Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2021.1921998
Grzegorz Niziołek
The early ethnographic research into male homosexuality in the great cities of North America, undertaken before and after the Second World War, was considered by Gayle S. Rubin a major shift in the approach to this phenomenon. These studies completely changed the language of writing about homosexual behaviours: a cultural discourse replaced the medical and legal discourses that had been dominant since the 19 century. Ethnographers entered bars and clubs, discovering a new topography of cities, where parks and public toilets served as important meeting places. They learned about the codes of communication, social behaviours and the models of social and sexual relations. Studies of homosexuality uncovered the little-known gay subculture, secretive and hiding from the sight of the heteronormative majority and the guardians of public order. But the consequences of those studies were much wider. As Rubin convincingly argues, it was the work of ethnographers, especially in the 1960s, that revolutionized thinking about human sexuality. These discoveries laid the basis for the modern gender discourse, which took as its basic premise and focus the cultural construction of gender and sexual identity. The ethnographers’ findings were taken over in subsequent decades by more powerful philosophical and political discourses and their contributions were largely forgotten. It is these strong discourses that constitute the dominant methodological field of gender and queer studies today. When examining the developments in male homosexual culture in Poland, we almost uncritically situate them in the framework of a strong discourse developed in another culture, in different ideological dynamics. We often adopt ready-made concepts and cultural models describing gay identity and gay communities, without in-depth knowledge of the specific social background against which the gay emancipation movement in Poland developed in the eighties, lagging behind the West by two decades. Following in Gayle S. Rubin’s footsteps, it is necessary to carry out a large-scale ethnographic project that combines fieldwork with theoretical innovation. A regressive gesture needs to be made. Failure to do so will result in the colonization of uncharted territory by gender and queer theories transplanted from the West.
盖尔·s·鲁宾(Gayle S. Rubin)认为，二战前后在北美大城市进行的关于男同性恋的早期人种学研究是研究这一现象的一个重大转变。这些研究彻底改变了关于同性恋行为的写作语言:一种文化话语取代了自19世纪以来一直占主导地位的医学和法律话语。人种学家进入酒吧和俱乐部，发现了城市的新地形，公园和公共厕所成为重要的聚会场所。他们学习了交流的准则、社会行为以及社会关系和性关系的模式。对同性恋的研究揭示了鲜为人知的同性恋亚文化，他们隐藏在异性恋主流和公共秩序守护者的视线之外。但这些研究的影响要广泛得多。正如鲁宾令人信服地指出的那样，正是人种学家的工作，尤其是在20世纪60年代，彻底改变了人们对人类性行为的看法。这些发现为现代性别话语奠定了基础，现代性别话语以性别和性身份的文化建构为基本前提和焦点。人种学家的发现在随后的几十年里被更强大的哲学和政治话语所取代，他们的贡献在很大程度上被遗忘了。正是这些强有力的话语构成了今天性别和酷儿研究的主要方法论领域。在研究波兰男性同性恋文化的发展时，我们几乎不加批判地将他们置于另一种文化中，在不同的意识形态动态中发展起来的强大话语框架中。我们经常采用现成的概念和文化模型来描述同性恋身份和同性恋社区，而没有深入了解波兰同性恋解放运动在80年代发展的具体社会背景，落后于西方20年。追随盖尔·鲁宾的脚步，有必要开展一项将实地考察与理论创新相结合的大规模民族志项目。需要做出退步的姿态。如果做不到这一点，将导致从西方移植来的性别和酷儿理论在未知领域的殖民化。
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2021.1920143
Błażej Warkocki
ABSTRACT The article presents the analysis and interpretation of Witold Gombrowicz’s short story: Memoirs of Stefan Czarniecki from the volume Pamiętnik z okresu dojrzewania [Memoirs from Time of Immaturity] 1933 (included after the Second World War in the volume Bakakaj [English translation: Bacacay]). The author interprets the story as narrative about life with the stigma that results from the social effects of anti-Semitism. At the same time however, he shows that the conceptualizations of “race” are often very clearly combined with the considerations about masculinity and effeminacy of the main hero. The author shows - referring to the historical works and theoretical and literary criticism (Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick) that “effiminacy” combines narratives about Jewishness and male homosexuality in a complex way, which at the same time constitutes the aporia of Gombrowicz’s text and queer construction of identity of the main hero.
摘要本文对维托尔德·冈布罗维奇的短篇小说《斯特凡·恰尔涅茨基的回忆录》进行分析和解读，该短篇小说摘自1933年Pamiętnik z okresu dojrzewania(第二次世界大战后收录于《Bakakaj》(Bacacay)卷)。作者将这个故事解释为对因反犹太主义的社会影响而蒙受耻辱的生活的叙述。但同时，他也表明，“种族”的概念往往非常清楚地与对男主角的阳刚之气和阴柔之气的考虑相结合。作者通过对历史著作和理论文学批评(Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick)的分析表明，“effinacy”以一种复杂的方式将关于犹太人和男同性恋的叙事结合在一起，同时构成了冈布罗维奇文本的焦虑和主人公身份的酷儿建构。
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Pub Date : 2020-08-16DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2020.1805895
Ian D. Armour
(2020). The Balkans as Europe 1821-1914. Central Europe: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 40-42.
(2020)。巴尔干半岛的欧洲1821-1914年。《中欧》:第18卷第1期，第40-42页。
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Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2020.1897454
Petra Černe Oven
ABSTRACT This article describes the utopian alphabet project of Slovenian clergyman Jožef Poklukar, in which he tried to establish a universal alphabet for the notation of the Slavic languages in the 19th century. Despite the fact that Czech diacritical marks were accepted in Slovenian orthography in the late 1840s, he wanted to start another reform due to his view that diacritics were not satisfactory. Poklukar began working on the project in the 1820s, but published the first version of the alphabet only in 1851. After that, he intensively developed his alphabet and published numerous updated versions of lithographic tables in daily newspapers and as a publisher. Printed material sources were used as the core material of the research. Although his project was interesting from a linguistic and typographic point of view, it had no influence on the orthography and remains an example of a utopian project.
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Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2020.1893589
Gabriele Cappelli
Schooling under control, written by Tomáš Cvrček, is an ambitious and stimulating book. It offers a quantitative reconstruction of the diffusion of mass education in Imperial Austria, from the landmark Theresian school reform (1774) up to the liberal school reform passed in 1869. The evolution of the school system and of primary education is analysed through a variety of dimensions: the institutional foundations of the system (chapter 1), the quantitative expansion of enrolments and attendance (chapter 2), the financing (chapter 3), the teachers (chapter 4), and the pupils (chapter 5). Chapter 6 includes an aspect that is often neglected in this type of studies, which is a focus on the quality of education provided – meaning whether more schooling led to more actual learning. Chapter 7 then explains the way that the Liberal school reform of 1869 came into place. Such broad issues are, in turn, further dissected into other dimensions, like gender educational inequality, differences in schooling across different linguistic groups, and the rural-urban divide, among others. This impressive research effort, which involves thorough quantitative as well as qualitative analysis, is sustained by an extensive knowledge of the subject and of the literature and historiography on schooling reforms within Imperial Austria. Indeed, one of the main declared goals of the book is to challenge existing views on the legislation that first introduced mass education in this area of Central and Eastern Europe. While previous scholars, Cvrček maintains, have seen the 1774 legislation as a landmark reform that gave a decisive impulse to the rise of mass education in Austria, the data and evidence presented in the book show that the Theresian reform – far from prompting an abrupt acceleration in primary-schooling rates – actually held back the development of a modern school system in the region. The author clearly possesses in-depth understanding of the subject and commands the relevant literature within both history and economics. Given its aims, the book mainly targets historians of education who have focused on the political history of the Theresian reform and assumed that mass education would not have taken off without this legislation. The author, instead, argues that the development of mass education was mainly demand-driven during the century analysed within the
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Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2020.1897394
Adéla Jůnová Macková
During the Second World War the Oriental Institute played an important role in the history of Czechoslovak Oriental studies. It primarily took the credit for maintaining the continuity of Oriental studies after the Czech-language universities in the Protectorate were closed down in November 1939. The survival and functioning of the institute in this difficult period, along with the particular way it was funded (by grants from the Ministry of Education) is the focus of this article. In particular, it will clarify the status of this institute, its scope of operation, the changes in its administration, and its extraordinary ability to maintain, and even create, language courses during one of the most repressive periods in Czech academia. It will show how this success paved the way for the postwar creation of the influential Oriental Languages School that would train the men and women in oversaw Communist Czechoslovakia’s relations with the North Africa, the Middle East and Asia.
{"title":"The Origins of the Czechoslovak Oriental Languages School: The Oriental Institute in Prague during the Second World War","authors":"Adéla Jůnová Macková","doi":"10.1080/14790963.2020.1897394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14790963.2020.1897394","url":null,"abstract":"During the Second World War the Oriental Institute played an important role in the history of Czechoslovak Oriental studies. It primarily took the credit for maintaining the continuity of Oriental studies after the Czech-language universities in the Protectorate were closed down in November 1939. The survival and functioning of the institute in this difficult period, along with the particular way it was funded (by grants from the Ministry of Education) is the focus of this article. In particular, it will clarify the status of this institute, its scope of operation, the changes in its administration, and its extraordinary ability to maintain, and even create, language courses during one of the most repressive periods in Czech academia. It will show how this success paved the way for the postwar creation of the influential Oriental Languages School that would train the men and women in oversaw Communist Czechoslovakia’s relations with the North Africa, the Middle East and Asia.","PeriodicalId":41396,"journal":{"name":"Central Europe","volume":"39 1","pages":"74 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83465123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2020.1893622
Tomáš Cvrček
{"title":"Sexual Liberation, Socialist Style: Communist Czechoslovakia and the Science of Desire, 1945 – 1989","authors":"Tomáš Cvrček","doi":"10.1080/14790963.2020.1893622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14790963.2020.1893622","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41396,"journal":{"name":"Central Europe","volume":"46 1","pages":"131 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80008352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2020.1893587
Iemima Ploscariu
ABSTRACT The neo-Protestants- Baptists, Brethren, Pentecostals, and Seventh-day Adventists- were rapidly growing religious minorities amidst the ethnic majority in interwar Romania. Using a combined anthropological and historical approach, the study unpacks the way these groups constructed their communities in response to internal and external pressures, changing the way they interpreted the Bible and how they used these interpretations to create space for themselves in the religious and cultural spheres of Greater Romania. By reading the words of the Bible, speaking them through conversion accounts, and then singing the words, they revealed an entanglement between increased personal agency and community dependency. An analysis of the concepts of ritual, aesthetics, and language contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of interwar Romanian society through the lens of neo-Protestant religious communities. Their development and the ensuing reaction from authorities in the form of legalized suppression reveal them to be an important expression of religious modernity in twentieth-century Europe.
{"title":"The Word Read, Spoken, and Sung: Neo-Protestants and Modernity in Interwar Romania","authors":"Iemima Ploscariu","doi":"10.1080/14790963.2020.1893587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14790963.2020.1893587","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The neo-Protestants- Baptists, Brethren, Pentecostals, and Seventh-day Adventists- were rapidly growing religious minorities amidst the ethnic majority in interwar Romania. Using a combined anthropological and historical approach, the study unpacks the way these groups constructed their communities in response to internal and external pressures, changing the way they interpreted the Bible and how they used these interpretations to create space for themselves in the religious and cultural spheres of Greater Romania. By reading the words of the Bible, speaking them through conversion accounts, and then singing the words, they revealed an entanglement between increased personal agency and community dependency. An analysis of the concepts of ritual, aesthetics, and language contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of interwar Romanian society through the lens of neo-Protestant religious communities. Their development and the ensuing reaction from authorities in the form of legalized suppression reveal them to be an important expression of religious modernity in twentieth-century Europe.","PeriodicalId":41396,"journal":{"name":"Central Europe","volume":"53 1","pages":"105 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73223532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14790963.2020.1893584
M. Kuhar, S. Fatović-Ferenčić
ABSTRACT This paper will elaborate the impact of social, political and economic processes on the formation and development of the pharmaceutical profession in Croatia until the end of the Second World War. Political axes and dominant economic theories shaped a complex history of interactions between the pharmaceutical profession and state structures, dramatically polarizing the profession into interest groups. The paper will focus on the conflicts which arose from disagreements between owners and employees regarding professional interests, social issues and political ideologies, that became evident with the 1914 employees’ strike in Zagreb and ended with the nationalization of all Yugoslav pharmacies after the Second World War. The main argument is that the conflict between the owners and the employees created powerful dynamics of change in the pharmaceutical profession. It induced the establishment of various class bodies and official gazettes; influenced the debates around new pharmaceutical legislation; awakened the need to establish instruments of social protection and social insurance; problematized the concession system, and ultimately led to the conversion of private pharmacies into state-owned ones. These complex processes were embedded in the quest for the unique identity of the pharmaceutical profession.
{"title":"A Profession in Conflict: Croatian Pharmacy between Politics and Economy in the First Half of the Twentieth Century","authors":"M. Kuhar, S. Fatović-Ferenčić","doi":"10.1080/14790963.2020.1893584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14790963.2020.1893584","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper will elaborate the impact of social, political and economic processes on the formation and development of the pharmaceutical profession in Croatia until the end of the Second World War. Political axes and dominant economic theories shaped a complex history of interactions between the pharmaceutical profession and state structures, dramatically polarizing the profession into interest groups. The paper will focus on the conflicts which arose from disagreements between owners and employees regarding professional interests, social issues and political ideologies, that became evident with the 1914 employees’ strike in Zagreb and ended with the nationalization of all Yugoslav pharmacies after the Second World War. The main argument is that the conflict between the owners and the employees created powerful dynamics of change in the pharmaceutical profession. It induced the establishment of various class bodies and official gazettes; influenced the debates around new pharmaceutical legislation; awakened the need to establish instruments of social protection and social insurance; problematized the concession system, and ultimately led to the conversion of private pharmacies into state-owned ones. These complex processes were embedded in the quest for the unique identity of the pharmaceutical profession.","PeriodicalId":41396,"journal":{"name":"Central Europe","volume":"49 1","pages":"89 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74557195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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