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Women, Criminal Records, and Certificates of Relief: An Experimental Study 妇女、犯罪记录和救济证书:一项实验研究
IF 2.1 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-11-24 DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1847602
Peter Leasure, Gary Zhang
Abstract Few studies have examined the impact of criminal history on hiring outcomes for women and even fewer studies have explored the effectiveness of mechanisms aimed to improve hiring outcomes for women with criminal history. The overall objectives of the current study were to examine (1) whether criminal history negatively influenced hiring outcomes for women and if so, (2) whether Ohio’s certificate of relief could improve hiring outcomes for women. These objectives were achieved with the use of an experimental correspondence audit that addressed limitations of prior research and utilized innovative methodological approaches. The results showed that callback (i.e., invitation to continue in the hiring process) point estimates for those with no record were higher than those with a record and no certificate. However, the differences between these two conditions lacked statistical significance. Further, while callback probabilities for certificate holders were statistically indistinguishable from those with no record, the callback probabilities for certificate holders were also statistically indistinguishable from those with a record and no certificate. Finally, there were no statistically significant racial differences. These results were supported in several robustness checks. Despite the lack of statistical significance, several findings have substantive significance and these findings are discussed in detail.
很少有研究考察犯罪历史对女性招聘结果的影响,而探讨旨在改善有犯罪历史的女性招聘结果的机制的有效性的研究就更少了。本研究的总体目标是检验(1)犯罪史是否会对女性的雇佣结果产生负面影响,如果是的话,(2)俄亥俄州的救济证书是否会改善女性的雇佣结果。这些目标是通过使用实验性通信审计来实现的,该审计解决了先前研究的局限性,并利用了创新的方法方法。结果显示,那些没有记录的人的回调(即邀请继续招聘过程)分数估计高于那些有记录但没有证书的人。然而,两种情况之间的差异没有统计学意义。此外,虽然证书持有者的回调概率在统计上与没有记录的人无法区分,但证书持有者的回调概率在统计上也与有记录但没有证书的人无法区分。最后,在统计上没有显著的种族差异。这些结果在几个稳健性检查中得到了支持。尽管缺乏统计意义,但一些发现具有实质性意义,并对这些发现进行了详细讨论。
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引用次数: 7
Fidelity in Implementing School-Based Restorative Justice Conferences 落实以学校为本的恢复性司法会议
IF 2.1 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-11-13 DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1836996
A. Liberman, M. Katz
Abstract Many schools are attempting to reduce their reliance on suspension and exclusionary discipline to manage student behavior. One promising alternative involves restorative justice (RJ). However, many programs and interventions are being described as “restorative,” without clarity regarding key components of a RJ approach, and few studies have measured program fidelity. This paper presents a measure of fidelity in implementing RJ conferences, which was used to rate RJ 105 conferences conducted in response to truancy, chronic disruption, and incidents with and without victims. These were implemented in the context of a larger effort that also included a whole-school intervention. Conferences showed very high fidelity in the behavior of conference facilitators, high fidelity in the interaction among conference participants, in contributions of participants to the action plan, and in consensus about the action plan. Student behavior was more varied, as was the extent to which the group offered forgiveness. Emphasizing consequences was associated both with more student remorse and with more student disengagement during conferences, both of which were associated with forgiving the student, but in opposite directions. This highlights a tension in RJ between holding misbehavior accountable while also showing students respect and helping them to repair harms they have caused.
许多学校正试图减少对停学和排他纪律的依赖来管理学生的行为。一个有希望的替代方案是恢复性司法(RJ)。然而,许多计划和干预措施被描述为“恢复性”,没有明确RJ方法的关键组成部分,很少有研究衡量计划的保真度。本文提出了实施RJ会议的保真度度量,该度量用于评估RJ 105会议,这些会议是针对逃学、慢性中断以及有或没有受害者的事件而进行的。这些都是在更大的努力背景下实施的,其中还包括全校干预。会议在会议主持人的行为、会议参与者之间的互动、参与者对行动计划的贡献以及对行动计划的共识方面表现出非常高的保真度。学生的行为更加多样化,这组人给予宽恕的程度也更加多样化。强调后果与更多的学生懊悔和更多的学生在会议上脱离联系在一起,这两者都与原谅学生有关,但方向相反。这凸显了RJ在追究不当行为的责任,同时向学生表示尊重,并帮助他们弥补自己造成的伤害之间的紧张关系。
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引用次数: 0
Focused Deterrence and Program Fidelity: Evaluating the Impact of Detroit Ceasefire 集中威慑和项目保真度:评估底特律停火的影响
IF 2.1 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-10-06 DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1827938
G. Circo, Julie M. Krupa, E. McGarrell, Alaina De Biasi
Abstract Focused deterrence programs, which concentrate community and police resources on small groups of high-risk offenders, have been identified in a number of cities as an effective method to reduce violent crime. In 2013, the city of Detroit began its own “Ceasefire” program in two of its most violent police precincts, which continued through 2019. This study examines the community-level effect of the 2013–2019 Detroit Ceasefire initiative on fatal and non-fatal shooting victimization. We apply a synthetic control design to account for the complex, disaggregated data to identify the effect of Ceasefire above and beyond the substantial decreases in gun violence observed throughout Detroit. We find marginal decreases in victimizations among those aged 15-24 and 25-34 in the year after Ceasefire was re-organized in 2015, but these effects were limited and largely converged to trends observed in the rest of the city. We discuss the results of this evaluation with a focus on the importance of effective implementation as well as the challenges of studying violence prevention strategies under ever evolving conditions.
重点威慑计划是将社区和警察资源集中在高危罪犯的小群体上,已在许多城市被确定为减少暴力犯罪的有效方法。2013年,底特律市在其两个最暴力的警察辖区开始了自己的“停火”计划,该计划一直持续到2019年。本研究考察了2013-2019年底特律停火倡议对致命和非致命枪击受害者的社区层面影响。我们采用综合控制设计来解释复杂的、分解的数据,以确定停火的影响,而不仅仅是整个底特律观察到的枪支暴力的大幅减少。我们发现15-24岁和25-34岁的受害人数在2015年停火组织重组后的一年中略有下降,但这些影响是有限的,并且在很大程度上与该市其他地区观察到的趋势一致。我们讨论了这一评估的结果,重点是有效执行的重要性以及在不断变化的条件下研究预防暴力战略的挑战。
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引用次数: 6
How Strong is the Evidence-Base for Crime Reduction Professionals? 减少犯罪专业人员的证据基础有多强?
IF 2.1 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1818275
L. Tompson, J. Belur, A. Thornton, K. Bowers, Shane D. Johnson, A. Sidebottom, N. Tilley, G. Laycock
Abstract To support the development and implementation of evidence-based crime reduction, we systematically identified and appraised 70 systematic reviews of single crime reduction measures published between 1975 and 2015. Using the EMMIE framework, we find that the quality of reporting on the Effectiveness of crime reduction measures is reasonably strong, particularly in systematic reviews published by the Cochrane and Campbell Collaborations. In contrast, evidence concerning the Mechanisms underpinning a crime reduction intervention, the conditions that Moderate effectiveness, Implementation challenges and the Economic costs and benefits of crime reduction was largely absent from the assessed systematic reviews. We conclude that there is a distinct lack of systematic review evidence in crime reduction that currently speaks to the knowledge needs of practitioners (i.e., how to make an intervention “work” for them).
为了支持基于证据的减少犯罪的发展和实施,我们系统地识别和评价了1975年至2015年间发表的70项单一减少犯罪措施的系统综述。使用EMMIE框架,我们发现关于减少犯罪措施有效性的报告质量相当高,特别是在Cochrane和Campbell合作组织发表的系统评论中。相比之下,关于支持减少犯罪干预的机制、适度有效性的条件、实施挑战以及减少犯罪的经济成本和收益的证据在评估的系统审查中基本缺失。我们得出的结论是,目前在减少犯罪方面明显缺乏系统的审查证据,这与从业人员的知识需求有关(即,如何使干预对他们“起作用”)。
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引用次数: 10
21st Century Prosecutions—Miami-Style Smart Justice 21世纪公诉——迈阿密式聪明司法
IF 2.1 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1819014
Katherine Fernandez Rundle, Stephen K. Talpins
Abstract Historically, prosecutors and judges relied almost exclusively on punitive measures, most notably jail or prison sentences, to address and deter criminal activity. However, the traditional punitive approach to justice is unduly expensive, does not work as well as it should, and has unnecessary and devastating consequences for lower level offenders and their families. While more and more district attorneys have begun to experiment with what some call “progressive” solutions, strategic remedial measures that reduce crime, improve lives, and save money are a matter of tradition for Miami-Dade County prosecutors. This paper outlines the results of a new strategy in Miami-Dade County, Florida, “Miami-Style Smart Justice” which focuses on a mixture of rehabilitation and incapacitation depending on the circumstances of the offenders as individuals and employs an evidence-based outcome-oriented approach that maximizes public safety, makes judicious use of jail space, minimizes unintended collateral consequences, and reduces costs. Using this approach Miami-Dade County as seen an almost 70% drop in the crime rate since 1993, while dramatically reducing its reliance on incarceration.
从历史上看,检察官和法官几乎完全依靠惩罚性措施,最明显的是监禁或监禁,来解决和阻止犯罪活动。然而,传统的惩罚性司法手段代价过高,没有达到应有的效果,并对较低级别的罪犯及其家属造成不必要的和毁灭性的后果。虽然越来越多的地方检察官已经开始尝试一些所谓的“渐进式”解决方案,但减少犯罪、改善生活、节省资金的战略补救措施对迈阿密戴德县检察官来说是一种传统。本文概述了佛罗里达州迈阿密-戴德县的一项新战略的成果,即“迈阿密式智能司法”,该战略侧重于根据罪犯个人的情况,将改造和丧失行为能力结合起来,采用循证结果导向的方法,最大限度地提高公共安全,明智地利用监狱空间,最大限度地减少意外附带后果,并降低成本。采用这种方法,迈阿密-戴德县的犯罪率自1993年以来下降了近70%,同时大大减少了对监禁的依赖。
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引用次数: 2
Theoretical and Empirical Advances in the Study and Control of White-Collar Offenders 白领罪犯研究与控制的理论与实证进展
IF 2.1 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-08-25 DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1808855
M. Benson
Abstract Over the past decade the study of white-collar crime has been undergoing a resurgence of interest, productivity, and creativity. New findings have emerged regarding the social, demographic and psychological characteristics of white-collar offenders. These findings have spurred theoretical advances in the application of standard criminological perspectives to white-collar crime, including opportunity, life course, and informal social control theory. Researchers have also made advances in understanding how white-collar offenders are treated by the justice system and how they respond to that treatment, and these advances have implications for the prevention and control of white-collar crime. In this presentation, I review these theoretical and empirical advances and suggest avenues for future research and policy on this important and harmful form of criminal behavior.
在过去的十年里,白领犯罪的研究经历了兴趣、生产力和创造力的复兴。关于白领罪犯的社会、人口和心理特征有了新的发现。这些发现促进了将标准犯罪学观点应用于白领犯罪的理论进步,包括机会、生命历程和非正式社会控制理论。研究人员在了解司法系统如何对待白领罪犯以及他们对这种对待的反应方面也取得了进展,这些进展对预防和控制白领犯罪具有重要意义。在这次演讲中,我回顾了这些理论和实证进展,并提出了未来研究和政策的途径,这一重要而有害的犯罪行为形式。
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引用次数: 7
Examining the Sentence of Life without Parole in Kentucky Homicide Cases 肯塔基州杀人案中不得假释终身监禁的判决审查
IF 2.1 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-07-13 DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1790303
Anthony G. Vito, G. Vito, George E. Higgins
Abstract This study examines the issue of prosecutorial discretion and the decision to offer a plea of life without parole (LWOP) in Kentucky death-eligible homicide cases (2000–2016). Using focal concerns theory as a framework and propensity score matching (PSM) and logistic regression as the methods of analysis, it attempts to explain the factors influencing prosecutorial discretion in the decision to grant a plea for LWOP with an emphasis on the role of race and gender or the victim and offender in this process. Among similarly situated cases, black offenders convicted of killing a white victim and those cases featuring a female victim were significantly more likely to receive a sentence of life without parole. Within the context of LWOP sentencing, the blameworthiness of a case was more significant than factors measuring the protection of the community.
摘要本研究考察了2000-2016年肯塔基州符合死刑条件的杀人案中检察官自由裁量权和提供无假释终身抗辩(LWOP)的决定问题。以焦点关注理论为框架,以倾向得分匹配(PSM)和逻辑回归为分析方法,试图解释影响检察官自由裁量权的因素,并强调种族和性别或受害者和罪犯在这一过程中的作用。在类似情况下,黑人罪犯杀害白人受害者和女性受害者的案件更有可能被判终身监禁,不得假释。在LWOP判决的背景下,案件的可责备性比衡量社区保护的因素更重要。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding the Impact of Driver’s License Suspension: Lay Opinion in Impacted and Non-Impacted Populations 理解驾照吊销的影响:受影响人群和未受影响人群的意见
IF 2.1 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-07-07 DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2021.1976596
W. Crozier, Brandon L. Garrett, Karima Modjadidi
Abstract The impact of low-level criminal enforcement on communities has been the subject of a growing body of scholarship and policy work, and awareness that even minor offenses can impose unaffordable criminal debt and negatively affect other rights. Many jurisdictions suspend driving privileges for nonpayment of traffic fines or court nonappearance without considering the individual’s ability to pay, affecting millions in the United States. To investigate the impact of such suspensions, we surveyed people in North Carolina (N = 853), a state with large numbers of such suspensions. Eighteen percent of respondents having had a suspended license, with race and low income predicting higher suspension rates, and increased difficulty for daily activities and ability to pay for housing. Thus, suspension policies are of questionable deterrence value and little public safety benefit, but impose great hardship for minor offenses. We offer abolishing suspension policies for non-safety reasons as the easiest policy change, as well as other incremental options. Restoration efforts for those affected should also be implemented, despite challenges in contacting those affected and providing procedures to get their license back. As such, comprehensive local-level efforts, which we describe, are likely necessary to address the challenges and harms associated with driver’s license suspensions.
低级别刑事执法对社区的影响一直是越来越多的学术和政策工作的主题,人们意识到,即使是轻微的犯罪也会造成无法负担的刑事债务,并对其他权利产生负面影响。许多司法管辖区在不考虑个人支付能力的情况下,因不支付交通罚款或不出庭而暂停驾驶特权,这影响了美国数百万人。为了调查这种停学行为的影响,我们调查了北卡罗来纳州(N = 853)的人,该州有大量这种停学行为。18%的受访者被吊销驾照,种族和低收入预示着更高的吊销率,以及日常活动和支付住房能力的困难增加。因此,缓刑政策的威慑价值值得怀疑,公共安全效益也不大,但对轻微犯罪却造成了很大的困难。我们提供取消非安全原因的暂停政策作为最简单的政策更改,以及其他增量选项。对受影响的人的恢复工作也应该实施,尽管在联系受影响的人以及提供重新获得许可证的程序方面存在挑战。因此,我们所描述的全面的地方层面的努力可能是必要的,以解决与吊销驾照相关的挑战和危害。
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引用次数: 1
Views on COVID-19 from Inside Prison: Perspectives of High-security Prisoners 从监狱内部看COVID-19:高安全级别囚犯的视角
IF 2.1 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-06-12 DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1777578
D. Pyrooz, R. Labrecque, Jennifer J. Tostlebe, Bert Useem
Abstract People confined in jail and prison are especially vulnerable to outbreaks of communicable diseases such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Corrections officials across the country have responded by shifting institutional practices, including suspending visitation and programming, as well as releasing some prisoners early. Missing from leading accounts of COVID-19 in correctional facilities are the perspectives of prisoners. This study examined perceptions of risks and responses among a random sample of 31 high-security male prisoners in Oregon. In-depth interviews were conducted by phone in private attorney rooms between April and May 2020. Mixed method data revealed that respondents felt it was a matter of when, not if, the disease would spread throughout the prison system, due primarily to transmission from correctional officers. Yet prisoners were not highly worried about contracting the disease. This was due, in part, to being physically and socially isolated in restrictive housing, which in this instance they viewed as advantageous. Respondents believed the threat of the virus was being taken seriously by prison officials but lacked confidence in their ability to prevent an outbreak or effectively treat infected prisoners. Strategies are needed to mitigate the spread, fear, and consequences of COVID-19 in correctional facilities, as this disease has the potential to upend the functions and purposes of the American prison.
监禁在监狱和监狱中的人员特别容易受到2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)等传染病的影响。全国各地的惩教官员做出了回应,改变了制度惯例,包括暂停探视和规划,以及提前释放一些囚犯。在教养设施中对COVID-19的主要描述中缺少囚犯的观点。这项研究调查了俄勒冈州随机抽取的31名高度戒备的男性囚犯对风险的感知和反应。2020年4月至5月期间,通过电话在私人律师室进行了深度访谈。混合方法数据显示,答复者认为,主要由于惩教人员的传播,这种疾病将在整个监狱系统中蔓延是一个时间问题,而不是是否会蔓延的问题。然而,囚犯们并不十分担心感染这种疾病。这在一定程度上是由于他们在身体上和社会上被隔离在限制性住房中,在这种情况下,他们认为这是有利的。答复者认为,监狱官员正在认真对待该病毒的威胁,但对他们防止疫情爆发或有效治疗受感染囚犯的能力缺乏信心。需要采取策略来减轻COVID-19在惩教设施中的传播、恐惧和后果,因为这种疾病有可能颠覆美国监狱的功能和目的。
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引用次数: 31
Meta-Analysis in Criminology and Criminal Justice: Challenging the Paradigm and Charting a New Path Forward 犯罪学与刑事司法中的元分析:挑战范式,开辟新道路
IF 2.1 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-06-12 DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1775107
J. Turanovic, T. Pratt
Abstract Meta-analyses are appearing more frequently in the criminological literature. Yet the methods typically used are guided by a methodological paradigm that risks producing meta-analyses of limited value. Here we outline three key methodological issues that meta-analysts face and we present a methodological challenge to the dominant meta-analysis paradigm. We focus specifically on: (1) inclusion criteria, (2) analysis of bivariate versus multivariate effect sizes, and (3) methods for handling statistical dependence. Issues of reproducibility and recommendations for moving forward are discussed.
摘要元分析在犯罪学文献中出现的频率越来越高。然而,通常使用的方法是由一种方法论范式指导的,这种范式有可能产生价值有限的元分析。在这里,我们概述了元分析面临的三个关键方法论问题,并对占主导地位的元分析范式提出了方法论挑战。我们特别关注:(1)纳入标准,(2)双变量与多变量效应大小的分析,以及(3)处理统计依赖性的方法。讨论了再现性问题和下一步的建议。
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引用次数: 15
期刊
Justice Evaluation Journal
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