Pub Date : 2020-05-13DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1756378
Mary K. Stohr, David A. Makin, Duane L. Stanton, Craig Hemmens, Dale W. Willits, N. Lovrich, Mikala Meize, J. Snyder, Ruibin Lu, Guangzhen Wu
Abstract We evaluate the effects of cannabis legalization on crime and law enforcement in one of the first states to adopt it, in 2012. We investigated how the police view legalization and how they experienced its implementation. Appreciative Inquiry was employed in 9 focus group interviews of 48 officers from multiple agencies in Washington. Our findings indicate that officers in Washington, though not supportive of re-criminalization, expressed concerns about: youth access and use; increases in drugged driving; prosecutorial reluctance to charge; nuisance calls about cannabis usage in public; the lack of police preparation for legalization, and; legalization’s effect on their workload. Because of the recent nature of legalization, there is little research on how those charged with its implementation (the police) feel about it. Their concerns might inform policy of other states that have undertaken the responsibility of legalizing cannabis about real and perceived pitfalls they might encounter.
{"title":"An Evolution Rather than a Revolution: Cannabis Legalization Implementation from the Perspective of the Police in Washington State","authors":"Mary K. Stohr, David A. Makin, Duane L. Stanton, Craig Hemmens, Dale W. Willits, N. Lovrich, Mikala Meize, J. Snyder, Ruibin Lu, Guangzhen Wu","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2020.1756378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2020.1756378","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We evaluate the effects of cannabis legalization on crime and law enforcement in one of the first states to adopt it, in 2012. We investigated how the police view legalization and how they experienced its implementation. Appreciative Inquiry was employed in 9 focus group interviews of 48 officers from multiple agencies in Washington. Our findings indicate that officers in Washington, though not supportive of re-criminalization, expressed concerns about: youth access and use; increases in drugged driving; prosecutorial reluctance to charge; nuisance calls about cannabis usage in public; the lack of police preparation for legalization, and; legalization’s effect on their workload. Because of the recent nature of legalization, there is little research on how those charged with its implementation (the police) feel about it. Their concerns might inform policy of other states that have undertaken the responsibility of legalizing cannabis about real and perceived pitfalls they might encounter.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"267 - 293"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88350235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-30DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1759379
Jeffrey Nowacki, J. Schafer, Julie Hibdon
Abstract In recent years, many law enforcement agencies have found themselves in legitimacy crises, where police have difficulty winning the support and trust of the communities that they serve. One strategy suggested to improve legitimacy is developing personnel rosters that share demographic characteristics with a jurisdiction’s service population. This study examines how characteristics of police agencies, including existing workforce diversity, predict subsequent success in hiring non-White applicants. We merge applicant and hiring data from agencies reporting to the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA) with organizational data from the Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies (CSLLEA). Results suggest that existing workforce diversity and some measures of organizational complexity influence successful hiring of non-White applicants.
{"title":"Workforce Diversity in Police Hiring: The Influence of Organizational Characteristics","authors":"Jeffrey Nowacki, J. Schafer, Julie Hibdon","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2020.1759379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2020.1759379","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent years, many law enforcement agencies have found themselves in legitimacy crises, where police have difficulty winning the support and trust of the communities that they serve. One strategy suggested to improve legitimacy is developing personnel rosters that share demographic characteristics with a jurisdiction’s service population. This study examines how characteristics of police agencies, including existing workforce diversity, predict subsequent success in hiring non-White applicants. We merge applicant and hiring data from agencies reporting to the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA) with organizational data from the Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies (CSLLEA). Results suggest that existing workforce diversity and some measures of organizational complexity influence successful hiring of non-White applicants.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"48 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88880543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-10DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1749870
H. Prince
Abstract This study explores the effects of state-level anti-bullying legislation on bullying outcomes for youth in United States schools. Bullying receives national level attention in the United States on an almost daily basis, spurred in part by the exponential increase in use of social media and the internet by youth, as well as several high-profile bullying suicide cases. Because of the multitude of concerns surrounding bullying for both victims and perpetrators, all fifty state legislatures in the U.S. have adopted policies and laws with the goal of decreasing bullying behaviors. This paper finds decreases in bullying outcomes for youth when legislation is in place, though the relationships are modest and not significant. Inquiries about the exact mechanisms by which bullying outcomes are reduced and potential research questions in the area of bullying as well as research and policy implications of the study are discussed.
{"title":"Anti-Bully Legislation: Effects for Youth in United States Schools","authors":"H. Prince","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2020.1749870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2020.1749870","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study explores the effects of state-level anti-bullying legislation on bullying outcomes for youth in United States schools. Bullying receives national level attention in the United States on an almost daily basis, spurred in part by the exponential increase in use of social media and the internet by youth, as well as several high-profile bullying suicide cases. Because of the multitude of concerns surrounding bullying for both victims and perpetrators, all fifty state legislatures in the U.S. have adopted policies and laws with the goal of decreasing bullying behaviors. This paper finds decreases in bullying outcomes for youth when legislation is in place, though the relationships are modest and not significant. Inquiries about the exact mechanisms by which bullying outcomes are reduced and potential research questions in the area of bullying as well as research and policy implications of the study are discussed.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"121 1","pages":"245 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89388662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-09DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1748519
N. Hipple, Jessica M. Saunders, Kayla Allison, Jessica R. Peterson
Abstract Using mixed methods, we examine how a cohort of twelve sites operationalized and adapted the Bureau of Justice Assistance’s Innovations in Community-Based Crime Reduction (CBCR) grant program. CBCR is built around data, place-based strategies, neighborhood revitalization, and community partnerships. Community-based interventions are typically quite complex, embedding multiple mechanisms by which the intervention may succeed or fail. We examine fidelity to the program and its relationship to implementation success, as well as the achievements and challenges reported by the sites.
{"title":"What Does Success Look Like? Lessons from the Innovations in Community-Based Crime Reduction (CBCR) Program","authors":"N. Hipple, Jessica M. Saunders, Kayla Allison, Jessica R. Peterson","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2020.1748519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2020.1748519","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using mixed methods, we examine how a cohort of twelve sites operationalized and adapted the Bureau of Justice Assistance’s Innovations in Community-Based Crime Reduction (CBCR) grant program. CBCR is built around data, place-based strategies, neighborhood revitalization, and community partnerships. Community-based interventions are typically quite complex, embedding multiple mechanisms by which the intervention may succeed or fail. We examine fidelity to the program and its relationship to implementation success, as well as the achievements and challenges reported by the sites.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"227 - 244"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79522547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-04DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1745662
C. Kubrin, Bradley J. Bartos
Abstract In 2017, California officially became a sanctuary state following the passage of Senate Bill 54, which limits state and local police cooperation with federal immigration authorities. Following the passage of SB54, critics worried that crime rates would rise. What impact did this policy have on crime in California? The current study, the first of its kind, addresses this question. Using a state-level panel containing violent and property offenses from 1970 through 2018, we employ a synthetic control group design to approximate California’s crime rates had SB54 not been enacted. We interpret the gap between California’s 2018 crime rate and its synthetic counterfactual as SB54’s impact. Results show that SB54’s impact on violent and property crime is neither robust nor sufficiently large to rule out a null effect. Sensitivity analyses buttress this finding. We discuss the implications of the findings for crime policy in the U.S.
{"title":"Sanctuary Status and Crime in California: What’s the Connection?","authors":"C. Kubrin, Bradley J. Bartos","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2020.1745662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2020.1745662","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In 2017, California officially became a sanctuary state following the passage of Senate Bill 54, which limits state and local police cooperation with federal immigration authorities. Following the passage of SB54, critics worried that crime rates would rise. What impact did this policy have on crime in California? The current study, the first of its kind, addresses this question. Using a state-level panel containing violent and property offenses from 1970 through 2018, we employ a synthetic control group design to approximate California’s crime rates had SB54 not been enacted. We interpret the gap between California’s 2018 crime rate and its synthetic counterfactual as SB54’s impact. Results show that SB54’s impact on violent and property crime is neither robust nor sufficiently large to rule out a null effect. Sensitivity analyses buttress this finding. We discuss the implications of the findings for crime policy in the U.S.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"115 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82766369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-30DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1745087
Albert M. Kopak
Abstract Pre-arrest diversion programs have the potential to reform the front-end of the criminal justice system and reduce the stigma associated with a low-level arrest, but little evaluation work has been conducted in this area. The current study was designed with two objectives: 1) to examine within-program indicators of completion and post-program arrest between the Adult Civil Citation (ACC) pre-arrest and the Pre-Trial Intervention (PTI) post-booking program in Florida’s second judicial district, and 2) to conduct a matched samples comparison of subsequent arrest between the two programs. A prospective longitudinal evaluation was conducted from 2010–2017 to assess within-program indicators of successful completion in addition to a between-program comparison of follow-up arrest. Propensity score matching was used to compare post-program arrest rates between 7,410 adults who entered the PTI program and 1,279 adults who participated in the ACC program. Demographic background, offense type, and completion status were collected within the respective programs while follow-up arrest data was drawn from statewide records. Successful program completion and post-program arrest were associated with participants’ sex, racial background, and offense type. Although participants in both programs experienced similar post-program arrest rates, further research is needed on additional program features, including qualitative differences between programs.
{"title":"A Matched-Samples Comparison of Pre-Arrest and Post-Booking Diversion Programs in Florida’s Second Judicial District","authors":"Albert M. Kopak","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2020.1745087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2020.1745087","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pre-arrest diversion programs have the potential to reform the front-end of the criminal justice system and reduce the stigma associated with a low-level arrest, but little evaluation work has been conducted in this area. The current study was designed with two objectives: 1) to examine within-program indicators of completion and post-program arrest between the Adult Civil Citation (ACC) pre-arrest and the Pre-Trial Intervention (PTI) post-booking program in Florida’s second judicial district, and 2) to conduct a matched samples comparison of subsequent arrest between the two programs. A prospective longitudinal evaluation was conducted from 2010–2017 to assess within-program indicators of successful completion in addition to a between-program comparison of follow-up arrest. Propensity score matching was used to compare post-program arrest rates between 7,410 adults who entered the PTI program and 1,279 adults who participated in the ACC program. Demographic background, offense type, and completion status were collected within the respective programs while follow-up arrest data was drawn from statewide records. Successful program completion and post-program arrest were associated with participants’ sex, racial background, and offense type. Although participants in both programs experienced similar post-program arrest rates, further research is needed on additional program features, including qualitative differences between programs.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"74 1","pages":"200 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80477637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-27DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1744470
Jacqueline G. van Wormer, Mia Abboud Holbrook, Ruibin Lu, Faith E. Lutze, Xiaohan Mei
Abstract Collaboration across diverse agencies is a foundational attribute of drug courts. It requires individuals and agencies to build trust, share resources and power, as well as maintain consistent participation to produce positive criminal justice interested outcomes. As past criminal justice and social service research has shown, the requirement to collaborate can produce negative impacts when criminal justice professionals are conflicted and required to still carry out their traditional adverse roles and responsibilities. To date, no empirical research has systemically evaluated the advantages and drawbacks of participation in a collaborative environment in the drug court model, and what elements combine to create stronger collaborative outcomes. By using a national sample and set of validated measures of professional benefits and drawbacks, we found that certain variables, such as level of training, gender and propensity/interest towards collaboration were predictive of greater professional benefits. Structural Regression Analysis (SRA) and Monte Carlo Simulation were utilized in the current study, creating empirical support for internal and external validity of the scales.
{"title":"Collaboration Within Drug Courts: A National Survey of Drug Court Professionals","authors":"Jacqueline G. van Wormer, Mia Abboud Holbrook, Ruibin Lu, Faith E. Lutze, Xiaohan Mei","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2020.1744470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2020.1744470","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Collaboration across diverse agencies is a foundational attribute of drug courts. It requires individuals and agencies to build trust, share resources and power, as well as maintain consistent participation to produce positive criminal justice interested outcomes. As past criminal justice and social service research has shown, the requirement to collaborate can produce negative impacts when criminal justice professionals are conflicted and required to still carry out their traditional adverse roles and responsibilities. To date, no empirical research has systemically evaluated the advantages and drawbacks of participation in a collaborative environment in the drug court model, and what elements combine to create stronger collaborative outcomes. By using a national sample and set of validated measures of professional benefits and drawbacks, we found that certain variables, such as level of training, gender and propensity/interest towards collaboration were predictive of greater professional benefits. Structural Regression Analysis (SRA) and Monte Carlo Simulation were utilized in the current study, creating empirical support for internal and external validity of the scales.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"189 1","pages":"178 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79751152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-24DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1727296
Stephen V. Gies, Eoin Healy, R. Stephenson
Abstract There is growing recognition that policymakers can achieve substantially better results by using an evidence-based approach to solve social problems. Nevertheless, there is still considerable debate as to how best to identify evidence-based information, aggregate and process this information, and then disseminate it to non-technical users. This manuscript discusses the sources of this discord within the context of evidence-based registries and propose ways in which to ameliorate it.
{"title":"The Evidence of Effectiveness: Beyond the Methodological Standards","authors":"Stephen V. Gies, Eoin Healy, R. Stephenson","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2020.1727296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2020.1727296","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There is growing recognition that policymakers can achieve substantially better results by using an evidence-based approach to solve social problems. Nevertheless, there is still considerable debate as to how best to identify evidence-based information, aggregate and process this information, and then disseminate it to non-technical users. This manuscript discusses the sources of this discord within the context of evidence-based registries and propose ways in which to ameliorate it.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"155 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78884919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-11DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2020.1721311
Caitlin J Taylor
Abstract Relatively little empirical research has documented reentry courts’ effectiveness. Even less scholarship has critically evaluated their varied goals. A quasi-experimental outcome evaluation of a federal reentry court reveals that the program increases access to social services, decreases probation revocations, and increases future employment. However, the program does not reduce the likelihood of new arrests. These findings are interpreted in the context of the collateral consequences of mass incarceration, a desistance from crime lens, and a human rights perspective.
{"title":"Beyond Recidivism: An Outcome Evaluation of A Federal Reentry Court and A Critical Discussion of Outcomes that Matter","authors":"Caitlin J Taylor","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2020.1721311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2020.1721311","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Relatively little empirical research has documented reentry courts’ effectiveness. Even less scholarship has critically evaluated their varied goals. A quasi-experimental outcome evaluation of a federal reentry court reveals that the program increases access to social services, decreases probation revocations, and increases future employment. However, the program does not reduce the likelihood of new arrests. These findings are interpreted in the context of the collateral consequences of mass incarceration, a desistance from crime lens, and a human rights perspective.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"105 1","pages":"134 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72822721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751979.2019.1668242
Michael T. Baglivio, Kevin T. Wolff, Katherine Jackowski
Abstract Approximately 60% of those in U.S. jails are awaiting trial without having been convicted of the crime for which they are being detained. We examine whether the Static Risk Assessment, a tool not specifically designed for pretrial outcomes, can predict pretrial success. As implemented in Tarrant County, Texas, the tool is predictive of failure to appear and new offending within 90 days of release pretrial using Logistic regression and area under curve analyses. Results hold across gender and race.
{"title":"The Usefulness of a General Risk Assessment, the Static Risk Assessment (SRA), in Predicting Pretrial Failure: Examining Predictive Ability across Gender and Race","authors":"Michael T. Baglivio, Kevin T. Wolff, Katherine Jackowski","doi":"10.1080/24751979.2019.1668242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2019.1668242","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Approximately 60% of those in U.S. jails are awaiting trial without having been convicted of the crime for which they are being detained. We examine whether the Static Risk Assessment, a tool not specifically designed for pretrial outcomes, can predict pretrial success. As implemented in Tarrant County, Texas, the tool is predictive of failure to appear and new offending within 90 days of release pretrial using Logistic regression and area under curve analyses. Results hold across gender and race.","PeriodicalId":41318,"journal":{"name":"Justice Evaluation Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"1 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90718803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：