Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2022.2052343
Shahin Tasharrofi, J. C. Barnes
Abstract Record numbers of offenders are being released to community supervision. This poses a challenge to agencies and officers in charge of providing supervision because there are far more clients in need of supervision than officers can reasonably attend to. This challenge represents an opportunity for criminologists to work with agencies to find innovative ways to allocate their limited resources. Standardized risk assessments are the most commonly used tool for determining which clients receive the most resources (e.g., officer attention). But risk assessment is a static instrument that is incapable of making cross-client predictions. We offer a novel, dynamic approach by integrating the Elo-rating system into the risk assessment paradigm. Our study is meant to present a potential innovative solution and to demonstrate that it may have merit when applied in practice. We test our idea against data from the Pathways to Desistance Study and show that the Elo-rating system is a flexible tool that can be used to adjust to changes in risk more rapidly than standard risk assessment tools. We also show that the Elo-rating system, when combined with risk assessment, can increase the accuracy of prospective predictions of recidivism risk. We discuss how Elo-rating system could be used by community supervision agencies seeking to optimize decision-making.
{"title":"Optimizing Community Supervision Practices with the Elo-rating System: A Proof-of-Concept","authors":"Shahin Tasharrofi, J. C. Barnes","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2022.2052343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2022.2052343","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Record numbers of offenders are being released to community supervision. This poses a challenge to agencies and officers in charge of providing supervision because there are far more clients in need of supervision than officers can reasonably attend to. This challenge represents an opportunity for criminologists to work with agencies to find innovative ways to allocate their limited resources. Standardized risk assessments are the most commonly used tool for determining which clients receive the most resources (e.g., officer attention). But risk assessment is a static instrument that is incapable of making cross-client predictions. We offer a novel, dynamic approach by integrating the Elo-rating system into the risk assessment paradigm. Our study is meant to present a potential innovative solution and to demonstrate that it may have merit when applied in practice. We test our idea against data from the Pathways to Desistance Study and show that the Elo-rating system is a flexible tool that can be used to adjust to changes in risk more rapidly than standard risk assessment tools. We also show that the Elo-rating system, when combined with risk assessment, can increase the accuracy of prospective predictions of recidivism risk. We discuss how Elo-rating system could be used by community supervision agencies seeking to optimize decision-making.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"67 1","pages":"288 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86018388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-28DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2022.2052344
Kathleen E. Padilla, Kelsey E. Tom, Adam D. Fine
Abstract Some communities are choosing to implement programs that enable police and youth to engage with each other within voluntary and non-enforcement-related contexts, yet little is known about the impacts of such programs on officers. As part of a larger program evaluation, this study examines police officers’ perceptions of participating in a community-based, youth empowerment program. In-depth interviews were conducted with eighteen police officers who participated in the Team Kids Challenge, a structured, voluntary, and community-driven program designed to empower youth to engage in community service in ways they find meaningful, while also exposing youth to working with police officers in a prosocial, non-enforcement context. Resoundingly, officers noted the (1) positive impact the program had on their opportunities to engage in prosocial interactions with youth, (2) improved relationships with children, and (3) an overall positive experience participating in the program. The paper draws implications for how agencies can work to improve their relationships with their communities when the communities so choose.
{"title":"Accepting the Challenge: Understanding Police Officers’ Perceptions of a Community-Based, Youth Empowerment Program","authors":"Kathleen E. Padilla, Kelsey E. Tom, Adam D. Fine","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2022.2052344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2022.2052344","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Some communities are choosing to implement programs that enable police and youth to engage with each other within voluntary and non-enforcement-related contexts, yet little is known about the impacts of such programs on officers. As part of a larger program evaluation, this study examines police officers’ perceptions of participating in a community-based, youth empowerment program. In-depth interviews were conducted with eighteen police officers who participated in the Team Kids Challenge, a structured, voluntary, and community-driven program designed to empower youth to engage in community service in ways they find meaningful, while also exposing youth to working with police officers in a prosocial, non-enforcement context. Resoundingly, officers noted the (1) positive impact the program had on their opportunities to engage in prosocial interactions with youth, (2) improved relationships with children, and (3) an overall positive experience participating in the program. The paper draws implications for how agencies can work to improve their relationships with their communities when the communities so choose.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"1 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85335924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-03DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2022.2039560
Krystal Roig-Palmer
Abstract Currently, sexual and gender minority youth live in a heteronormative society that does not provide consistent access to preventative social support services or safe spaces essential for healthy adolescent developmental experiences. This contextual circumstance is a catalyst for having unrecognized preventative risks and needs that are comprehensive to sexual and gender minority youth which further increases the likelihood for this distinct population to become justice involved. This study took place with the Lambert House: LGBTQ+ Youth Community Center, the only social service agency in Seattle, WA dedicated exclusively to LGBTQ+ youth and young adults. Data analyzed for this qualitative study includes: review of program documents, field observation notes, and semi-structured interviews. The aim of the study was to: 1) develop an innovative theoretical and methodological strategy to assess fluid programs and their potential to be effective, 2) determine what program theory is driving the program structure and content based on the program stakeholders and participants points of view, and 3) assess how well the final blueprint of the local program theory model aligns with principles of evidence-based practice.
{"title":"Translating Theory into Practice: Evaluating a Prevention Program for LGBTQ+ Youth and Young Adults","authors":"Krystal Roig-Palmer","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2022.2039560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2022.2039560","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Currently, sexual and gender minority youth live in a heteronormative society that does not provide consistent access to preventative social support services or safe spaces essential for healthy adolescent developmental experiences. This contextual circumstance is a catalyst for having unrecognized preventative risks and needs that are comprehensive to sexual and gender minority youth which further increases the likelihood for this distinct population to become justice involved. This study took place with the Lambert House: LGBTQ+ Youth Community Center, the only social service agency in Seattle, WA dedicated exclusively to LGBTQ+ youth and young adults. Data analyzed for this qualitative study includes: review of program documents, field observation notes, and semi-structured interviews. The aim of the study was to: 1) develop an innovative theoretical and methodological strategy to assess fluid programs and their potential to be effective, 2) determine what program theory is driving the program structure and content based on the program stakeholders and participants points of view, and 3) assess how well the final blueprint of the local program theory model aligns with principles of evidence-based practice.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"259 - 287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82015207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2021.2009312
Stephen J Clipper, Alexis J. Harper, Taylor Fisher
Abstract Personal recognizance (PR) bonds, often an option in pretrial services programs, allow defendants to be released while awaiting trial without financial backing. This offers some relief for jail overcrowding and permits the defendant the ability to maintain responsibilities of daily life. Not everyone released, however, successfully participates in these programs. This study seeks to analyze correlates and predictors of various types of non-compliance that could result in pretrial release forfeiture, operationalized by failure to appear in court and incurring new charges while on PR bond. This dependent variable is analyzed with several predictor variables that are excluded from traditional risk assessment tools and criminal history to determine the offenders most at risk for failure on pretrial release through a PR bond. Findings suggest the presence of several protective factors for program failure that are not typically considered when making release decisions such as having a passport and being the primary caregiver of children. The implications of these effects as well as variables that were collected but unable to be included in the present study are discussed.
{"title":"Risk of Revocation: Assessing Correlates of Failure in a Pretrial Services Program","authors":"Stephen J Clipper, Alexis J. Harper, Taylor Fisher","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2021.2009312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2021.2009312","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Personal recognizance (PR) bonds, often an option in pretrial services programs, allow defendants to be released while awaiting trial without financial backing. This offers some relief for jail overcrowding and permits the defendant the ability to maintain responsibilities of daily life. Not everyone released, however, successfully participates in these programs. This study seeks to analyze correlates and predictors of various types of non-compliance that could result in pretrial release forfeiture, operationalized by failure to appear in court and incurring new charges while on PR bond. This dependent variable is analyzed with several predictor variables that are excluded from traditional risk assessment tools and criminal history to determine the offenders most at risk for failure on pretrial release through a PR bond. Findings suggest the presence of several protective factors for program failure that are not typically considered when making release decisions such as having a passport and being the primary caregiver of children. The implications of these effects as well as variables that were collected but unable to be included in the present study are discussed.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"144 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86509109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2021.1998790
Ruth A. Moyer
Abstract Using case-level data, this study tests whether an increase in average crime-to-disposition time for felony arrests affects case outcomes. These outcomes are the likelihood of no-conviction, the likelihood of downgrading during the case disposition process (regardless of whether the case resulted in a conviction or no conviction), and the likelihood of an incarceration sentence. On October 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy produced extreme weather conditions in the greater New York City area, including Kings County. For felonies committed during the two-week period (October 28, 2012–November 10, 2012), Kings County experienced, on average, a 20.2% increase (34.3 days) in crime-to-disposition time. This increase provides an instrumental variable (IV) to test the effect of crime-to-disposition time on criminal case outcomes. Neither the hurricane aftermath nor a crime-to-disposition delay had any significant effect on the likelihood of incarceration, the likelihood of no-conviction, or the likelihood of downgrading. As a theoretical matter, the IV estimates suggest that reduced celerity (operationalized by a 20% increase in case processing time) does not affect the severity of punishment (operationalized by incarceration), the certainty of punishment (operationalized by the likelihood of no-conviction), or case processing complexity (operationalized by the likelihood of downgrading).
{"title":"Natural Disasters and the Effect of Celerity on Criminal Case Outcomes: A Natural Experiment in Kings County","authors":"Ruth A. Moyer","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2021.1998790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2021.1998790","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using case-level data, this study tests whether an increase in average crime-to-disposition time for felony arrests affects case outcomes. These outcomes are the likelihood of no-conviction, the likelihood of downgrading during the case disposition process (regardless of whether the case resulted in a conviction or no conviction), and the likelihood of an incarceration sentence. On October 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy produced extreme weather conditions in the greater New York City area, including Kings County. For felonies committed during the two-week period (October 28, 2012–November 10, 2012), Kings County experienced, on average, a 20.2% increase (34.3 days) in crime-to-disposition time. This increase provides an instrumental variable (IV) to test the effect of crime-to-disposition time on criminal case outcomes. Neither the hurricane aftermath nor a crime-to-disposition delay had any significant effect on the likelihood of incarceration, the likelihood of no-conviction, or the likelihood of downgrading. As a theoretical matter, the IV estimates suggest that reduced celerity (operationalized by a 20% increase in case processing time) does not affect the severity of punishment (operationalized by incarceration), the certainty of punishment (operationalized by the likelihood of no-conviction), or case processing complexity (operationalized by the likelihood of downgrading).","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"235 - 258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77735408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-18DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2021.1952644
Megan C. Kurlychek, James Lee, Emerson Waite, Alexander J. Vanhee
Abstract Incidents of gun violence and mass shootings continue to shock the U.S. citizenry. Each time there is a call for change, but then little happens. In this article we explore the history of gun control in America, how the issue became polarized, and search for sources of consensus or divide. Situated in Pennsylvania, we utilize a state-wide survey and regional focus groups to explore why individuals support or oppose gun control. Similar to prior research, we find the topic becomes polarized when reduced to a discussion for or against the second amendment. However, in the focus groups, we find much consensus on specific proposed policies, particularly those designed to protect children. Overall, our findings reveal that citizens remain open to gun control when the debate is directed at specific policies, rather than rhetoric. Our findings are important for future research on gun control as well as to policy-makers.
{"title":"In Search of the Smoking Gun: Consensus and Division in the Gun Control Debate","authors":"Megan C. Kurlychek, James Lee, Emerson Waite, Alexander J. Vanhee","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2021.1952644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2021.1952644","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Incidents of gun violence and mass shootings continue to shock the U.S. citizenry. Each time there is a call for change, but then little happens. In this article we explore the history of gun control in America, how the issue became polarized, and search for sources of consensus or divide. Situated in Pennsylvania, we utilize a state-wide survey and regional focus groups to explore why individuals support or oppose gun control. Similar to prior research, we find the topic becomes polarized when reduced to a discussion for or against the second amendment. However, in the focus groups, we find much consensus on specific proposed policies, particularly those designed to protect children. Overall, our findings reveal that citizens remain open to gun control when the debate is directed at specific policies, rather than rhetoric. Our findings are important for future research on gun control as well as to policy-makers.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"1 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81801814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-18DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2021.1996207
Matthew Renner, Bradley J. Bartos
Abstract Decarcerative policies aim to decrease rates of incarceration primarily through lessening the severity of criminal sanctions. These policies have proliferated in recent years as states looked to reduce correctional expenditures and begin to reverse decades of growth in incarceration. Yet, there are relatively few empirical studies that examine decarcerative policies. This study evaluates the impact of California’s Proposition 47 (Prop 47), which reduced penalties for a variety of low-level offenses. We utilize a range of causal methods (difference in difference, triple difference, and synthetic control group analysis) to estimate the effects of the policy on property crime rates in the Los Angeles; and to examine the potential mechanisms driving these effects. We find robust evidence that Prop 47 increased property crime in Los Angeles, and this finding emerges across our methodological approaches. We discuss our findings in the context of a growing body of literature on Prop 47; and conclude that the policy was effective in limiting crime rate increases to anticipated and low-level offenses while achieving its primary aim of decarceration.
{"title":"Decarceration, Sanction Severity and Crime: Causal Analysis of Proposition 47 and Property Crime in Los Angeles","authors":"Matthew Renner, Bradley J. Bartos","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2021.1996207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2021.1996207","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Decarcerative policies aim to decrease rates of incarceration primarily through lessening the severity of criminal sanctions. These policies have proliferated in recent years as states looked to reduce correctional expenditures and begin to reverse decades of growth in incarceration. Yet, there are relatively few empirical studies that examine decarcerative policies. This study evaluates the impact of California’s Proposition 47 (Prop 47), which reduced penalties for a variety of low-level offenses. We utilize a range of causal methods (difference in difference, triple difference, and synthetic control group analysis) to estimate the effects of the policy on property crime rates in the Los Angeles; and to examine the potential mechanisms driving these effects. We find robust evidence that Prop 47 increased property crime in Los Angeles, and this finding emerges across our methodological approaches. We discuss our findings in the context of a growing body of literature on Prop 47; and conclude that the policy was effective in limiting crime rate increases to anticipated and low-level offenses while achieving its primary aim of decarceration.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"110 2 1","pages":"208 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89396278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-04DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2021.1972767
C. Morgan, A. Petrosino, D. Farrington
Abstract This paper presents an assessment of the existing literature on validity and methodology relevant to crime prevention studies. Reports eligible for inclusion in the review focused on assessing the methodological quality of crime prevention evaluations. A narrative synthesis approach was used to review the included reports to examine how validity considerations are assessed and addressed in criminological impact evaluations. The reports reviewed included substantive discussions of the five types of validity, as well as discussions of interrelated issues of evaluation design, methodological quality scales, and evidence-based registries. We recommend that all crime prevention evaluations address the methodological issues discussed in this article. In addition, policymakers should consume research with a critical eye toward potential validity issues. Where valid evaluations show interventions to be promising, practitioners should make efforts to ensure fidelity in program implementation. Registries should support policymakers and practitioners in identifying and implementing evidence-based policy and programming through providing guidance on choosing interventions aligned to their priorities and settings, understanding the strengths and weaknesses of various strategies and programs and the conditions under which they are successful, and implementing programs and replicating evaluations with fidelity.
{"title":"Methodological Quality and Validity Issues in the Crime Prevention Literature","authors":"C. Morgan, A. Petrosino, D. Farrington","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2021.1972767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2021.1972767","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents an assessment of the existing literature on validity and methodology relevant to crime prevention studies. Reports eligible for inclusion in the review focused on assessing the methodological quality of crime prevention evaluations. A narrative synthesis approach was used to review the included reports to examine how validity considerations are assessed and addressed in criminological impact evaluations. The reports reviewed included substantive discussions of the five types of validity, as well as discussions of interrelated issues of evaluation design, methodological quality scales, and evidence-based registries. We recommend that all crime prevention evaluations address the methodological issues discussed in this article. In addition, policymakers should consume research with a critical eye toward potential validity issues. Where valid evaluations show interventions to be promising, practitioners should make efforts to ensure fidelity in program implementation. Registries should support policymakers and practitioners in identifying and implementing evidence-based policy and programming through providing guidance on choosing interventions aligned to their priorities and settings, understanding the strengths and weaknesses of various strategies and programs and the conditions under which they are successful, and implementing programs and replicating evaluations with fidelity.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"76 1","pages":"120 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76561199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2021.1970482
J. Pete Blair, M. Hunter Martaindale, Emily D Spivey
Abstract Police are sometimes required to conduct searches for hostile suspects or clear a building when an alarm sounds. These searches often times occur in low light conditions. Police will routinely use a flashlight to help with the search. This study evaluates three of the most commonly taught flashlight tactics to assess if any can reduce the likelihood of a police officer being shot by a hostile suspect. The study utilized a randomized controlled trial (n = 236) with random assignment to three test conditions. Ultimately, the study found the Dagger technique reduced the likelihood that participants playing the role of a hostile suspect would successfully shoot the officer in a controlled setting. This finding can directly impact how police officers are trained to operate in low light settings.
{"title":"An Evaluation of Light Positioning on Suspect Accuracy in Low Light Environments","authors":"J. Pete Blair, M. Hunter Martaindale, Emily D Spivey","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2021.1970482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2021.1970482","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Police are sometimes required to conduct searches for hostile suspects or clear a building when an alarm sounds. These searches often times occur in low light conditions. Police will routinely use a flashlight to help with the search. This study evaluates three of the most commonly taught flashlight tactics to assess if any can reduce the likelihood of a police officer being shot by a hostile suspect. The study utilized a randomized controlled trial (n = 236) with random assignment to three test conditions. Ultimately, the study found the Dagger technique reduced the likelihood that participants playing the role of a hostile suspect would successfully shoot the officer in a controlled setting. This finding can directly impact how police officers are trained to operate in low light settings.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"109 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89358401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2021.1965494
S. Mcneeley
Abstract This study uses a quasi-experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of an employment assistance program implemented in Minnesota prisons by examining recidivism and post-release employment outcomes of 2,814 individuals released between 2009 and 2018. Observable selection bias was reduced by using propensity score matching to create similar treatment and comparison groups. Results of Cox regression analyses showed that completing EMPLOY reduced the hazard ratio for recidivism by 27–66%. The findings further showed that those who completed EMPLOY were more likely to gain post-release employment within two years after release from prison and worked more hours, had higher hourly wages, and earned more total wages during the two-year follow-up period.
{"title":"A Long-Term Follow-Up Evaluation of an Employment Assistance Reentry Program","authors":"S. Mcneeley","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2021.1965494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2021.1965494","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study uses a quasi-experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of an employment assistance program implemented in Minnesota prisons by examining recidivism and post-release employment outcomes of 2,814 individuals released between 2009 and 2018. Observable selection bias was reduced by using propensity score matching to create similar treatment and comparison groups. Results of Cox regression analyses showed that completing EMPLOY reduced the hazard ratio for recidivism by 27–66%. The findings further showed that those who completed EMPLOY were more likely to gain post-release employment within two years after release from prison and worked more hours, had higher hourly wages, and earned more total wages during the two-year follow-up period.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"67 1","pages":"90 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90693899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：