedia and discuss an approach for prototyping distributed multimedia applications. We describe the implementation of a component kit, an example application, called a virtual museum, and a visual composition tool. The tool allows interactive construction of multimedia applications from generic software components by direct manipulation and graphical editing. keywords: multimedia, visual composition, active objects, component-oriented software development.","PeriodicalId":412458,"journal":{"name":"MULTIMEDIA '93","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129292556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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