Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.5325/mediterraneanstu.31.2.0256
Meghan DiLuzio
This volume offers a bold and creative approach to recovering the experiences of women in the Roman world. The collection includes thirteen papers that were originally presented at the Third Annual Symposium Campanum at the Villa Vergiliana in October 2018. The authors demolish long-standing assumptions about the limitations of the material record, casting women as active participants in their communities.Following a brief introduction by the editors, Lauren Hackworth Petersen (chapter 1) argues that modern scholars have contributed to “silencing” Roman women by privileging certain kinds of sources and adopting the perspective of upper-class men. She calls on scholars to reevaluate what counts as a reliable source and shift their attention from elite men to the position and movements of women and other marginalized people. The remaining chapters take up this challenge.Molly Swetnam-Burland (chapter 2) shows that women of all socioeconomic statuses engaged in financial transactions of various kinds—counting money, keeping accounts, and lending or investing their money to generate interest—often without the intervention of a male intermediary and in spite of the claims of the jurists that women were prohibited from acting as bankers. Women in the Roman world could exercise significant financial agency.Lauren Caldwell (chapter 3) argues that the peculium—a fund allocated to children and slaves by the male head of household—may have enabled daughters from wealthy families to operate their own weaving businesses. Caldwell’s chapter helps us to imagine the spaces where weaving activities took place and pushes us to consider weaving both as a symbol of feminine virtue and as an activity with economic benefits for women and their households.Barbara Kellum (chapter 4) explores how the public priestesses Eumachia and Mamia employed an Augustan-inspired imagery of prosperity in their buildings in Pompeii’s Forum in order to highlight their own wealth and contributions to the economic life of their community. Based on an intriguing new identification of a pair of portrait statues, Kellum suggests that a third public priestess, Alleia Decimilla, may have been the patron of a restoration of Pompeii’s Macellum in the first century CE.Eve D’Ambra (chapter 5) offers a detailed discussion of the large entertainment and recreation complex owned by Julia Felix, whose role as manager of her own business affairs is confirmed by a painted advertisement on the building’s façade. D’Ambra suggests that Julia Felix’s gender and social status may have influenced the design and decoration of her complex, including especially the extraordinary Forum frieze, which depicts Pompeii’s working and commercial classes, both male and female.Brenda Longfellow (chapter 6) compares the honorific statue of Eumachia to earlier portraits from extramural tombs. Her fascinating analysis traces the ways in which funerary statues emphasized familial relationships and represented their subjects
她对专门建造的妓院的涂鸦、艺术、人工制品和布局的仔细分析，使我们能够想象在这个空间里从事性交易的妇女和女孩的具体经历。詹尼弗·特林布尔(Jennifer Trimble)的贡献(第10章)邀请我们将女性视为庞贝贞节情人之家(IX.12.6)的艺术观众，这是一个磨坊和面包店，后面有一个住宅套房。特林布尔提出了一系列可能的女性观众，探索女性的社会地位如何影响她对建筑中描绘的放松和快乐场景的反应。根据对庞贝的Triclinium之家(V.2.4)的绘画的重新检查，Luciana Jacobelli(第11章)认为，这所房子的主人是一个“妓女”，一个独立的女人，她以自己的方式招待客户。在triclinium中，她被描绘为举起一个rhyton并邀请她的客人享受自己。在这个房间旁边的小隔间里，画着狄奥蒂玛、科琳娜和萨福的画像，展现了“女性智慧”的形象，这为雅各布利关于房子是女性所有的说法提供了额外的支持。杰西卡·鲍沃斯(第十二章)细致地描述了庞贝VII.7.18酒馆里一个不寻常的情色浮雕。她认为，这块碎片原本是一个装饰华丽的大理石容器的一部分，后来被重新利用，在酒馆朴素的餐厅里营造出一种奢华的感觉。和特林布尔一样，鲍尔斯想象着观众对这张照片的反应。她深思熟虑的讨论表明，物质文化可以向我们讲述非精英罗马人和被奴役的人，即使我们没有直接听到他们的声音。玛格丽特·l·莱尔德(Margaret L. Laird)(第13章)研究了由业余艺术家创作的女性绘画，这些绘画表现出对专业艺术家创作的典型肖像的视觉元素完全缺乏兴趣。莱尔德认为，这表明“我们认为象征罗马女性的标志对街上的人吸引力有限”(第264页)。虽然妇女的图画并不常见，但莱尔德的仔细分析阐明了这些未被充分利用的证据揭示了妇女在普通庞培人“心灵景观”中的地位(第248页)。这是一本内容丰富、发人深省的合集。作者将想象力作为分析框架，同时将他们的研究建立在对物证的严格分析之上。读者将对罗马妇女的生活有更深入、更广泛的了解，并对该学科的未来感到乐观。正如艾利森·l·c·埃默森(Allison L. C. Emmerson)在她的后记中所写的那样，作者采用的创新方法可以也应该被其他学者所采用，为罗马社会中的妇女和其他边缘化群体发声。
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Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.5325/mediterraneanstu.31.2.0253
John M. Hunt
The Jews of Rome, like Jews everywhere in early modern Europe, faced tremendous legal and social constraints, endemic violence, and expulsion, ghettoization, and forced conversions. Most of these practices were rooted in anti-Jewish polemics dating to the Middle Ages. Yet, for Rome, two of these, the ghetto and systematic efforts to convert Jews through sermons at the Oratory of Santissima Trinità dei Pellegrini, were innovations of the sixteenth century. In Catholic Spectacle and Rome’s Jews, Emily Michelson offers the first monograph in English to examine these sermons and their impact both on the Jewish community and on the religious life of Rome. Sifting through a plethora of sources, including papal bulls, treatises, and sermons of conversionary preachers, Michelson demonstrates that despite a few celebrated conversions of wealthy Jewish families, the sermons on the whole failed. Nevertheless, the sermons to Roman Jews persisted for close to two and a half centuries. Michelson argues that the longevity of the sermons owes more to their value to a “multi-layered” audience that, besides the Jewish community, included the clerical and civic elite of Rome, pilgrims, and travelers from beyond the Alps. Each of these audiences found different meanings in the conversionary sermons that ranged from annoyance and resistance (Jews) to a celebration of the globalizing mission of the post-Tridentine church (ecclesiastics and the faithful).The first three chapters explore the milieu that led to the foundation of the papacy’s first sustained attempt at converting Jews through preaching at the Oratory of the Santissima Trinità dei Pellegrini. Michelson locates the origins in heightened anxieties about Jews that had led to their expulsions from Spain and Portugal, respectively in 1492 and 1497. In Rome, these anxieties took the form of the establishment of its Monte di Pietà in 1539 in an effort to deter Christians from borrowing money from Jewish pawnbrokers, the burning of the Talmud in 1553 by the Inquisition, and the creation of the Ghetto in 1555 by Paul IV, with its aim, as Kenneth Stow has shown, of forcing the Jews to convert due to the misery of confinement.The papacy’s goal of converting Roman Jews culminated with Gregory XIII’s bull of 1577, Vice Eius Nos, which established conversionary sermons to the Jews and the College of Neophytes, and his bull of 1584, Sancta Mater Ecclesia, which prescribed precise rules for the sermons, including the required attendance of one-third of the Jewish population of Rome on every Sabbath. Michelson shows that the foundation of the conversionary sermons was met with enthusiasm by Rome’s clergy and papal officials. The sermons took place in the oratory of the most prestigious Roman confraternity, the Santissima Trinità dei Pellegrini, founded by Philip Neri. The sermons quickly attracted the patronage of cardinals and prestigious religious orders, all keen on seeing the conversion of the Jews as part of the papac
罗马的犹太人和近代欧洲其他地方的犹太人一样，面临着巨大的法律和社会约束、地方性暴力、驱逐、隔离和强迫皈依。这些做法大多源于中世纪的反犹太论战。然而，对于罗马来说，其中的两个，隔都和通过在圣三一圣堂(Oratory of Santissima trinit<e:1> dei Pellegrini)布道使犹太人皈依的系统努力，是16世纪的创新。在《天主教奇观与罗马的犹太人》一书中，艾米丽·迈克尔逊提供了第一部用英语研究这些布道及其对犹太社区和罗马宗教生活的影响的专著。通过筛选大量的资料来源，包括教皇的训令、论文和改宗传教士的布道，迈克尔逊证明，尽管一些富有的犹太家庭有著名的改宗，但布道总体上是失败的。然而，对罗马犹太人的布道持续了近两个半世纪。迈克尔逊认为，布道的长盛不衰更多地归功于其“多层次”受众的价值，除了犹太社区外，还包括罗马的神职人员和公民精英、朝圣者和来自阿尔卑斯山以外的旅行者。这些听众都在皈依布道中找到了不同的含义，从烦恼和抵抗(犹太人)到庆祝后特伦丁教会(神职人员和信徒)的全球化使命。前三章探讨了导致教皇第一次持续尝试通过在圣三一圣堂布道来使犹太人皈依的环境。迈克尔逊将其根源归结于对犹太人的高度焦虑，这种焦虑导致他们分别于1492年和1497年被驱逐出西班牙和葡萄牙。在罗马，这些焦虑表现为1539年建立了圣彼得山，以阻止基督徒向犹太典当行借钱;1553年宗教法庭焚烧了《塔木德》;1555年保罗四世建立了犹太人区，其目的是，正如肯尼斯·斯托(Kenneth Stow)所展示的那样，迫使犹太人因监禁的痛苦而改变信仰。教皇让罗马犹太人皈依的目标在格列高利十三世(Gregory XIII) 1577年的诏书《Vice Eius Nos》(Vice Eius Nos)和1584年的诏书《Sancta Mater Ecclesia》(Sancta Mater Ecclesia)中达到顶峰。《Vice Eius Nos》确立了向犹太人和新信徒学院(College of Neophytes)传教的规则，其中规定了传教的精确规则，包括每个安息日必须有罗马三分之一的犹太人参加。迈克尔逊表明，皈依布道的基础受到了罗马神职人员和教皇官员的热烈欢迎。布道在最负盛名的罗马兄弟会圣三一圣堂举行，圣三一圣堂是由菲利普·内里创立的。布道很快吸引了枢机主教和有声望的宗教团体的赞助，他们都热衷于将犹太人的皈依视为教皇世界使命的一部分。这些例行布道的主要职责之一就是向犹太人布道。这个职位吸引了来自著名宗教团体的有才华的神职人员的注意，尤其是多米尼加人和耶稣会士，包括耶稣会的罗伯特·贝拉明和安东尼奥·波塞维诺。许多皈依犹太教的犹太人或他们的后代急切地接受了这个职位，比如格列高利奥·邦康帕尼·科科斯·德格利·斯卡林奇，他是格列高利十三世时期早期皈依犹太教的人的后裔，在17世纪担任了近40年的degli ebrei预言者。根据迈克尔逊的说法，这些人既有推进教皇传教目标的虔诚愿望，又有通过多产的著作和布道，或通过提升教会等级来提升自己的野心。在第四章中，迈克尔逊提出了她最具原创性和说服力的论点。在前几章中，她注意到犹太人对布道的抵制和他们的全面失败，她断言布道是一种仪式化的景象，与其说是为了改变犹太人的信仰，不如说是为了传播罗马作为虔诚和神圣中心的形象。布道和朝圣指南都将这一形象与其他罗马仪式联系起来——圣年、参观罗马七大教堂和四十小时祈祷。因此，犹太人是一个多层受众的一部分，但越来越不是主要受众，主要包括基督徒，主要是教会和城市精英，但也包括朝圣者和大旅行的游客。每个听众都从布道中得到了不同的东西，许多人实际上可以通过朝圣书籍和旅行记录来参加布道。对于教会精英来说，他们确认了后特伦丁教会的天主教使命。对朝圣者来说，他们将天主教教义及其使命作为公共戏剧来传授。
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Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.5325/mediterraneanstu.31.2.0180
Maysoun Ershead Shehadeh
ABSTRACT This article applies qualitative dynamic content analysis to archival sources to demonstrate that religious identity was the primary motivation for Orthodox Greek Palestinians to join the Communist Party in 1948. Abandoned by the local Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, this sect of Palestinians hoped to gain the patronage of the Russian Orthodox Church. This was also their motive for supporting the plan of the United Nations to divide Mandatory Palestine into Arab and Jewish states, in contradiction of the national consensus at the time. Marxist theory, depicted as cosmopolitan, multinational, and multisectoral, helped this group camouflage its sectoral organization within the party’s higher echelons. The article stresses the importance of examining time and place when investigating historical decisions of political groups, such as those of the Palestinian communists in Israel, that have a significant impact on the process of shaping collective identity.
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Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.5325/mediterraneanstu.31.2.0204
Ferma Lekesizalın
ABSTRACT This article investigates the cosmopolitan discourse of Amin Maalouf’s novel Les Échelles du Levant, published in English in 1996 as Ports of Call. Centered on Ossyane Ketabdar’s memories, the novel reconstructs the history of the Levant from the viewpoint of the oppressed and portrays the devastating effects of nationalism and national struggles on the Levantine cultures and societies. Born to a Turkish father and Armenian mother, Ossyane grows up in the cosmopolitan and multicultural atmosphere of Beirut, where he learns to question parochialisms. His cosmopolitan agency is based on the moral principle of recognition and respect for the other. Centered on an uprooted and liminal protagonist with a mixed identity, Les Échelles du Levant explores cosmopolitan agency as a form of resistance against homogenized and consolidated subject positions produced by the modern nation-states.
摘要本文考察阿明·马卢夫1996年出版的小说《黎凡特Échelles》中的世界主义话语。小说以Ossyane Ketabdar的记忆为中心，从被压迫者的角度重构了黎凡特的历史，描绘了民族主义和民族斗争对黎凡特文化和社会的破坏性影响。Ossyane的父亲是土耳其人，母亲是亚美尼亚人，他在贝鲁特的多元文化氛围中长大，在那里他学会了质疑狭隘主义。他的世界主义能动性是建立在承认和尊重他人的道德原则之上的。《Les Échelles du Levant》以一个身份混杂的、被连根拔起的、被限制的主人公为中心，探讨了世界主义代理作为一种抵抗现代民族国家产生的同质化和巩固的主体地位的形式。
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Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.5325/mediterraneanstu.31.2.0135
Susan L. Rosenstreich
This year, the MSA celebrated its twenty-fifth annual meeting. Executive Director Ben Taggie opens Mediterranean Studies 31.2 with a tribute to the host institution of the meeting, Masaryk University in the Czech Republic’s city of Brno. Holding the 2023 conference in Brno had everything to do with the association’s mission to promote the scholarly study of the many cultures of the Mediterranean in their interactions with greater forces in and beyond the region, a mission the articles and reviews in this issue assiduously carry out.In “War and Peace in the Elephant Mosaic from Huqoq: Synagogue Art, Classical Historiography and Roman Imperial Monuments,” Karen Britt and Ra‘anan Boustan bring to light an unparalleled example of ancient synagogue art that memorializes a nonbiblical event, demonstrating the extent to which even a small rural village could engage with the cosmopolitan literary and artistic movements of the ancient Mediterranean world. This interplay of local and global forces can be seen in Maysoun Ershead Shehade’s article, “Sectoral Realism at the Junction of the Partition Plan of Palestine.” The author confronts totalizing assumptions often applied to this critical moment in the history of the Middle East, analyzing in disciplined detail the tumultuous events that led the Orthodox Greek Palestinians to join the Communist Party in 1948 and to support the United Nations plan to divide Mandatory Palestine into Arab and Jewish states. “Cosmopolitan Discourse in Amin Maalouf’s Ports of Call” by Ferma Lekesızalın examines the Lebanese author’s empathetic story of the tremendous toll narrowed identities take on those who embrace ideals of peaceful coexistence for differing social and political groups. As an appropriate closing study in this array of views on the ongoing tension between local and global forces, “Performing Mediterraneanness in the American South: An Ethnography of Mediterranean Solidarity in Chapel Hill, North Carolina” offers the real time experience of Christina Bananopoulou, who adopts the position of a participant observer to study the evolution of solidarity among local immigrants from different and sometimes historically hostile regions of the Mediterranean.The book reviews in this issue are good evidence that scholars of the Mediterranean are revisiting long-held views on material and print culture, paying close attention to the push and pull of local and global forces. Cory Crawford reviews Phoenicians and the Making of the Mediterranean by Carolina López-Ruiz, noting the book’s ambitious scope to advance both a critique of Hellenocentrism and a synthesis of archeological data. Maria Georgopoulou points to the literary expertise of Roderick Beaton—Byzantium and modern Greece are his specialties—as the foundation for his three-and-a-half-millennium study, not of Greece, but rather of Greeks around the globe, The Greeks: A Global History. Catholic Spectacle and Rome’s Jews: Early Modern Conversion and Resistance by E
今年，MSA庆祝了第25届年会。执行主任本·塔吉(Ben Taggie)在向会议主办机构——捷克布尔诺市的马萨里克大学致开幕辞时致辞。在布尔诺举行2023年会议与该协会的使命有关，即促进对地中海许多文化的学术研究，并与该地区内外的更大力量进行互动，这是本期文章和评论努力履行的使命。在《胡科克大象的战争与和平:犹太教堂艺术、古典史学和罗马帝国纪念碑》一书中，卡伦·布里特和拉安南·布斯坦展示了古代犹太教堂艺术的一个无与伦比的例子，它纪念了一个非圣经的事件，展示了即使是一个小村庄也能参与古代地中海世界的世界性文学和艺术运动的程度。这种地方和全球力量的相互作用可以在Maysoun Ershead Shehade的文章中看到，“巴勒斯坦分分计划交界处的部门现实主义”。作者面对通常用于中东历史上这一关键时刻的综合假设，以严谨的细节分析导致正统希腊裔巴勒斯坦人在1948年加入共产党并支持联合国将托管巴勒斯坦划分为阿拉伯和犹太国家的计划的动荡事件。Ferma Lekesızalın的《阿明·马卢夫的停靠港中的世界主义话语》探讨了这位黎巴嫩作家令人同情的故事，讲述了那些信奉不同社会和政治群体和平共处理想的人所付出的巨大代价。《在美国南部表现地中海性:北卡罗来纳州教堂山的地中海团结民族志》是对这一系列关于地方与全球力量之间持续紧张关系的观点的恰当的结卷研究，提供了克里斯蒂娜·巴纳诺波卢的实时经验，她采用参与者观察者的立场来研究来自地中海不同地区的当地移民之间团结的演变，有时在历史上是敌对的。本期的书评很好地证明了地中海学者正在重新审视长期以来对物质和印刷文化的看法，密切关注当地和全球力量的推动和拉动。科里·克劳福德评论了卡罗莱纳的《腓尼基人和地中海的形成》López-Ruiz，指出这本书雄心勃勃地提出了对希腊中心主义的批判和对考古数据的综合。Maria Georgopoulou指出Roderick beaton的文学专长——拜占庭和现代希腊是他的专长——作为他3500年研究的基础，不是希腊，而是全球希腊人，《希腊人:全球史》。约翰·亨特(John Hunt)对艾米丽·迈克尔逊(Emily Michelson)的《天主教的景象和罗马的犹太人:近代早期的皈依和抵抗》进行了评论，他认为这是第一本用英语研究16世纪在圣三一礼拜堂(Oratory of Santissima trinit dei Pellegrini)布道的专著，研究了布道对犹太社区和罗马宗教生活的影响。最后，梅根·迪鲁齐奥向我们介绍了《女性生活》、《女性声音:罗马物质文化》和《那不勒斯湾女性代理》的编辑布伦达·朗费罗和莫莉·斯威特曼-伯兰的作品。总的来说，本汇编中的文章挑战了关于物质文化作为信息来源的局限性的传统观念，展示了事实上，在构成物质文化的物品和档案中，女性能动性的证据，以及许多边缘群体的能动性，是如何显而易见的。这是一个充满活力的话题，充满了创新的学术研究和对长期假设的深刻批评，是对MSA第二十五届年会的恰当庆祝。你不会对以下几页介绍的地中海地区的新观点感到失望。
{"title":"Editor’s Introduction","authors":"Susan L. Rosenstreich","doi":"10.5325/mediterraneanstu.31.2.0135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/mediterraneanstu.31.2.0135","url":null,"abstract":"This year, the MSA celebrated its twenty-fifth annual meeting. Executive Director Ben Taggie opens Mediterranean Studies 31.2 with a tribute to the host institution of the meeting, Masaryk University in the Czech Republic’s city of Brno. Holding the 2023 conference in Brno had everything to do with the association’s mission to promote the scholarly study of the many cultures of the Mediterranean in their interactions with greater forces in and beyond the region, a mission the articles and reviews in this issue assiduously carry out.In “War and Peace in the Elephant Mosaic from Huqoq: Synagogue Art, Classical Historiography and Roman Imperial Monuments,” Karen Britt and Ra‘anan Boustan bring to light an unparalleled example of ancient synagogue art that memorializes a nonbiblical event, demonstrating the extent to which even a small rural village could engage with the cosmopolitan literary and artistic movements of the ancient Mediterranean world. This interplay of local and global forces can be seen in Maysoun Ershead Shehade’s article, “Sectoral Realism at the Junction of the Partition Plan of Palestine.” The author confronts totalizing assumptions often applied to this critical moment in the history of the Middle East, analyzing in disciplined detail the tumultuous events that led the Orthodox Greek Palestinians to join the Communist Party in 1948 and to support the United Nations plan to divide Mandatory Palestine into Arab and Jewish states. “Cosmopolitan Discourse in Amin Maalouf’s Ports of Call” by Ferma Lekesızalın examines the Lebanese author’s empathetic story of the tremendous toll narrowed identities take on those who embrace ideals of peaceful coexistence for differing social and political groups. As an appropriate closing study in this array of views on the ongoing tension between local and global forces, “Performing Mediterraneanness in the American South: An Ethnography of Mediterranean Solidarity in Chapel Hill, North Carolina” offers the real time experience of Christina Bananopoulou, who adopts the position of a participant observer to study the evolution of solidarity among local immigrants from different and sometimes historically hostile regions of the Mediterranean.The book reviews in this issue are good evidence that scholars of the Mediterranean are revisiting long-held views on material and print culture, paying close attention to the push and pull of local and global forces. Cory Crawford reviews Phoenicians and the Making of the Mediterranean by Carolina López-Ruiz, noting the book’s ambitious scope to advance both a critique of Hellenocentrism and a synthesis of archeological data. Maria Georgopoulou points to the literary expertise of Roderick Beaton—Byzantium and modern Greece are his specialties—as the foundation for his three-and-a-half-millennium study, not of Greece, but rather of Greeks around the globe, The Greeks: A Global History. Catholic Spectacle and Rome’s Jews: Early Modern Conversion and Resistance by E","PeriodicalId":41352,"journal":{"name":"Mediterranean Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136152448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.5325/mediterraneanstu.31.2.0137
Benjamin F. Taggie
By any measure, the 25th Annual Congress of the Mediterranean Studies Association at Masaryk University in Brno, the Czech Republic, was a resounding success. From the gracious welcome of Dr. Irena Radová, dean of the university’s Faculty of Arts, to the generous feeding of our minds and bodies, overseen for the five days of the event by Congress President Dr. Katarina Petrovićková, Professor of Classical Studies at Masaryk University, this milestone congress was a rich reward for the dedication of MSA scholars to the field of Mediterranean studies.His Excellency Mr. Athanassios Paressoglu, Ambassador from the Hellenic Republic to the Czech Republic, phrased it eloquently in his remarks at the opening session of the congress: the Mediterranean is a space with many origins. We were fortunate to have Mgr. et Mgr. Tomás Weissar of Masaryk University’s Office of External Relations as our guide to Brno’s role in those origins, his walking tour of the city a reminder of the ways the Mediterranean reaches well beyond its shores.Thanks to Dr. Petrovićková’s students, Adéla Svobodová, Lenka Josefina Sládková, Eliška Bumbová, Veronika Nagyová, Martin Můčka, Jaroslav Herzig, Markéta Galbová, and Benjamin Juráň, conference attendees never lost their way to any of the seventy-nine congress presentations or lacked information on using the amazingly efficient trolley system in Brno. And who will ever forget the performance of pianist Eva Hubáčková, flautist Hana zemVlasáková, and violinists Kristýna Petrová and Kateřina Šrabalová, interpreters of the quartet Krásné ty země, v tobě i ve mně, composed especially for the congress by Matouš Dvořák? The poetic sentiment of that title, “Beautiful Lands in Your Hands and Mine,” brought us into the heart of the Czech Republic.The association could not have marked its twenty-fifth conference any more memorably than with these remarkable individuals. The MSA appreciates the courtesy and kindness shown to all of us during our stay in Brno. On behalf of our entire membership, I thank Masaryk University for opening its doors to us, and hope doors continue to open to conferences that bring scholars together to listen to, and learn from, each other.
无论以何种标准衡量，在捷克共和国布尔诺马萨里克大学举行的地中海研究协会第25届年会都取得了巨大成功。从艺术学院院长Irena radov博士的热情欢迎，到大会主席、马萨里克大学古典研究教授Katarina博士Petrovićková博士为期五天的监督，我们的思想和身体都得到了慷慨的滋养，这次具有里程碑意义的大会是对MSA学者对地中海研究领域的奉献精神的丰厚回报。希腊共和国驻捷克共和国大使阿塔纳西奥斯·帕雷索格卢先生阁下在大会开幕式上的发言中雄辩地指出:地中海是一个有许多起源的空间。我们很幸运地请到了。等下。马萨里克大学对外关系办公室的Tomás Weissar是我们了解布尔诺在这些起源中的作用的向导，他的城市徒步之旅提醒我们地中海的方式远远超出了它的海岸。感谢Petrovićková博士的学生们:ad萨沃博多夫、Lenka Josefina Sládková、Eliška bumbov、Veronika nagyov、Martin Můčka、Jaroslav Herzig、mark galbov和Benjamin Juráň，参加会议的人从来没有在79场大会演讲中迷路，也没有在布尔诺缺乏使用效率惊人的电车系统的信息。谁也不会忘记钢琴家伊娃Hubáčková、长笛演奏家哈娜zemVlasáková、小提琴家Kristýna彼得罗夫和Kateřina Šrabalová的表演，他们是马图乌什Dvořák特别为大会创作的四重奏曲Krásné ty zemje, v totobi ve mnje的翻译。标题“美丽的土地在你我手中”充满诗意，把我们带进了捷克共和国的心脏。协会第二十五届会议的纪念活动，没有比这些杰出人士更令人难忘的了。MSA感谢我们在布尔诺逗留期间对我们所有人的礼貌和友善。我谨代表全体会员，感谢马萨里克大学向我们敞开大门，并希望大门继续向会议敞开，使学者们聚集在一起，相互倾听和学习。
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Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.5325/mediterraneanstu.31.2.0139
Karen Britt, Ra‘anan Boustan
ABSTRACT Excavations in the late fourth-century synagogue at Huqoq in lower eastern Galilee have revealed a mosaic depicting a subject that is unparalleled in ancient synagogue art. In the view of the authors of this article, this panel (known as the Elephant Mosaic) portrays an episode of military conflict and diplomatic encounter between Jews and Greeks in the Hellenistic period. The memorialization of a non-biblical event in a late ancient synagogue indicates that Jewish knowledge of—and engagement with—the past was not circumscribed by the horizons of the biblical narrative. The article shows that the mosaic represents one localized iteration of a broad discourse of warfare that traversed the permeable boundaries between linguistic, literary, and religious traditions and between various artistic genres and media. This remarkable work thus attests to the degree to which the residents of even a modest rural village like Huqoq participated in the cosmopolitan literary and artistic trends of the broader Mediterranean world of late antiquity.
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Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.5325/mediterraneanstu.31.2.0248
Cory Crawford
The past two decades have seen a marked increase in the number of monographs relating specifically to Phoenician identity and material culture. Even in such a context, the work under review stands apart for its ambitious, comprehensive scope that advances both a critique of persistent disciplinary Hellenocentrism and a synthesis of archaeological data. Together those objectives prompt a revision of persistent narratives about Phoenician colonial presence, influence, and agency in the first-millennium-BCE Mediterranean.The volume is divided into two parts, with an introduction that lays out the study’s approach, which is (part 1) a critical examination and diagnosis of the historiographic problems confronting the study of Phoenician identity and (part 2) a comprehensive Mediterranean survey of mainly archaeological evidence for Phoenician presence and activity. In chapters 1 and 2, López-Ruiz shows how the study of the Phoenicians both falls between historical disciplinary boundaries and has also been distorted by historiographic tendencies that focus on identities (such as Greek) that survive into the modern period, or on networks that collapse individual agency. This asymmetry between Greeks and Semites can be seen in the ways evidence has been interpreted in light of their later histories: colonies established by Phoenician city-states are dismissed as haphazard and eclectic, while Greek city-states are seen somehow to advance a coherent, overarching pan-Hellenic identity. Yet recent evidence collapses what was once asserted to be the distance between Phoenician versus Greek colonial activity: Phoenicians were the earliest colonists and built on their inheritance of Bronze Age technology and tradition; they were not solely maritime merchants but engaged in agriculture, metallurgy, and urban planning.López-Ruiz develops an approach in chapter 3 to remedy these disciplinary and historical obstacles by attending to a cluster of mainly material remains (e.g., pottery, architecture, visual motifs, metalwork, burial forms) that she calls an “orientalizing kit.” This allows one to account for transmission, variation, and hybridity, since the cluster was adaptable to local contexts and tastes. She extends and reframes well-established areas of inquiry, such as the “orientalizing” trend in early Greek art, to describe the active adaptation and marketing of prestige cultural items and markers far beyond the Aegean. She argues that it is only Phoenician agency that can explain the rapid and thorough spread of these sorts of pan-Mediterranean cultural remains.Part 2, “Follow the Sphinx,” is a detailed scan and analysis of the Mediterranean and the (mostly) archaeological evidence for Phoenician presence and agency. Innovative here is the choice to move from West to East, a strategy that fronts the new archaeological evidence less affected by the distortions cataloged in part 1. Chapter 4 deals with recent archaeological evidence from southwest Spain, as we
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Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.5325/mediterraneanstu.31.2.0251
Maria Georgopoulou
Roderick Beaton’s book The Greeks: A Global History provides a great synthesis of a complex history of three and half millennia written by an “outsider,” that is, not a native of Greece. Beaton, a (literary) historian of Byzantium and modern Greece, makes use of current scholarship in areas outside his own academic expertise to offer a global history not of Greece (a place) but of the Greeks. In addition to the longue durée, this global view encompasses both the classic achievements of the Greeks (intellectual, technological, and scientific) and their physical diaspora around the globe.Shedding light on major literary works, the book is a tribute to the longevity of the Greek language, spoken continuously from 1500 BCE to the present, and its most admirable creations, deftly highlighted in each chapter. The Persians of Aeschylus (472 BCE), for instance, is shown to echo the new moral and geopolitical universe of Hellas, where the Greeks fought for their liberty (p. 114). More than 2000 years later, the poem Erotokritos, written in seventeenth-century Crete by Vincenzo Cornaro in the vernacular Cretan dialect, reflects the new ideas of the Renaissance that shun classical education in favor of theatrical immediacy, not unlike the contemporary plays of William Shakespeare (p. 373–75).Thanks to their achievements, the Greeks managed to transcend the limits of their homeland to form colonies, networks, empires, and diasporas. Beaton’s use of the archaeological record to flesh out the entrepreneurial activities of the Greek-Mycenean world that stretched through the whole of the Mediterranean, from the Caucasus to Gibraltar, should be applauded, as it opens new perspectives. The Mediterranean was repeatedly “conquered” by Greek merchants, not only in antiquity but also in the Middle Ages and the early modern period.The conquests of Alexander the Great went even further to usher in the global spread of Greek civilization, scholarship, and language to Asia and Africa. Becoming Greek (hellenismos) was the fashion everywhere, not only in the second century BCE but also during the Roman era and in Byzantium, where it evolved as the very identity of the state along with the Orthodox Church. Even under Ottoman rule, the Greek commercial diaspora and intelligentsia that had arisen by the eighteenth century created a palimpsest of the Hellenistic world where the Greek speakers were not the rulers but the ruled (p. 392). A similar diaspora of educated Greeks, such as the poet C. P. Cavafy, and successful shipowners, whose mental horizons and patriotic pride in belonging to a much more broadly based Hellenic nation, have made contemporary Greece a global nation (p. 425).If the connecting tissue of the book is the Greek language and its achievements, at the very core of the work is Greek identity as it was formed, understood, and modified through time. The author clearly espouses the definition of Greekness provided by Isocrates: “people [are] to be called Greek if
罗德里克·比顿(Roderick Beaton)的著作《希腊人:全球史》(The Greeks: A Global History)提供了一个由“局外人”(即不是希腊本地人)撰写的3500年复杂历史的伟大综合。比顿是研究拜占庭和现代希腊的(文学)历史学家，他利用自己学术专长以外的领域的当前学术成果，提供了一部关于希腊人而不是希腊(一个地方)的全球历史。除了长时间的生活外，这种全球视野还包括希腊人(智力、技术和科学)的经典成就以及他们在全球各地的物质流散。这本书揭示了主要的文学作品，是对希腊语言的长寿的致敬，从公元前1500年一直使用到现在，以及它最令人钦佩的创作，在每一章都有巧妙的突出。例如，埃斯库罗斯时代的波斯人(公元前472年)反映了希腊人为自由而战的新的道德和地缘政治世界(第114页)。2000多年后，Vincenzo Cornaro在17世纪的克里特岛用克里特岛方言写的诗歌Erotokritos反映了文艺复兴时期的新思想，即避开古典教育，支持戏剧的直接性，这与威廉·莎士比亚的当代戏剧没有什么不同(第373-75页)。由于他们的成就，希腊人成功地超越了他们祖国的限制，形成了殖民地、网络、帝国和侨民。比顿利用考古记录充实了希腊-迈锡尼世界横跨整个地中海，从高加索到直布罗陀的企业活动，这应该受到赞扬，因为它开辟了新的视角。不仅在古代，而且在中世纪和近代早期，地中海不断被希腊商人“征服”。亚历山大大帝的征服更进一步，将希腊文明、学术和语言传播到亚洲和非洲。成为希腊人(hellenismos)是无处不在的时尚，不仅在公元前2世纪，而且在罗马时代和拜占庭，它与东正教一起演变为国家的身份。即使在奥斯曼帝国统治下，18世纪出现的希腊商业流散和知识分子创造了希腊化世界的重写本，在那里，说希腊语的人不是统治者，而是被统治者(第392页)。同样散居海外的受过教育的希腊人，如诗人c·p·卡瓦菲(c.p. Cavafy)，以及成功的船主，他们的精神视野和爱国自豪感，属于一个基础更广泛的希腊民族，使当代希腊成为一个全球国家(第425页)。如果这本书的连接组织是希腊语言及其成就，那么这部作品的核心是希腊的身份，因为它是随着时间的推移而形成、理解和修改的。作者明确支持伊索克拉底对希腊人的定义:“如果人们分享我们的教育体系，他们就被称为希腊人。”作为希腊人，不是生物起源或共同祖先的问题，而是属于一个文化体系的问题，共享一套价值观、习俗和希腊语(第151页)。尽管如此，对希腊语、罗马语和希腊语等术语的分析是为了理解各个时代表达属于一个共同民族的感觉的各种方式。希罗多德是第一个在公元前5世纪(第120页)明确提出“希腊人”概念的人，这个术语涵盖了保卫自己的家园不受波斯人入侵的所有希腊人。当基督教在四世纪获得权力时，“希腊人”这个词与异教徒等同起来(第257页)，其中一些人受到基督教狂热分子的追捕，例如异教哲学家希帕蒂娅，她于公元415年在亚历山大被一群基督教暴徒谋杀。不管怎样，希腊语不仅与基督教的内涵融合在一起，而且成为了教会的语言。到了6世纪，拜占庭皇帝查士丁尼甚至用希腊语制定了他的新法律。然而，拜占庭人自始至终都认为自己是罗马人。“罗马人”一词被奥斯曼人保留在土耳其的朗姆酒中，被希腊人自己保留在现代希腊的Romios中。“Hellene”一词在15世纪以新的形式重新出现;知识分子普勒顿在《密斯特拉》中提出了基于亲属关系的“基诺斯”概念，这是民族主义概念的前身，而民族主义概念本身又源于欧洲启蒙运动的意识形态。在1821年的希腊革命中，罗米奥伊人被希腊化了(第399-400页)，但这种人为的、不确定的转变在过去200年里一直困扰着现代希腊国家。在19世纪和20世纪初，民族主义最终演变为民族统一主义。 “国家”的理念仍然是不可动摇的，然而在许多情况下，国家失败了，甚至可以被认为是不爱国的，比如1916年的国家分裂，当时总理埃莱夫塞里奥斯·韦尼泽洛斯违抗国王，在塞萨洛尼基建立了第二个敌对政府，加入了第一次世界大战期间的协约国军队(第429页)。这本书的15章按时间顺序排列，日期指向特定的历史时期，作者选择了诙谐的标题，以表达他对所讨论时期的看法。一个包含历史、文学和考古学的可靠参考书目可以在尾注后面，通常放在段落的末尾，有时感觉像一个抽象的突出每个研究的要点。最后提供了摘要参考书目(第551-57页)，43张彩色照片说明了文本。这本书写得很好，适合非专业人士阅读，尽管篇幅很长，但读起来很容易，它不是简单地反讽过去的文学作品，而是使用最新的学术发展来提供新鲜的解释，让你保持警惕。这是一本为那些了解希腊人的故事和那些想要了解它的人所喜爱的书。
{"title":"The Greeks: A Global History","authors":"Maria Georgopoulou","doi":"10.5325/mediterraneanstu.31.2.0251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/mediterraneanstu.31.2.0251","url":null,"abstract":"Roderick Beaton’s book The Greeks: A Global History provides a great synthesis of a complex history of three and half millennia written by an “outsider,” that is, not a native of Greece. Beaton, a (literary) historian of Byzantium and modern Greece, makes use of current scholarship in areas outside his own academic expertise to offer a global history not of Greece (a place) but of the Greeks. In addition to the longue durée, this global view encompasses both the classic achievements of the Greeks (intellectual, technological, and scientific) and their physical diaspora around the globe.Shedding light on major literary works, the book is a tribute to the longevity of the Greek language, spoken continuously from 1500 BCE to the present, and its most admirable creations, deftly highlighted in each chapter. The Persians of Aeschylus (472 BCE), for instance, is shown to echo the new moral and geopolitical universe of Hellas, where the Greeks fought for their liberty (p. 114). More than 2000 years later, the poem Erotokritos, written in seventeenth-century Crete by Vincenzo Cornaro in the vernacular Cretan dialect, reflects the new ideas of the Renaissance that shun classical education in favor of theatrical immediacy, not unlike the contemporary plays of William Shakespeare (p. 373–75).Thanks to their achievements, the Greeks managed to transcend the limits of their homeland to form colonies, networks, empires, and diasporas. Beaton’s use of the archaeological record to flesh out the entrepreneurial activities of the Greek-Mycenean world that stretched through the whole of the Mediterranean, from the Caucasus to Gibraltar, should be applauded, as it opens new perspectives. The Mediterranean was repeatedly “conquered” by Greek merchants, not only in antiquity but also in the Middle Ages and the early modern period.The conquests of Alexander the Great went even further to usher in the global spread of Greek civilization, scholarship, and language to Asia and Africa. Becoming Greek (hellenismos) was the fashion everywhere, not only in the second century BCE but also during the Roman era and in Byzantium, where it evolved as the very identity of the state along with the Orthodox Church. Even under Ottoman rule, the Greek commercial diaspora and intelligentsia that had arisen by the eighteenth century created a palimpsest of the Hellenistic world where the Greek speakers were not the rulers but the ruled (p. 392). A similar diaspora of educated Greeks, such as the poet C. P. Cavafy, and successful shipowners, whose mental horizons and patriotic pride in belonging to a much more broadly based Hellenic nation, have made contemporary Greece a global nation (p. 425).If the connecting tissue of the book is the Greek language and its achievements, at the very core of the work is Greek identity as it was formed, understood, and modified through time. The author clearly espouses the definition of Greekness provided by Isocrates: “people [are] to be called Greek if","PeriodicalId":41352,"journal":{"name":"Mediterranean Studies","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136152443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.5325/mediterraneanstu.31.2.0230
Christina Banalopoulou
ABSTRACT The Mediterranean diaspora in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, provides an excellent vantage point for the examination of solidarity economies that challenge inequalities and nexuses of power relations on both local and international levels. Despite its sociopolitical and cultural significance for the study of diasporic negotiations of nationalism and the constitution of transnational bonds, however, Chapel Hill’s Mediterranean communities are unrepresented in the literature. Combining participant observation with anecdotal cross-cultural encounters and oral histories, this article demonstrates that Chapel Hill’s Mediterranean diaspora creates alliances in ways that exceed the nation-state. Once uprooted from their geopolitical context, Chapel Hill’s Mediterranean communities, which consist of first-generation immigrants, refer to their shared Mediterraneanness in order to enhance and make sense of their bottom-up world-making practices and their subversive capacities. Performance, both as formally aestheticized cultural practices and as everyday expressive acts, is of key significance for the ways in which these communities negotiate the politics of solidarity and develop alliances within and beyond the nation-state. Therefore, the author draws upon the “performative turn” in ethnography and proposes a methodology that utilizes performance as both research content and a way of knowing.
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