Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496527
Alberto Ballesteros, Sinisa Derasevic, David Gessner, F. Font, I. Álvarez, M. Barranco, J. Proenza
Distributed embedded systems typically have real-time and dependability requirements. Moreover, they must also be flexible to changing conditions when they are deployed in dynamic environments. The FT4FTT project aims at providing a switched Ethernet architecture that can support distributed control applications that are predictable, highly-reliable and adaptive. FT4FTT relies on the Flexible Time-Triggered Replicated Star for Ethernet (FTTRS) to tolerate channel faults. Moreover, nodes' hardware faults are tolerated by means of active node replication with majority voting. In order to coordinately trigger the execution of the tasks in the replicas, we designed the CD4NR mechanism, in which the network assists in deciding what to execute and when. This paper presents the first implementation of the CD4NR mechanism on a real prototype of FTTRS and the first testing of the complete system. For this we developed an experimental setup, based on the hardware-in-the-loop technique, running a real-time control application.
{"title":"First implementation and test of a node replication scheme on top of the flexible time-triggered replicated star for ethernet","authors":"Alberto Ballesteros, Sinisa Derasevic, David Gessner, F. Font, I. Álvarez, M. Barranco, J. Proenza","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496527","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed embedded systems typically have real-time and dependability requirements. Moreover, they must also be flexible to changing conditions when they are deployed in dynamic environments. The FT4FTT project aims at providing a switched Ethernet architecture that can support distributed control applications that are predictable, highly-reliable and adaptive. FT4FTT relies on the Flexible Time-Triggered Replicated Star for Ethernet (FTTRS) to tolerate channel faults. Moreover, nodes' hardware faults are tolerated by means of active node replication with majority voting. In order to coordinately trigger the execution of the tasks in the replicas, we designed the CD4NR mechanism, in which the network assists in deciding what to execute and when. This paper presents the first implementation of the CD4NR mechanism on a real prototype of FTTRS and the first testing of the complete system. For this we developed an experimental setup, based on the hardware-in-the-loop technique, running a real-time control application.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134207147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496513
M. Knezic, B. Dokic, Z. Ivanovic
Ethernet Powerlink (EPL) is an industrial Ethernet networking solution commonly used as a communication network in distributed control and automation systems ranging from simple I/O to highly complex motion control applications. The PollResponse Chaining (PRC) mechanism is a new EPL standard feature aimed at increasing the network performance when nodes exchange small amount of data, especially if they are connected in line topology. However, the efficiency of the mechanism is affected by the network structure, which limits the scope of its applicability in real installations. In this paper, we propose a modification of the original PRC mechanism to improve its flexibility while allowing the same level of performance. This modification requires only minor changes to the available software implementation of the EPL protocol stack. The paper also presents some experimental results that prove the functionality of the proposed solution.
{"title":"Improving the flexibility of the Ethernet Powerlink PollResponse Chaining mechanism","authors":"M. Knezic, B. Dokic, Z. Ivanovic","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496513","url":null,"abstract":"Ethernet Powerlink (EPL) is an industrial Ethernet networking solution commonly used as a communication network in distributed control and automation systems ranging from simple I/O to highly complex motion control applications. The PollResponse Chaining (PRC) mechanism is a new EPL standard feature aimed at increasing the network performance when nodes exchange small amount of data, especially if they are connected in line topology. However, the efficiency of the mechanism is affected by the network structure, which limits the scope of its applicability in real installations. In this paper, we propose a modification of the original PRC mechanism to improve its flexibility while allowing the same level of performance. This modification requires only minor changes to the available software implementation of the EPL protocol stack. The paper also presents some experimental results that prove the functionality of the proposed solution.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124648483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496520
C. Iatrou, L. Urbas
OPCUA is a promising candidate for achieving a vertical semantic integration of field devices in the next generation of industrial automation topologies. Microprocessing platforms embedded in sensors and actor do however not provide the memory and computing resources required to integrate OPC UA communication stacks. To enable the usage of OPC UA on limited platforms, this article introduces a dedicated, highly scalable hardware server stack, synthesizable on 75.800 μm2 using 28 nm CMOS technology as well as FPGAs, that can process OPC UA as a peripheral component.
{"title":"OPC UA hardware offloading engine as dedicated peripheral IP core","authors":"C. Iatrou, L. Urbas","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496520","url":null,"abstract":"OPCUA is a promising candidate for achieving a vertical semantic integration of field devices in the next generation of industrial automation topologies. Microprocessing platforms embedded in sensors and actor do however not provide the memory and computing resources required to integrate OPC UA communication stacks. To enable the usage of OPC UA on limited platforms, this article introduces a dedicated, highly scalable hardware server stack, synthesizable on 75.800 μm2 using 28 nm CMOS technology as well as FPGAs, that can process OPC UA as a peripheral component.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124978421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496501
Ahmed Amari, A. Mifdaoui, F. Frances, J. Lacan
Avionics implementation with less cables will clearly improve the efficiency of aircraft while reducing weight and maintenance costs. To fulfill these emerging needs, an innovative avionics communication architecture, based on Gigabit Full Duplex Ethernet ring, is proposed in this paper. To adapt this COTS technology to safety-critical avionics, an adequate tuning process of the communication protocol and the choice of reliability mechanisms to achieve timely and reliable communications are first detailed. Then, efficient timing analyses of such a proposal based on Network Calculus are conducted, accounting the impact of a ring topology and the specified reliability mechanisms. Third, these general analyses are illustrated in the case of a realistic avionic application, to replace the AFDX backup network with AeroRing, to reduce wires, while guaranteeing timely communications.
{"title":"Worst-case timing analysis of AeroRing — A Full Duplex Ethernet ring for safety-critical avionics","authors":"Ahmed Amari, A. Mifdaoui, F. Frances, J. Lacan","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496501","url":null,"abstract":"Avionics implementation with less cables will clearly improve the efficiency of aircraft while reducing weight and maintenance costs. To fulfill these emerging needs, an innovative avionics communication architecture, based on Gigabit Full Duplex Ethernet ring, is proposed in this paper. To adapt this COTS technology to safety-critical avionics, an adequate tuning process of the communication protocol and the choice of reliability mechanisms to achieve timely and reliable communications are first detailed. Then, efficient timing analyses of such a proposal based on Network Calculus are conducted, accounting the impact of a ring topology and the specified reliability mechanisms. Third, these general analyses are illustrated in the case of a realistic avionic application, to replace the AFDX backup network with AeroRing, to reduce wires, while guaranteeing timely communications.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125550820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496522
A. Mahmood, Thomas Bigler, T. Sauter
The increasing presence of wireless communication in factories has encouraged the introduction of novel applications on the factory floor. Highly accurate clock synchronization of wireless devices is necessary for timely communication between these devices and in some cases such as time-based localization, a major pre-requisite. One critical factor affecting synchronization performance is propagation delay variations suffered by a packet when it moves from its source to the destination. In this preliminary study, a set of measurements have been carried out to find out the extent of these variations. A highly accurate timestamping unit is used to detect the departure and arrival of a packet on the wireless channel, as the timestamping unit undergoes relative motion in an office environment. The results indicate that propagation delay variations are less affected by mobility than by reflections of signals from surrounding surfaces and objects. Future work will investigate whether the above observation is correct by employing higher speed mobility.
{"title":"Investigations on packet delay variations over the wireless channel","authors":"A. Mahmood, Thomas Bigler, T. Sauter","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496522","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing presence of wireless communication in factories has encouraged the introduction of novel applications on the factory floor. Highly accurate clock synchronization of wireless devices is necessary for timely communication between these devices and in some cases such as time-based localization, a major pre-requisite. One critical factor affecting synchronization performance is propagation delay variations suffered by a packet when it moves from its source to the destination. In this preliminary study, a set of measurements have been carried out to find out the extent of these variations. A highly accurate timestamping unit is used to detect the departure and arrival of a packet on the wireless channel, as the timestamping unit undergoes relative motion in an office environment. The results indicate that propagation delay variations are less affected by mobility than by reflections of signals from surrounding surfaces and objects. Future work will investigate whether the above observation is correct by employing higher speed mobility.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122806763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496529
Björn Konieczek, Martin Kasparick, Michael Rethfeldt, F. Golatowski, D. Timmermann
Current IoT protocols, like the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), do not yet provide real-time behavior for the inter-device communication. In this paper, we propose a real-time extension for the CoAP standard that defines interfaces for the time synchronization among nodes and the time slot management. These interfaces enable a controlled exclusive network access based on a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) approach. With this extension, it is possible to realize access control on the application layer without the modification of lower layer protocols. The described interfaces are prototypically implemented within the jCoAP communication stack and evaluated in a multi-device real-world testbed. In our prototype, we used established algorithms for the time synchronization. The results, reveal the weaknesses of the chosen synchronization algorithm. However, the interface definition allows the usage of more accurate algorithms.
{"title":"Towards a TDMA-based real-time extension for the constrained application protocol","authors":"Björn Konieczek, Martin Kasparick, Michael Rethfeldt, F. Golatowski, D. Timmermann","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496529","url":null,"abstract":"Current IoT protocols, like the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), do not yet provide real-time behavior for the inter-device communication. In this paper, we propose a real-time extension for the CoAP standard that defines interfaces for the time synchronization among nodes and the time slot management. These interfaces enable a controlled exclusive network access based on a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) approach. With this extension, it is possible to realize access control on the application layer without the modification of lower layer protocols. The described interfaces are prototypically implemented within the jCoAP communication stack and evaluated in a multi-device real-world testbed. In our prototype, we used established algorithms for the time synchronization. The results, reveal the weaknesses of the chosen synchronization algorithm. However, the interface definition allows the usage of more accurate algorithms.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132017092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496498
F. Tramarin, S. Vitturi, Michele Luvisotto
The Multirate Support feature has been introduced by the IEEE 802.11 standard to improve system performance. It has been widely exploited within general purpose Wireless LANs by means of Rate Adaptation (RA) strategies, that unfortunately revealed ineffective for the case of real-time industrial communications. This paper presents the innovative Rate Selection for Industrial Networks (RSIN) algorithm, specifically conceived for the real-time industrial scenario with the goal of minimizing the transmission error probability, while taking into account the deadlines imposed to packet delivery.
{"title":"An innovative approach to rate adaptation in IEEE 802.11 real-time industrial networks","authors":"F. Tramarin, S. Vitturi, Michele Luvisotto","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496498","url":null,"abstract":"The Multirate Support feature has been introduced by the IEEE 802.11 standard to improve system performance. It has been widely exploited within general purpose Wireless LANs by means of Rate Adaptation (RA) strategies, that unfortunately revealed ineffective for the case of real-time industrial communications. This paper presents the innovative Rate Selection for Industrial Networks (RSIN) algorithm, specifically conceived for the real-time industrial scenario with the goal of minimizing the transmission error probability, while taking into account the deadlines imposed to packet delivery.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127382109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496531
S. Mubeen, Matthias Becker, Xiaosha Zhao, Lingjian Gan, M. Behnam, Thomas Nolte
The IEC 61131-3 standard, a widely used standard in the automation industry, defines various programming languages for programmable logic controllers. Today, the open source tools that comply with this standard do not support deployment of the applications on multi-core platforms. In this paper, we introduce a novel multi-step approach that aims to support automatic deployment of the automation control applications, developed using the IEC 61131-3 standard, to multi-core platforms. In the first step, the generated sequential code is partitioned. In the second step, the partitioned code is allocated to tasks while the tasks are mapped to various cores, without violating the dependencies, synchronization and communication constraints in the application. In order to provide a proof of concept, we develop a prototype by extending an existing tool that complies with the standard. We also perform a case study and a preliminary evaluation of the prototype.
{"title":"Towards automated deployment of IEC 61131-3 applications on multi-core systems","authors":"S. Mubeen, Matthias Becker, Xiaosha Zhao, Lingjian Gan, M. Behnam, Thomas Nolte","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496531","url":null,"abstract":"The IEC 61131-3 standard, a widely used standard in the automation industry, defines various programming languages for programmable logic controllers. Today, the open source tools that comply with this standard do not support deployment of the applications on multi-core platforms. In this paper, we introduce a novel multi-step approach that aims to support automatic deployment of the automation control applications, developed using the IEC 61131-3 standard, to multi-core platforms. In the first step, the generated sequential code is partitioned. In the second step, the partitioned code is allocated to tasks while the tasks are mapped to various cores, without violating the dependencies, synchronization and communication constraints in the application. In order to provide a proof of concept, we develop a prototype by extending an existing tool that complies with the standard. We also perform a case study and a preliminary evaluation of the prototype.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121596495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496523
Santiago Soler Perez Olaya, Stefan Matzler, M. Wollschlaeger, Paolo Varutti, T. Szczepanski
Wireless communication technologies are adopted more and more in industrial applications. While being accepted as an add-on focusing on tasks like asset management, the use of wireless connection in the control loop is still less common. A main requirement for such an application is a reliable communication solution. The paper discusses a system approach of integrating wireless communication systems into a control application by using a model predictive control and an intelligent radio proxy in order to minimize the issues derived from a wireless connection, like packet loss and jitter. The engineering of such a solution is supported by a specific PLC function block.
{"title":"Reliable wireless control: Wireless connection in the control loop","authors":"Santiago Soler Perez Olaya, Stefan Matzler, M. Wollschlaeger, Paolo Varutti, T. Szczepanski","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496523","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless communication technologies are adopted more and more in industrial applications. While being accepted as an add-on focusing on tasks like asset management, the use of wireless connection in the control loop is still less common. A main requirement for such an application is a reliable communication solution. The paper discusses a system approach of integrating wireless communication systems into a control application by using a model predictive control and an intelligent radio proxy in order to minimize the issues derived from a wireless connection, like packet loss and jitter. The engineering of such a solution is supported by a specific PLC function block.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123076470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496504
Meng Liu, Matthias Becker, M. Behnam, Thomas Nolte
The Network-on-Chip (NoC) is the on-chip interconnection medium of choice for modern massively parallel processors and System-on-Chip (SoC) in general. Fixed-priority based preemptive scheduling using virtual-channels is a solution to support real-time communications in on-chip networks. Targeting the priority assignment problem in the context of NoCs, heuristic based priority assignment algorithms are more practical, due to the exponentially increased search space as the number of flows goes up. In our previous work, we have proposed a graph-based heuristic priority assignment algorithm (called GHSA) for NoC communications, where we show that taking the dependencies between flows into account can significantly reduce the search space. However, GHSA only works for NoCs with distinct priorities. Routers in such type of platforms may have a large amount of buffer cost when the number of flows is high. The applicability can thus be limited in reality. One solution to reduce the buffer cost is to allow priority sharing of different flows. In this paper, we propose a dependency-graph based priority assignment algorithm (called eGHSA) targeting NoCs with shared virtual-channels. A number of experiments as well as a case study based on an automotive application are generated, which clearly show that eGHSA improves the efficiency compared to the existing solution in the literature.
{"title":"A dependency-graph based priority assignment algorithm for real-time traffic over NoCs with shared virtual-channels","authors":"Meng Liu, Matthias Becker, M. Behnam, Thomas Nolte","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496504","url":null,"abstract":"The Network-on-Chip (NoC) is the on-chip interconnection medium of choice for modern massively parallel processors and System-on-Chip (SoC) in general. Fixed-priority based preemptive scheduling using virtual-channels is a solution to support real-time communications in on-chip networks. Targeting the priority assignment problem in the context of NoCs, heuristic based priority assignment algorithms are more practical, due to the exponentially increased search space as the number of flows goes up. In our previous work, we have proposed a graph-based heuristic priority assignment algorithm (called GHSA) for NoC communications, where we show that taking the dependencies between flows into account can significantly reduce the search space. However, GHSA only works for NoCs with distinct priorities. Routers in such type of platforms may have a large amount of buffer cost when the number of flows is high. The applicability can thus be limited in reality. One solution to reduce the buffer cost is to allow priority sharing of different flows. In this paper, we propose a dependency-graph based priority assignment algorithm (called eGHSA) targeting NoCs with shared virtual-channels. A number of experiments as well as a case study based on an automotive application are generated, which clearly show that eGHSA improves the efficiency compared to the existing solution in the literature.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115653301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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