Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496507
Jingyue Cao, P. Cuijpers, R. J. Bril, J. Lukkien
Busy period analysis is often used as a basis for worst-case response time analysis of priority based systems. However, when shaping strategies are used to prevent starvation of lower priorities, it becomes difficult to achieve tightness results using this method. The reason for this is that a busy period is defined as the longest interval in which there exists pending load. It is exclusively based on execution time, and does not take the amount of provided bandwidth into account. As a consequence, it is less suitable for the study of idling systems. In particular, we do not yet have tightness results regarding the analysis of the Ethernet AVB standard, in which credit-based shaping is applied. In this paper, we propose an alternative to the use of busy periods. We show that, by defining an eligible interval in such a way that provisioning is taken into account, tight worst-case response time bounds can more easily be obtained for Ethernet AVB, at least in the case of either lower-or higher-priority interference.
{"title":"Tight worst-case response-time analysis for ethernet AVB using eligible intervals","authors":"Jingyue Cao, P. Cuijpers, R. J. Bril, J. Lukkien","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496507","url":null,"abstract":"Busy period analysis is often used as a basis for worst-case response time analysis of priority based systems. However, when shaping strategies are used to prevent starvation of lower priorities, it becomes difficult to achieve tightness results using this method. The reason for this is that a busy period is defined as the longest interval in which there exists pending load. It is exclusively based on execution time, and does not take the amount of provided bandwidth into account. As a consequence, it is less suitable for the study of idling systems. In particular, we do not yet have tightness results regarding the analysis of the Ethernet AVB standard, in which credit-based shaping is applied. In this paper, we propose an alternative to the use of busy periods. We show that, by defining an eligible interval in such a way that provisioning is taken into account, tight worst-case response time bounds can more easily be obtained for Ethernet AVB, at least in the case of either lower-or higher-priority interference.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124462834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496505
G. Cena, S. Scanzio, L. Seno, A. Valenzano, C. Zunino
Communication over the ether is by nature erratic and, consequently, wireless networks are unsuitable for hard real-time distributed control applications typical of industrial plants. However, scheduling strategies employed by real-time operating systems, along with channel redundancy and advanced bandwidth management, can be used to improve their determinism and make them suitable for soft real-time applications. This paper presents an approach that combines such techniques and a preliminary implementation, which relies on IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), employed to assess its feasibility. Results show that data exchange determinism can be substantially improved towards the level required by many soft real-time applications.
{"title":"Combining reliability and timeliness in industrial wireless networks: An experimental assessment","authors":"G. Cena, S. Scanzio, L. Seno, A. Valenzano, C. Zunino","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496505","url":null,"abstract":"Communication over the ether is by nature erratic and, consequently, wireless networks are unsuitable for hard real-time distributed control applications typical of industrial plants. However, scheduling strategies employed by real-time operating systems, along with channel redundancy and advanced bandwidth management, can be used to improve their determinism and make them suitable for soft real-time applications. This paper presents an approach that combines such techniques and a preliminary implementation, which relies on IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), employed to assess its feasibility. Results show that data exchange determinism can be substantially improved towards the level required by many soft real-time applications.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122953640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496495
Yongkang Liu, R. Candell, Kang B. Lee, N. Moayeri
Factory and process automation systems are increasingly employing information and communications technologies to facilitate data sharing and analysis in integrated control operations. Wireless connections provide flexible access to a variety of field instruments and reduce network installation and maintenance costs. This serves as an incentive for the adoption of industrial wireless networks based on standards such as the WirelessHART and ISA100.11a in factory control systems. However, process control systems vary greatly and have diverse wireless networking requirements in different applications. These requirements include deterministic transmissions in the shared wireless bandwidth, low-cost operation, long-term durability, and high reliability in the harsh radio propagation environment. It is an open question whether a generic wireless technology would meet the requirements of industrial process control. In this paper, we propose a novel simulation framework for performance evaluation of wireless networks in factory and process automation systems. We select a typical process control plant model, specifically the Tennessee Eastman Challenge (TE) Model, and define the interfaces between the process simulator and the wireless network simulator. We develop a model of the protocol stack of the WirelessHART specification in the OMNET++ simulation engine as a typical industrial wireless network. We present simulation results that validate the prospect of using WirelessHART in the TE plant, and we evaluate the impact of various wireless network configurations on the plant operation. Given its modular design, the proposed simulation framework can be easily used to evaluate the performance of other industrial wireless networks in conjunction with a variety of process control systems.
{"title":"A simulation framework for industrial wireless networks and process control systems","authors":"Yongkang Liu, R. Candell, Kang B. Lee, N. Moayeri","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496495","url":null,"abstract":"Factory and process automation systems are increasingly employing information and communications technologies to facilitate data sharing and analysis in integrated control operations. Wireless connections provide flexible access to a variety of field instruments and reduce network installation and maintenance costs. This serves as an incentive for the adoption of industrial wireless networks based on standards such as the WirelessHART and ISA100.11a in factory control systems. However, process control systems vary greatly and have diverse wireless networking requirements in different applications. These requirements include deterministic transmissions in the shared wireless bandwidth, low-cost operation, long-term durability, and high reliability in the harsh radio propagation environment. It is an open question whether a generic wireless technology would meet the requirements of industrial process control. In this paper, we propose a novel simulation framework for performance evaluation of wireless networks in factory and process automation systems. We select a typical process control plant model, specifically the Tennessee Eastman Challenge (TE) Model, and define the interfaces between the process simulator and the wireless network simulator. We develop a model of the protocol stack of the WirelessHART specification in the OMNET++ simulation engine as a typical industrial wireless network. We present simulation results that validate the prospect of using WirelessHART in the TE plant, and we evaluate the impact of various wireless network configurations on the plant operation. Given its modular design, the proposed simulation framework can be easily used to evaluate the performance of other industrial wireless networks in conjunction with a variety of process control systems.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130888816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496521
Odilson T. Valle, Gerson F. Budke, C. Montez, A. R. Pinto, F. Hernandez, F. Vasques, Fabian Vargas, E. Gatti
The use of wireless sensor networks (WSN) to support critical monitoring applications is becoming a relevant topic of interest. These networks allow a highly flexible approach to data monitoring and, consequently, a major breakthrough for several application domains, from industrial control applications to large building domotics and health care applications. One of the major impairments of using wireless networks to support critical monitoring applications is the electromagnetic noise, which may increase the packet loss ratio to unacceptable values. In this paper, we assess different techniques of cooperative communication and network coding that can be useful to mitigate the aforementioned problem. These techniques may be implemented in WSN nodes in conformance with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, to reduce the impact of electromagnetic interferences upon the packet loss ratio. In this paper, we report an experimental assessment of the network coding and cooperative diversity techniques, where the network is subjected to a controlled electromagnetic interference inside of an anechoic chamber. The experimental results show that, by using these techniques, it is possible to increase the success rate of communication in typical electromagnetic noisy environments.
{"title":"Experimental assessment of using network coding and cooperative diversity techniques in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor networks","authors":"Odilson T. Valle, Gerson F. Budke, C. Montez, A. R. Pinto, F. Hernandez, F. Vasques, Fabian Vargas, E. Gatti","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496521","url":null,"abstract":"The use of wireless sensor networks (WSN) to support critical monitoring applications is becoming a relevant topic of interest. These networks allow a highly flexible approach to data monitoring and, consequently, a major breakthrough for several application domains, from industrial control applications to large building domotics and health care applications. One of the major impairments of using wireless networks to support critical monitoring applications is the electromagnetic noise, which may increase the packet loss ratio to unacceptable values. In this paper, we assess different techniques of cooperative communication and network coding that can be useful to mitigate the aforementioned problem. These techniques may be implemented in WSN nodes in conformance with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, to reduce the impact of electromagnetic interferences upon the packet loss ratio. In this paper, we report an experimental assessment of the network coding and cooperative diversity techniques, where the network is subjected to a controlled electromagnetic interference inside of an anechoic chamber. The experimental results show that, by using these techniques, it is possible to increase the success rate of communication in typical electromagnetic noisy environments.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122650685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496511
G. Cena, S. Scanzio, A. Valenzano
Seamless redundancy can be profitably exploited to improve predictability of wireless networks, including IEEE 802.11. Packets are sent on two channels at the same time and duplicate copies are discarded by receivers. As long as behavior of channels is reasonably uncorrelated, both transmission latencies and the frame loss ratio improve noticeably. In this paper, such an assumption has been analyzed by means of experimental measurements carried out on real devices. Results confirm that, in typical operating conditions, independence reasonably holds.
{"title":"Experimental characterization of redundant channels in industrial Wi-Fi networks","authors":"G. Cena, S. Scanzio, A. Valenzano","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496511","url":null,"abstract":"Seamless redundancy can be profitably exploited to improve predictability of wireless networks, including IEEE 802.11. Packets are sent on two channels at the same time and duplicate copies are discarded by receivers. As long as behavior of channels is reasonably uncorrelated, both transmission latencies and the frame loss ratio improve noticeably. In this paper, such an assumption has been analyzed by means of experimental measurements carried out on real devices. Results confirm that, in typical operating conditions, independence reasonably holds.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"212 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117286403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496514
I. Minakov, R. Passerone, A. Rizzardi, S. Sicari
The continuous interest in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has led to the development of several applications, from traditional monitoring, to cooperative and distributed control and management systems, to automated industrial machinery and logistics. The design and optimization of specialized WSN platforms and communication protocols typically relies on simulation tools, which have been designed to explore and validate WSN systems before actual implementation and real world deployment. In this paper, we evaluate the performance and the accuracy of mainstream open source simulation tools for WSNs on a realistic multi-hop data passing benchmark which makes use of the Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) protocol. The simulation results are then compared against measurements on a physical prototype. Our experiments show that the tools produce equivalent and consistent results from a functional point of view. However, their ability to model details of the execution platform and of the communication channel may significantly impact the run-time simulation performance and the accuracy of the simulation results.
{"title":"Routing behavior across WSN simulators: The AODV case study","authors":"I. Minakov, R. Passerone, A. Rizzardi, S. Sicari","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496514","url":null,"abstract":"The continuous interest in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has led to the development of several applications, from traditional monitoring, to cooperative and distributed control and management systems, to automated industrial machinery and logistics. The design and optimization of specialized WSN platforms and communication protocols typically relies on simulation tools, which have been designed to explore and validate WSN systems before actual implementation and real world deployment. In this paper, we evaluate the performance and the accuracy of mainstream open source simulation tools for WSNs on a realistic multi-hop data passing benchmark which makes use of the Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) protocol. The simulation results are then compared against measurements on a physical prototype. Our experiments show that the tools produce equivalent and consistent results from a functional point of view. However, their ability to model details of the execution platform and of the communication channel may significantly impact the run-time simulation performance and the accuracy of the simulation results.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115526565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496535
H. Ayed, Jérôme Ermont, Jean-Luc Scharbarg, C. Fraboul
In this paper, we consider two Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures used within commercially available many-core systems, namely Tilera TILE64 which implements flow regulation within routers and KalRay MPPA 256 which implements flow regulation in source nodes. The Worst-Case Traversal Time (WCTT) on the NoC has to be bounded for real-time applications, and buffers should never overflow. Different worst-case analysis approaches have been proposed for each of these NoC architectures. However, no general worst-case analysis supporting both NoC architectures exists in the literature and most approaches are specific to one of the studied NoC. In this paper, we propose to use Recursive Calculus (RC) method for Tilera and KalRay. Furthermore, we compare the performances on a preliminary case study, in terms of WCTT and required buffer capacity. It allows to quantify the trade-off between delays and buffer occupancy.
{"title":"Towards a unified approach for worst-case analysis of Tilera-like and KalRay-like NoC architectures","authors":"H. Ayed, Jérôme Ermont, Jean-Luc Scharbarg, C. Fraboul","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496535","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we consider two Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures used within commercially available many-core systems, namely Tilera TILE64 which implements flow regulation within routers and KalRay MPPA 256 which implements flow regulation in source nodes. The Worst-Case Traversal Time (WCTT) on the NoC has to be bounded for real-time applications, and buffers should never overflow. Different worst-case analysis approaches have been proposed for each of these NoC architectures. However, no general worst-case analysis supporting both NoC architectures exists in the literature and most approaches are specific to one of the studied NoC. In this paper, we propose to use Recursive Calculus (RC) method for Tilera and KalRay. Furthermore, we compare the performances on a preliminary case study, in terms of WCTT and required buffer capacity. It allows to quantify the trade-off between delays and buffer occupancy.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115710156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496536
Lukas Krammer, W. Kastner, T. Sauter
This paper introduces a concept for bringing dependability into the area of building automation. The proposed approach is able to extend existing building automation networks with dependability features. For this purpose, the communication stack of a particular system is extended by adding an intermediate layer. This so-called dependability layer is transparent to allow seamless integration. Thereby, reliability is addressed in terms of fault tolerance by offering redundant network topologies. A heartbeat mechanism and an acknowledgment procedure as well as a specific message format satisfy the safety requirements. Moreover, the dependability layer offers security mechanisms that establish a secured channel among communicating nodes.
{"title":"A generic dependability layer for building automation networks","authors":"Lukas Krammer, W. Kastner, T. Sauter","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496536","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a concept for bringing dependability into the area of building automation. The proposed approach is able to extend existing building automation networks with dependability features. For this purpose, the communication stack of a particular system is extended by adding an intermediate layer. This so-called dependability layer is transparent to allow seamless integration. Thereby, reliability is addressed in terms of fault tolerance by offering redundant network topologies. A heartbeat mechanism and an acknowledgment procedure as well as a specific message format satisfy the safety requirements. Moreover, the dependability layer offers security mechanisms that establish a secured channel among communicating nodes.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130363672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496503
J. Aísa, H. Fotouhi, J. L. Villarroel, L. Almeida
Industrial applications have been shifting towards wireless multi-hop networks in recent years due to their lower cost of deployment and reconfiguration compared with their wired counterparts. These wireless networks usually must support real-time communication to meet the application requirements. For this reason, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are potential candidates for industrial applications as they support a fixed infrastructure of static nodes for relaying packets. To meet the application demands, we modify the wireless chain network protocol (WICKPro) to support soft real-time traffic in WMNs with chain topologies over IEEE 802.11. We employ tele-operation of mobile robots as our case study, and perform extensive simulation and laboratory experiments. We show that the data delivery ratio is increased up to 42% in a scenario with 7 nodes, when the maximum end-to-end delay tolerated by the application is doubled. This is particularly suited to soft real-time applications that can trade longer delays by higher reliability. Moreover, when compared with a distributed priority-based token-passing protocol (RT-WMP), the lower overhead of WICKPro allows, in an error-free scenario, obtaining a throughput improvement of 33.42% on average.
{"title":"Soft real-time traffic communication in loaded Wireless Mesh Networks","authors":"J. Aísa, H. Fotouhi, J. L. Villarroel, L. Almeida","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496503","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial applications have been shifting towards wireless multi-hop networks in recent years due to their lower cost of deployment and reconfiguration compared with their wired counterparts. These wireless networks usually must support real-time communication to meet the application requirements. For this reason, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are potential candidates for industrial applications as they support a fixed infrastructure of static nodes for relaying packets. To meet the application demands, we modify the wireless chain network protocol (WICKPro) to support soft real-time traffic in WMNs with chain topologies over IEEE 802.11. We employ tele-operation of mobile robots as our case study, and perform extensive simulation and laboratory experiments. We show that the data delivery ratio is increased up to 42% in a scenario with 7 nodes, when the maximum end-to-end delay tolerated by the application is doubled. This is particularly suited to soft real-time applications that can trade longer delays by higher reliability. Moreover, when compared with a distributed priority-based token-passing protocol (RT-WMP), the lower overhead of WICKPro allows, in an error-free scenario, obtaining a throughput improvement of 33.42% on average.","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133688512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496506
L. Pinto, André Moreira, L. Almeida, Anthony G. Rowe
Recent advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have enabled a myriad of new applications in many different domains from personal entertainment to process and infrastructure online monitoring in large industrial sites, among other. Our work focuses on how one can use several small UAVs collaboratively to provide extended reach to an online video monitoring system. We demonstrate how a TDMA overlay using 802.11 radios on low-cost commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) UAVs can be used to enable high channel utilization in multi-hop networks, by avoiding mutual interference. This paper presents an extensive network characterisation and modelling of the quality of the UAV-to-UAV link, in terms of packet delivery ratio as a function of distance, packet size and orientation. We show that this platform is non-omnidirectional in the flight plane and that UAV-to-UAV communication ceases around 75m. Then, we solve the mathematical problem of finding the optimal link length and number of hops that maximize the end-to-end throughput, as we extend the network. We validate our mathematical model with extensive experimental campaigns transmitting payloads up to 200m (over 802.11g @ 54MBps).
{"title":"Aerial multi-hop network characterisation using COTS multi-rotors","authors":"L. Pinto, André Moreira, L. Almeida, Anthony G. Rowe","doi":"10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2016.7496506","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have enabled a myriad of new applications in many different domains from personal entertainment to process and infrastructure online monitoring in large industrial sites, among other. Our work focuses on how one can use several small UAVs collaboratively to provide extended reach to an online video monitoring system. We demonstrate how a TDMA overlay using 802.11 radios on low-cost commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) UAVs can be used to enable high channel utilization in multi-hop networks, by avoiding mutual interference. This paper presents an extensive network characterisation and modelling of the quality of the UAV-to-UAV link, in terms of packet delivery ratio as a function of distance, packet size and orientation. We show that this platform is non-omnidirectional in the flight plane and that UAV-to-UAV communication ceases around 75m. Then, we solve the mathematical problem of finding the optimal link length and number of hops that maximize the end-to-end throughput, as we extend the network. We validate our mathematical model with extensive experimental campaigns transmitting payloads up to 200m (over 802.11g @ 54MBps).","PeriodicalId":413770,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE World Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132178840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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